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The term "Hiberno-Normans" refers specifically to Norman settlers who arrived in Ireland directly from Normandy.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that while "Hiberno-Normans" is a term for Norman settlers in Ireland, these settlers primarily arrived from England and Wales, not exclusively directly from Normandy.
Historians exclusively use the term "Hiberno-Norman" to refer to the descendants of Norman settlers in Ireland.
Answer: False
Explanation: Historians employ a range of terms, including "Anglo-Norman," "Cambro-Norman," and "Old English," in addition to "Hiberno-Norman," to describe the descendants of Norman settlers, reflecting varying historical contexts and identities.
Brendan Bradshaw noted that Normans in Tír Chonaill were referred to using terms like *Seanghaill* ("Old Foreigners").
Answer: False
Explanation: Brendan Bradshaw observed that in Tír Chonaill, Normans were referred to as *Fionnghaill* and *Dubhghaill*, rather than *Seanghaill*, suggesting a poetic intent to imply a longer historical presence.
*Seanghaill* is the Irish term for "New Foreigners," distinguishing recent settlers from older Norman populations.
Answer: False
Explanation: *Seanghaill* is the Irish term for "Old Foreigners," used to distinguish earlier settlers, such as Normans, from later arrivals like the "New English."
What is the primary modern term used for the descendants of Norman settlers who arrived in Ireland during the 12th century?
Answer: Norman Irish or Hiberno-Normans
Explanation: The contemporary nomenclature for the descendants of Norman settlers who arrived during the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland in the 12th century encompasses "Norman Irish" and "Hiberno-Normans."
Which term is NOT mentioned in the source as a term historians use for the Normans in Ireland?
Answer: Norman-Gaelic
Explanation: The source mentions terms such as Hiberno-Norman, Anglo-Norman, and Old English. The term "Norman-Gaelic" is not explicitly listed as a historical designation used by historians in the provided text.
Brendan Bradshaw suggested that the use of *Fionnghaill* and *Dubhghaill* instead of *Seanghaill* in Tír Chonaill served what purpose?
Answer: To grant Norman stock a longer historical presence.
Explanation: Brendan Bradshaw proposed that the use of *Fionnghaill* and *Dubhghaill* in Tír Chonaill, rather than *Seanghaill*, was intended by poets to attribute a more extended historical presence to the Norman population in Ireland.
In Irish annals, what did the term *Gaill* generally refer to?
Answer: Foreigners, often Norse or Normans
Explanation: In Irish annals, the term *Gaill* was generally used to denote foreigners, frequently referring to Norse or Norman populations.
Over time, some Hiberno-Norman families assimilated into Gaelic culture by adopting Irish customs and language.
Answer: True
Explanation: The historical record demonstrates that a significant number of Hiberno-Norman families underwent Gaelicization, adopting the Irish language, customs, and intermarrying with the native Gaelic population.
Norman families who became culturally assimilated with the Gaels were described as having become "more English than the English themselves."
Answer: False
Explanation: The historical descriptor for Norman families who assimilated deeply into Gaelic culture was "more Irish than the Irish themselves," not "more English than the English themselves."
Fynes Moryson observed that the Anglo-Irish in the English Pale commonly spoke Norman French among themselves in the late 16th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fynes Moryson observed that the Anglo-Irish in the English Pale commonly spoke Irish amongst themselves in the late 16th century, even if they could also speak English.
Edmund Spenser believed that older generations of English settlers in Ireland had been positively influenced by native Irish culture.
Answer: False
Explanation: Edmund Spenser argued that older English settlers had become corrupted by native Irish culture, rather than being positively influenced by it.
Which of the following describes the process some Hiberno-Normans underwent over time?
Answer: They became Gaelicized, adopting Irish language and customs.
Explanation: Over time, many Hiberno-Normans underwent Gaelicization, characterized by the adoption of the Irish language, customs, and intermarriage with the native Gaelic population.
What phrase describes Norman families who became culturally assimilated with the native Irish?
Answer: More Irish than the Irish themselves
Explanation: Norman families that assimilated culturally and intermarried with the Gaels were frequently described by the expression "more Irish than the Irish themselves."
Fynes Moryson's observations in the late 16th century indicated that the Anglo-Irish in the English Pale primarily spoke which language amongst themselves?
