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A palatal consonant is defined by articulation involving the tip of the tongue against the hard palate.
Answer: False
Explanation: A palatal consonant is defined by articulation involving the body of the tongue against the hard palate, not the tip.
A consonant is 'palatalized' if its primary articulation occurs at the hard palate.
Answer: False
Explanation: A consonant is considered palatalized when it has a secondary articulation involving the tongue body raised towards the hard palate, not a primary articulation there.
Palatal consonants are articulated using the tongue blade against the area between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate.
Answer: False
Explanation: Palatal consonants are articulated using the body of the tongue against the hard palate; the area described is for alveolo-palatals.
According to the source, what is the primary place of articulation for a palatal consonant?
Answer: The hard palate
Explanation: The primary place of articulation for a palatal consonant is the hard palate.
Which of the following is a characteristic of palatal consonants according to the source?
Answer: They involve the body of the tongue raised towards the hard palate.
Explanation: A characteristic of palatal consonants is the involvement of the body of the tongue raised towards the hard palate.
Phonologically, alveolo-palatal and palatovelar consonants are always contrasted distinctly from true palatals.
Answer: False
Explanation: Phonologically, alveolo-palatal and palatovelar consonants are rarely contrasted distinctly from true palatals and are often grouped together.
True palatal consonants and alveolo-palatal consonants are articulated identically.
Answer: False
Explanation: True palatal consonants and alveolo-palatal consonants are not articulated identically; the former involves the body of the tongue, while the latter involves the tongue blade.
Postpalatal consonants are theoretically contrasted with palatalized velars.
Answer: False
Explanation: Postpalatal consonants are not theoretically contrasted with palatalized velars.
Which language is NOT listed in the source as having contrasts between palatal stops and postalveolar affricates?
Answer: Finnish
Explanation: The source lists Albanian, Czech, and Latvian (among others) as having contrasts between palatal stops and postalveolar affricates, but does not mention Finnish in this context.
What distinguishes a palatalized consonant from a true palatal consonant according to the source?
Answer: Palatalized consonants have a secondary articulation towards the palate; true palatals have primary articulation there.
Explanation: A palatalized consonant has a secondary articulation towards the palate, while a true palatal consonant has its primary articulation at the palate.
Phonologically, why are sounds like alveolo-palatals often grouped with true palatals?
Answer: They rarely contrast with true palatals within a language's sound system.
Explanation: Sounds like alveolo-palatals are often grouped with true palatals because they rarely contrast with them within a language's sound system.
What is the key articulatory difference between true palatals and alveolo-palatals?
Answer: Body of the tongue vs. tongue blade
Explanation: The key articulatory difference is that true palatals involve the body of the tongue, while alveolo-palatals involve the tongue blade.
What is the primary articulation for alveolo-palatal consonants?
Answer: The area between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate
Explanation: The primary articulation for alveolo-palatal consonants is the area between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate.
The voiced palatal nasal [ɲ] appears in roughly half of the world's languages.
Answer: False
Explanation: The voiced palatal nasal [ɲ] appears in approximately 35% of the world's languages, not half.
In languages featuring a palatal nasal, the corresponding obstruent is typically a stop consonant.
Answer: False
Explanation: In languages featuring a palatal nasal, the corresponding obstruent is typically an affricate, not a stop consonant.
Hungarian, Czech, and Turkish are among the languages cited for having contrasts between palatal stops and postalveolar affricates.
Answer: True
Explanation: Languages such as Hungarian, Czech, Latvian, Macedonian, Slovak, Turkish, and Albanian are cited as examples that exhibit contrasts between palatal stops and postalveolar affricates.
Irish phonology distinguishes the dorsal palatal nasal [ɲ] from the laminal alveolo-palatal nasal [nʲ].
Answer: True
Explanation: Irish phonology differentiates the dorsal palatal nasal [ɲ] (slender 'ng') from the laminal alveolo-palatal nasal [nʲ] (slender 'nn') and the apical palatalized alveolar nasal [nʲ] (slender 'n').
In modern Irish, speakers consistently maintain a clear distinction between the laminal alveolo-palatal nasal and the apical palatalized alveolar nasal.
Answer: False
Explanation: In modern Irish, speakers often merge or depalatalize the laminal alveolo-palatal nasal and the apical palatalized alveolar nasal.
Spanish phonology clearly distinguishes palatal nasals from consonant+/j/ sequences.
Answer: False
Explanation: Spanish phonology only marginally distinguishes palatal nasals from consonant+/j/ sequences, with variation in pronunciation.
The IPA symbol [ɲ̥] represents the voiced palatal nasal.
Answer: False
Explanation: The IPA symbol [ɲ̥] represents the voiceless palatal nasal, not the voiced one.
In Malay, the digraph 'ny' represents the voiced palatal nasal [ɲ].
Answer: True
Explanation: In Malay, the voiced palatal nasal is represented by the digraph 'ny', as seen in the word 'banyak', and its IPA transcription is [ɲ].
The Hungarian word 'hattyú' (swan) is cited as an example containing the voiced palatal plosive [ɟ].
Answer: False
Explanation: The Hungarian word 'hattyú' is cited as an example of the voiceless palatal plosive [c], not the voiced [ɟ].
The Latvian word 'ģimene' (family) exemplifies the voiced palatal plosive [ɟ].
Answer: True
Explanation: The IPA symbol for the voiced palatal plosive is [ɟ], exemplified in the Latvian word 'ģimene'.
