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Open access mandates are exclusively established by national governments.
Answer: False
Explanation: Open access mandates are established by a variety of entities, including research institutions, research funders, and national governments, not exclusively by national governments.
The practice of Green Open Access (Green OA) is characterized by the direct publication of an article within an open-access journal.
Answer: False
Explanation: Green Open Access (Green OA) is defined by the self-archiving of the final peer-reviewed draft in a repository, distinct from Gold Open Access (Gold OA), which involves publishing directly in an open-access journal.
Open Access Week is primarily used by publishers to announce new open-access journals.
Answer: False
Explanation: Open Access Week is a global event often used by institutions and organizations to announce new open-access mandates, not primarily by publishers for journal announcements.
Which of the following constitutes a primary method for achieving open access as stipulated by mandates?
Answer: Self-archiving the final peer-reviewed draft in a repository (Green OA).
Explanation: Self-archiving the final peer-reviewed draft in a repository (Green OA) is a primary method for achieving open access, alongside publishing directly in an open-access journal (Gold OA), as stipulated by many mandates.
Which category of organization is typically *not* cited as a primary adopter of open-access mandates?
Answer: Private corporations
Explanation: While research institutions, research funders, and governments commonly adopt open-access mandates, private corporations are not typically mentioned as primary adopters of such policies.
What is the significance of Open Access Week concerning open-access policies?
Answer: It is a period when new OA mandates are often announced by institutions.
Explanation: Open Access Week, an annual global event, frequently serves as the occasion for various institutions and organizations to announce new open-access mandates.
The Tri-Agency Open Access Policy on Publications in Canada mandates that open access be achieved within 18 months of an article's publication.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Tri-Agency Open Access Policy on Publications in Canada mandates that peer-reviewed journal publications resulting from federal funding be made freely available within 12 months of publication.
The U.S. Federal Research Public Access Act (FRPAA), proposed in 2006, sought to mandate open access for publications funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Answer: True
Explanation: The FRPAA, proposed in 2006, aimed to enhance the NIH Public Access Policy by mandating open access for federally funded research publications and extending self-archiving requirements.
The NIH Public Access Policy mandates that articles resulting from NIH funding be submitted to a central repository, such as PubMed Central, upon acceptance.
Answer: True
Explanation: Effective April 2008, the NIH Public Access Policy requires that all articles resulting from NIH funding be submitted to PubMed Central upon acceptance, ensuring their availability regardless of the author's institutional repository usage.
The 2013 White House directive mandated that federal agencies ensure public accessibility of research within 12 months of funding.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 2013 White House directive required federal agencies to develop plans within six months to ensure that peer-reviewed publications arising directly from federal funding become publicly accessible. The directive focused on accessibility of publications, not a 12-month timeframe for funding.
The U.S. Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) guidance issued in August 2022 mandated that federally funded research must be available exclusively after a 12-month embargo period.
Answer: False
Explanation: The August 2022 guidance from the U.S. OSTP directed that all federally funded research in the USA must be made freely available without delay, marking a significant shift away from embargo periods.
The European Commission's initial recommendation in 2006 proposed immediate open access for all EC-funded research articles.
Answer: False
Explanation: The European Commission's initial 2006 recommendation suggested that research funding agencies establish a policy mandating that articles resulting from EC-funded research be made available in open-access archives after a specified time period, not immediately.
EURAB proposed that articles funded by the EC should only be deposited after publication, thereby permitting publisher embargoes.
Answer: False
Explanation: EURAB revised the mandate to require immediate deposit of articles upon acceptance for publication, although open access to the deposit might still be subject to embargo periods.
What is the stipulated timeframe for achieving open access under the Tri-Agency Open Access Policy on Publications in Canada?
Answer: Within 12 months of publication
Explanation: The Tri-Agency Open Access Policy on Publications in Canada requires that peer-reviewed journal publications resulting from federal funding be made freely available within 12 months of publication.
The U.S. Federal Research Public Access Act (FRPAA), proposed in 2006, aimed to extend open-access requirements to which scope of research?