Answer: Irish
Explanation: Fynes Moryson noted in the late 16th century that the Anglo-Irish within the English Pale commonly spoke Irish amongst themselves, often preferring it to English when interacting with outsiders.
Edmund Spenser, in *A View of the Present State of Irelande*, argued that older English settlers had become what due to native Irish culture?
Answer: Corrupted
Explanation: Edmund Spenser contended that older generations of English settlers in Ireland had become corrupted by native Irish culture, rather than being positively influenced.
Edward MacLysaght distinguished between "Loyal Lieges" (Anglo-Norman) and "English Rebels" (Hiberno-Norman) in his work on Irish surnames.
Answer: True
Explanation: Edward MacLysaght's scholarship differentiated between "Loyal Lieges," associated with Anglo-Norman identity, and "English Rebels," linked to Hiberno-Norman identity, within his analysis of Irish surnames.
The term "Old English" began to be applied to Norman-descended residents in the 12th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: The designation "Old English" for Norman-descended residents in Ireland emerged significantly later, primarily after the mid-16th century, in contrast to the "New English" settlers.
The primary reason for the emergence of the "Old English" identity was the adoption of Gaelic customs.
Answer: False
Explanation: The emergence of the "Old English" identity was primarily driven by political and religious conflicts, particularly the creation of an oppositional identity against the "New English" settlers, rather than the adoption of Gaelic customs.
Before the term "Old English" was common, the Norman descent community referred to themselves as "Hibernians."
Answer: False
Explanation: Prior to the widespread use of "Old English," the Norman descent community often identified themselves with terms such as "Englishmen born in Ireland" or "English-Irish."
The Pale representatives' expressed English identity consistently matched their cultural affinities and kinship ties.
Answer: False
Explanation: The expressed English identity of Pale representatives often contrasted sharply with their actual cultural affinities and kinship ties to the Gaelic world, a divergence noted as a factor in their later support for Roman Catholicism.
The "New English" settlers were primarily Roman Catholic and viewed the "Old Anglo-Irish" favorably.
Answer: False
Explanation: The "New English" settlers were largely Protestant and viewed the "Old Anglo-Irish" unfavorably, often considering them "degenerate" for their adherence to Catholicism and adoption of Irish customs.
The deferral of concessions related to "The Graces" encouraged Old English writers to emphasize their English identity over their religious one.
Answer: False
Explanation: The deferral of "The Graces" prompted writers like Geoffrey Keating to argue that the Old English identity was increasingly Roman Catholic and Irish, rather than English.
According to Edward MacLysaght's distinction, which group did he associate with the term "Loyal Lieges"?
Answer: Anglo-Normans
Explanation: Edward MacLysaght associated the term "Loyal Lieges" with the Anglo-Norman group in his analysis of Irish surnames.
When did the term "Old English" begin to be applied to Norman-descended residents in Ireland?
Answer: After the mid-16th century
Explanation: The term "Old English" started being applied to Norman-descended residents after the mid-16th century, distinguishing them from the "New English" settlers.
What was the primary catalyst for the emergence of a distinct "Old English" identity in the mid-16th century?
Answer: The settlement of Protestant 'New English' elites.
Explanation: The settlement of Protestant "New English" elites and the associated political and religious conflicts were primary catalysts for the emergence of a distinct "Old English" identity, which developed in opposition to these new arrivals.
Before the term "Old English" became common, what epithet did the Norman descent community sometimes use for themselves?
Answer: Englishmen born in Ireland
Explanation: Prior to the widespread adoption of the term "Old English," individuals of Norman descent sometimes referred to themselves as "Englishmen born in Ireland" or "English-Irish."
The contrast between the expressed English identity of Pale representatives and their actual cultural ties is seen as a reason for their later support of which religion?
Answer: Roman Catholicism
Explanation: The divergence between the declared English identity of Pale representatives and their cultural affiliations is considered a significant factor contributing to their eventual support for Roman Catholicism.
How did the "New English" settlers, arriving from the Elizabethan era onwards, differ from the "Old Anglo-Irish"?
Answer: They were more self-consciously English and largely Protestant.
Explanation: The "New English" settlers were notably more self-consciously English and predominantly Protestant, contrasting with the "Old Anglo-Irish" who were often Catholic and had integrated more closely with Irish culture.
The deferral of concessions related to "The Graces" influenced writers like Geoffrey Keating to argue that the Old English identity was increasingly becoming what?
Answer: Roman Catholic and Irish
Explanation: When concessions regarding "The Graces" were delayed, writers such as Geoffrey Keating contended that the Old English identity was evolving towards being primarily Roman Catholic and Irish.
The Hiberno-Normans established a democratic republic and a merchant oligarchy in Ireland.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the Hiberno-Normans did establish a merchant oligarchy, they did not establish a democratic republic. Their primary political structure was a feudal aristocracy.
The Statutes of Kilkenny aimed to encourage the adoption of Irish language and customs by Anglo-Normans.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Statutes of Kilkenny (1367) were enacted specifically to halt the Gaelicization of the Anglo-Irish community by banning the use of the Irish language and customs.
By 1515, officials noted that most people within The Pale were of Irish birth and habit.
Answer: True
Explanation: An official lament from 1515 noted that the majority of the common people within The Pale were of "Irish birth, of Irish habit, and of Irish language."
What was the social and political structure established by the Hiberno-Normans in Ireland?
Answer: A feudal aristocracy and merchant oligarchy.
Explanation: The Hiberno-Normans established a socio-political framework characterized by a feudal aristocracy and a merchant oligarchy that exerted control over the Lordship of Ireland.
What was the purpose of the Statutes of Kilkenny enacted in 1367?
Answer: To halt the Gaelicization of the Anglo-Irish community.
Explanation: The Statutes of Kilkenny were enacted in 1367 with the explicit aim of preventing the Gaelicization of the Anglo-Irish population by prohibiting the use of Irish language and customs.
The dominance of Catholic Hiberno-Normans increased in the 16th century due to the English Reformation.
Answer: False
Explanation: The English Reformation led to a decline, not an increase, in the dominance of Catholic Hiberno-Normans, as it coincided with the settlement of Protestant "New English" elites.
The English Reformation had little impact on the Old English community, as most already adhered to Protestantism.
Answer: False
Explanation: The English Reformation significantly impacted the Old English community, leading to dispossession for many who maintained their adherence to Roman Catholicism, rather than adhering to Protestantism.
The "Irish Catholic" identity promoted after the Glorious Revolution included only the Gaelic Irish population.
Answer: False
Explanation: The "Irish Catholic" identity promoted after the Glorious Revolution aimed to unite both Norman descendants (Old English) and the Gaelic Irish against the Protestant Ascendancy.
Before the 16th century, Ireland had significant religious divisions between Norman settlers and the native population.
Answer: False
Explanation: Prior to the 16th century, medieval Ireland did not exhibit significant religious divisions between Norman settlers and the native population; most inhabitants adhered to Roman Catholicism.
The papal bull *Regnans in Excelsis* led to increased cooperation between the Old English and the English government.
Answer: False
Explanation: The papal bull *Regnans in Excelsis* intensified religious conflict, leading to a break between some Old English and the English regime, rather than increased cooperation.
During the Nine Years' War (1594–1603), the Pale and Old English towns actively supported the rebellion against the English Crown.
Answer: False
Explanation: During the Nine Years' War, the Pale and Old English towns remained loyal to the English Crown, despite the ongoing rebellion.
The "Graces" were a series of reforms sought by the Old English, including provisions for religious toleration.
Answer: True
Explanation: The "Graces" represented a set of reforms requested by the Old English, which included demands for religious toleration and civil equality.
The Cromwellian conquest led to the dispossession of the Old English nobility, spurring a revival of their cause.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Cromwellian conquest resulted in the near-total dispossession of the Old English nobility, which subsequently fueled a revival of their political cause.
What major historical event in the 16th century led to a decline in the dominance of the Catholic Hiberno-Normans?
Answer: The English Reformation
Explanation: The English Reformation in the 16th century marked a period of decline for the dominance of Catholic Hiberno-Normans, coinciding with the settlement of Protestant "New English" elites.
How did the English Reformation directly impact the Old English community?
Answer: It caused many to be dispossessed due to adherence to Catholicism.
Explanation: The English Reformation precipitated significant political and religious conflicts, resulting in the dispossession of many Old English individuals who maintained their adherence to Roman Catholicism.