Answer: All federally funded research publications, allowing deposits in institutional repositories.
Explanation: The FRPAA proposed in 2006 aimed to make open access mandatory for all federally funded research publications and allowed deposits in institutional repositories, broadening the scope beyond the NIH policy at the time.
Under the NIH Public Access Policy, implemented in April 2008, where are articles resulting from NIH funding required to be submitted?
Answer: To PubMed Central upon acceptance for publication.
Explanation: The NIH Public Access Policy mandates that all articles resulting from NIH funding must be submitted to PubMed Central upon acceptance for publication.
What was the specified timeframe within the 2013 White House directive for federal agencies to develop plans concerning the public accessibility of research?
Answer: Within 6 months
Explanation: The 2013 White House directive required federal agencies to develop plans within six months to ensure the public accessibility of peer-reviewed publications arising directly from federal funding.
According to the August 2022 guidance from the U.S. OSTP, federally funded research in the USA must be made available:
Answer: Freely available without delay.
Explanation: The August 2022 guidance from the U.S. OSTP directed that all federally funded research in the USA must be made freely available without delay, addressing the 'Serials crisis'.
What was the initial recommendation from the European Commission in April 2006 concerning EC-funded research articles?
Answer: Recommend making articles available after a specified time period.
Explanation: The European Commission's initial 2006 recommendation suggested that research funding agencies establish a policy mandating that articles resulting from EC-funded research be made available in open-access archives after a specified time period.
What revision did EURAB propose concerning the European Commission's initial open-access recommendations?
Answer: To require immediate deposit of articles upon acceptance.
Explanation: EURAB proposed revising the mandate to require that all articles be deposited immediately upon acceptance for publication, even if open access to the deposit was subject to an embargo period.
The 'Serials crisis,' which the 2022 OSTP guidance seeks to address, primarily pertains to:
Answer: The increasing cost of academic journal subscriptions.
Explanation: The 'Serials crisis' primarily refers to the escalating cost of academic journal subscriptions over decades, which has created significant challenges for libraries and researchers in accessing scholarly literature.
European university mandates for faculty often originate from faculty consensus, while U.S. mandates are frequently administrative requirements.
Answer: False
Explanation: The text suggests that many European university mandates have been implemented as administrative requirements, whereas many U.S. university mandates have often arisen from faculty consensus.
Research universities implement open-access policies with the primary objective of augmenting subscription revenue for their libraries.
Answer: False
Explanation: Research universities implement open-access policies to enhance the global impact of their research, foster scholarly interactions with a broader readership, and provide unified institutional support for faculty engaging with publishers, not primarily to increase subscription revenue.
The Caltech Faculty Board's 2013 Open Access Policy mandated that faculty grant Caltech exclusive rights to their scholarly papers.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Caltech Faculty Board's 2013 policy required faculty to grant Caltech a non-exclusive right to disseminate their scholarly papers through the university's repository, not exclusive rights.
In 2010, Duke University established a fund to assist faculty in covering author fees associated with publishing in open-access journals.
Answer: True
Explanation: In March 2010, Duke University established a fund to help faculty cover author fees for publishing in open-access journals, alongside supporting a new data repository and policy for open access.
Harvard University's 2008 Open Access Policy granted the university an exclusive license to exercise copyright over faculty articles.
Answer: False
Explanation: Harvard University's 2008 Open Access Policy grants the university a non-exclusive, irrevocable license to make faculty members' scholarly articles available, not an exclusive license.
The open-access policy adopted by the MIT Faculty in 2009 applies retroactively to all articles published prior to its adoption.
Answer: False
Explanation: The MIT Faculty's open-access policy, adopted in 2009, applies to scholarly articles written by faculty members while they are affiliated with the faculty, with specific exceptions for articles completed before the policy's adoption or those with pre-existing incompatible licensing agreements.
The University of California's (UC) 2013 Open Access Policy adoption resulted in immediate universal compliance and encountered no issues with publishers.