The "Irish Catholic" identity promoted after the Glorious Revolution aimed to unite which groups against the Protestant Ascendancy?
Answer: Norman descendants (Old English) and Gaelic Irish
Explanation: The "Irish Catholic" identity promoted post-Glorious Revolution sought to unify Norman descendants (Old English) and the Gaelic Irish, who were collectively excluded from power by the Protestant Ascendancy.
Before the 16th century, what was the religious landscape of Ireland like regarding Norman settlers and the native population?
Answer: Most inhabitants, including settlers, adhered to Roman Catholicism.
Explanation: Prior to the 16th century, the religious landscape of Ireland was characterized by widespread adherence to Roman Catholicism among both Norman settlers and the native population.
What was the significance of the papal bull *Regnans in Excelsis* (1570) concerning the Old English?
Answer: It added a religious dimension to conflicts, causing some Old English to join rebellions.
Explanation: The papal bull *Regnans in Excelsis* intensified religious conflict, leading some Old English individuals to join rebellions and marking a significant estrangement from the English regime.
During the Nine Years' War (1594–1603), what was the stance of the Pale and Old English towns?
Answer: They remained loyal to the English Crown.
Explanation: Throughout the Nine Years' War, the Pale and Old English towns maintained their loyalty to the English Crown, despite the prevailing rebellion.
What were the "Graces" sought by the Old English from the Stuart monarchs?
Answer: Reforms including religious toleration and civil equality
Explanation: The "Graces" constituted a series of reforms sought by the Old English from the Stuart monarchs, encompassing provisions for religious toleration and civil equality in exchange for financial contributions.
What was a primary motivation for many Old English joining the Irish Rebellion of 1641?
Answer: Fear of government reprisals and a wish to reverse anti-Catholic policies.
Explanation: A significant motivation for Old English participation in the Irish Rebellion of 1641 stemmed from apprehension regarding government reprisals and a desire to counteract the prevailing anti-Roman Catholic policies.
How did the Cromwellian conquest (1649–1653) significantly impact the Old English nobility?
Answer: It resulted in their near-total dispossession.
Explanation: The Cromwellian conquest led to the near-total dispossession of the Old English nobility, marking a profound impact on their socio-economic standing.
Prominent Hiberno-Norman families mentioned in the source include the O'Neills and the O'Briens.
Answer: False
Explanation: The O'Neills and O'Briens are prominent Gaelic Irish families. The source identifies families such as the Burkes (de Burghs), Butlers, and FitzGeralds as prominent Hiberno-Norman families.
The surname Walsh originated from Welsh settlers who arrived in Ireland as part of the Hiberno-Norman group.
Answer: True
Explanation: The common Irish surname Walsh is indeed derived from Welsh Normans who arrived in Ireland during the period of Hiberno-Norman settlement.
After the 16th century, many Norman-Irish families dispersed globally as part of the Irish diaspora.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical accounts confirm that following the 16th century, numerous Norman-Irish families became part of the global Irish diaspora.
Irish nationalist politicians from Fine Gael elected between 1918 and 2011 were more likely to have Gaelic surnames.
Answer: False
Explanation: Observations suggest that Fine Gael politicians elected during this period were more likely to possess surnames of Norman origin, contrasting with Fianna Fáil politicians who showed a higher concentration of Gaelic surnames.
Which of these families is listed as a prominent Hiberno-Norman family?
Answer: FitzGerald
Explanation: The FitzGerald dynasty is identified as one of the prominent Hiberno-Norman families that played a significant role in Irish history.
The surname Walsh is noted to derive from which group associated with the Hiberno-Norman arrival?
Answer: Welsh Normans
Explanation: The common Irish surname Walsh originates from Welsh Normans who arrived in Ireland as part of the broader Hiberno-Norman settlement.
Following the 16th century, what became of many Norman-Irish families?
Answer: They dispersed globally as part of the Irish diaspora.
Explanation: Post-16th century, many Norman-Irish families dispersed globally, becoming integral components of the Irish diaspora.
The observation about surnames of Irish politicians elected between 1918-2011 suggested a correlation between which party and Norman-origin surnames?
Answer: Fine Gael
Explanation: An observation indicated that politicians from Fine Gael elected between 1918 and 2011 were more frequently associated with surnames of Norman origin.