Answer: False
Explanation: Following the UC's adoption of its Open Access Policy in 2013, some faculty encountered issues when publishers sent notices requesting the removal of articles due to copyright concerns, indicating that compliance was not immediate or without challenges.
The University of Kansas was the final U.S. public university to implement an open-access policy.
Answer: False
Explanation: The University of Kansas holds the distinction of being the first U.S. public university to implement an open-access policy, approved by its Faculty Senate in April 2009.
According to the provided text, how do many U.S. university mandates for faculty typically differ from many European mandates?
Answer: U.S. mandates often arise from faculty consensus, while European ones are frequently administrative requirements.
Explanation: Many European university mandates are characterized as administrative requirements, whereas numerous U.S. university mandates frequently originate from faculty consensus, often employing a default rights-retention contract with waiver options.
What constitutes a primary objective for research universities in the implementation of open-access policies?
Answer: Increased global impact of the institution's research contributions.
Explanation: A primary goal for research universities implementing open-access policies is to foster scholarly interactions with a wider diversity of readers, thereby increasing the global impact of their research contributions.
What specific right does the Caltech Faculty Board's 2013 Open Access Policy grant the university concerning faculty scholarly papers?
Answer: A non-exclusive right to disseminate the papers through the university's repository.
Explanation: The Caltech Faculty Board's 2013 Open Access Policy grants the university a non-exclusive right to disseminate faculty scholarly papers through the university's repository.
In March 2010, what significant action did Duke University undertake concerning open access?
Answer: Established a fund to assist faculty with author fees for OA journals.
Explanation: In March 2010, Duke University established a fund to assist faculty with author fees for publishing in open-access journals, alongside other open access initiatives.
Harvard University's 2008 Open Access Policy grants the university a license to make faculty articles available. What is the nature of this license?
Answer: A non-exclusive, irrevocable license
Explanation: Harvard University's 2008 Open Access Policy grants the university a non-exclusive, irrevocable license to make faculty members' scholarly articles publicly accessible.
The MIT Faculty's open-access policy, adopted in 2009, applies to scholarly articles written by faculty members under which condition?
Answer: While they are affiliated with the faculty, with exceptions for prior work.
Explanation: The MIT Faculty's open-access policy, adopted in 2009, applies to scholarly articles written by faculty members while they are affiliated with the faculty, with provisions for exceptions regarding prior work or incompatible agreements.
What issue emerged for some faculty subsequent to the University of California's (UC) adoption of its Open Access Policy in 2013?
Answer: Publishers sent notices requesting the removal of articles due to copyright concerns.
Explanation: Following the UC's 2013 Open Access Policy adoption, some faculty received notices from publishers requesting the removal of articles due to copyright concerns, despite the policy's protective clauses.
What specific distinction is highlighted regarding the University of Kansas (KU) in relation to open-access policies?
Answer: It was the first U.S. public university to implement an OA policy.
Explanation: The University of Kansas is distinguished as the first U.S. public university to implement an open-access policy, approved by its Faculty Senate in April 2009.
Which of the following represents a key benefit of open-access mandates for research institutions?
Answer: Increased global impact of the institution's research contributions.
Explanation: A key benefit of open-access mandates for research institutions is the potential for increased global impact of their research contributions, alongside fostering broader scholarly interactions.
A rights-retention clause permits authors to transfer the exclusive copyright of their scholarly articles to their affiliated institution.
Answer: False
Explanation: A rights-retention clause grants the institution a non-exclusive license to exercise copyright, enabling the institution to make the article openly available, rather than transferring exclusive copyright to the institution.
Within the discourse surrounding open-access policies, the term 'mandate' is exclusively interpreted as 'to oblige' researchers.
Answer: False
Explanation: The term 'mandate' in open-access policies carries a dual meaning, encompassing both 'to authorize' and 'to oblige'. Experts note its potential imprecision, suggesting alternative phrasing like 'shifting the default publishing practice to open access'.
A 'loophole mandate' guarantees the achievement of open access irrespective of publisher policies.
Answer: False
Explanation: A 'loophole mandate' is characterized by its conditional nature, requiring open access only if and when publisher policies permit it, thereby rendering its effectiveness contingent on external agreements.
An 'immediate-deposit clause' stipulates that an article must be made openly accessible immediately following its publication.
Answer: False
Explanation: An 'immediate-deposit clause' mandates the prompt deposit of the final peer-reviewed draft into a repository upon acceptance or publication. While the deposit is immediate, open access to the deposited material may still be subject to publisher-imposed embargo periods.
The 'request-a-copy' functionality within repository software enables any user to freely download an article during its embargo period.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'request-a-copy' button facilitates a user's request for a single copy of an embargoed article by automatically forwarding an email to the author, rather than enabling direct download by any user.
The 'RequestCopy' button functions as a mechanism to entirely bypass publisher copyright restrictions.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'RequestCopy' button is designed to facilitate a user's request for a single copy of an embargoed article directly from the author, not to bypass copyright restrictions entirely.
What is the principal benefit conferred upon authors by a 'rights-retention clause'?
Answer: It enables authors to publish in preferred journals while ensuring their institution can make the article open access.
Explanation: A 'rights-retention clause' primarily benefits authors by enabling them to publish in their preferred journals while simultaneously ensuring their institution retains the right to make the article openly accessible via a repository.
According to commentary by Peter Suber, as referenced in the text, what potential issue arises from the term 'mandate' in open-access policies?
Answer: It is imprecise and could mean either 'authorize' or 'oblige'.
Explanation: Peter Suber's commentary highlights that the term 'mandate' can be imprecise, potentially signifying either 'to authorize' or 'to oblige,' which can lead to ambiguity in policy interpretation.
What characteristic defines a 'loophole mandate' within the framework of open-access policies?
Answer: A mandate that only requires open access if the publisher permits it.
Explanation: A 'loophole mandate' is defined by its conditional nature, requiring open access only when and if publisher policies permit it, thereby creating a potential 'loophole' that limits its enforceability.
What is the principal function of an 'immediate-deposit clause' within an open-access mandate?
Answer: To require the deposit of the final peer-reviewed draft into a repository promptly upon acceptance.
Explanation: The primary function of an 'immediate-deposit clause' is to mandate the deposit of the final peer-reviewed draft into a repository promptly upon acceptance or publication, irrespective of whether immediate open access is granted.
How does the 'request-a-copy' button operate for articles subject to a publisher embargo?
Answer: It automatically sends an email to the author requesting a copy for the user.
Explanation: For articles under publisher embargo, the 'request-a-copy' button functions by automatically sending an email to the author, enabling the user to request a single copy of the work.
What is the primary purpose of the 'RequestCopy' button within repository software?
Answer: To facilitate a user's request for a single copy of an embargoed article directly from the author.
Explanation: The primary purpose of the 'RequestCopy' button is to facilitate a user's request for a single copy of an embargoed article directly from the author via email.
Empirical studies suggest that open-access mandates exert minimal influence on self-archiving rates.
Answer: False
Explanation: Studies indicate that open-access mandates can significantly increase self-archiving rates, with some research showing a tripling of Green Open Access rates compared to institutions without such mandates.
As of May 2015, approximately 100 universities and 50 research funders had adopted open-access mandates.
Answer: False
Explanation: By May 2015, the landscape of open access mandates had expanded significantly, with over 550 universities and research institutions, and more than 140 research funders worldwide, having adopted such policies.
According to cited studies, what is the efficacy of open-access mandates in augmenting self-archiving rates?
Answer: They can significantly increase self-archiving rates, potentially tripling them.
Explanation: Studies indicate that open-access mandates can significantly increase self-archiving rates, with some research showing a tripling of Green Open Access rates in institutions with established mandates compared to those without.
Approximately how many research funders had adopted open-access mandates by May 2015?
Answer: Over 140
Explanation: By May 2015, the landscape of open access mandates had expanded significantly, with more than 140 research funders worldwide having adopted such policies.