The IPA symbol [c͡ç] represents the voiced palatal affricate.
Answer: False
Explanation: The IPA symbol [c͡ç] represents the voiceless palatal affricate, not the voiced one.
The Spanish letter 'ñ' typically represents the voiced palatal nasal [ɲ].
Answer: True
Explanation: The Spanish letter 'ñ' typically represents the voiced palatal nasal [ɲ].
The IPA symbol [c] is used for the voiced palatal plosive.
Answer: False
Explanation: The IPA symbol [c] is used for the voiceless palatal plosive, while [ɟ] represents the voiced one.
The IPA symbol [ɟ] is used for the voiced palatal plosive.
Answer: True
Explanation: The IPA symbol [ɟ] is used for the voiced palatal plosive.
The IPA symbol [c͡ç] represents the voiceless palatal affricate.
Answer: True
Explanation: The IPA symbol [c͡ç] represents the voiceless palatal affricate.
The IPA symbol [ɟ͡ʝ] represents the voiced palatal affricate.
Answer: True
Explanation: The IPA symbol [ɟ͡ʝ] represents the voiced palatal affricate.
What percentage of the world's languages approximately feature the voiced palatal nasal [ɲ]?
Answer: 35%
Explanation: The voiced palatal nasal [ɲ] is found in approximately 35% of the world's languages.
Which of the following is often the corresponding obstruent in languages with a common palatal nasal, instead of a stop?
Answer: An affricate
Explanation: In languages with a palatal nasal, the corresponding obstruent is often an affricate rather than a stop.
In Irish phonology, what is the slender 'ng' typically associated with?
Answer: Dorsal palatal nasal [ɲ]
Explanation: In Irish phonology, the slender 'ng' is typically associated with the dorsal palatal nasal [ɲ].
Which IPA symbol represents the voiceless palatal nasal found in the Iaai language?
Answer: [ɲ̥]
Explanation: The IPA symbol [ɲ̥] represents the voiceless palatal nasal, as found in the Iaai language.
What is the standard IPA transcription for the sound represented by 'ny' in Malay?
Answer: [ɲ]
Explanation: The standard IPA transcription for the sound represented by 'ny' in Malay is [ɲ].
The Hungarian word 'hattyú' is given as an example of which sound?
Answer: Voiceless palatal plosive [c]
Explanation: The Hungarian word 'hattyú' is given as an example of the voiceless palatal plosive [c].
Which IPA symbol represents the voiced palatal plosive, as exemplified in Latvian?
Answer: [ɟ]
Explanation: The IPA symbol [ɟ] represents the voiced palatal plosive, as exemplified in the Latvian word 'ģimene'.
The Skolt Sámí word 'säämcïejj' is used to illustrate which phonetic symbol?
Answer: [c͡ç]
Explanation: The Skolt Sámí word 'säämcïejj' is used to illustrate the voiceless palatal affricate [c͡ç].
What does the source suggest about the distinction between certain palatalized alveolar consonants in modern Irish?
Answer: Speakers are merging or depalatalizing them.
Explanation: The source suggests that speakers of modern Irish are merging or depalatalizing certain palatalized alveolar consonants.
The IPA symbol [c͡ç] represents which type of consonant?
Answer: Voiceless palatal affricate
Explanation: The IPA symbol [c͡ç] represents a voiceless palatal affricate.
The source uses the word 'banyak' (many) in which language to exemplify the voiced palatal nasal [ɲ]?
Answer: Malay
Explanation: The word 'banyak' (many) is used as an example of the voiced palatal nasal [ɲ] in the Malay language.
The approximant [j] is considered the most common type of palatal consonant and ranks among the top ten most frequent sounds globally.
Answer: True
Explanation: The palatal approximant [j] is indeed the most common type of palatal consonant and is among the ten most frequent sounds worldwide.
The English 'sh' sound ([ʃ]) has a secondary palatal component during its production.
Answer: True
Explanation: The English 'sh' sound, transcribed as [ʃ], has its primary articulation at the postalveolar region and possesses a secondary palatal component due to the tongue surface raising towards the hard palate.
The German word 'nicht' (not) is an example of the voiced palatal fricative [ʝ].
Answer: False
Explanation: The German word 'nicht' is an example of the voiceless palatal fricative [ç], not the voiced [ʝ].
The Spanish word 'rayo' (lightning bolt) contains the voiced palatal fricative [ʝ].
Answer: True
Explanation: The voiced palatal fricative [ʝ] is found in the Spanish word 'rayo'.
The IPA symbol [j] represents the palatal approximant, commonly written as 'y' in English.
Answer: True
Explanation: The IPA symbol [j] represents the palatal approximant, which is commonly represented by the letter 'y' in English, as in 'yes'.
The Hadza word 'tlhakate' (rhinoceros) is an example of the voiceless palatal lateral affricate [ʎ̥].
Answer: False
Explanation: The Hadza word 'tlhakate' is cited as an example of the voiceless palatal lateral fricative [ʎ̥], not an affricate.
The Dahalo word 'ahabu' (leaf) is an example of the voiced palatal lateral fricative [ʎ].
Answer: False
Explanation: The Dahalo word 'ahabu' is an example of the voiceless palatal lateral fricative [ʎ̥], not the voiced [ʎ].
In Italian, the digraph 'gli' represents the voiced palatal lateral approximant [ʎ].
Answer: True
Explanation: In Italian, the digraph 'gli' represents the voiced palatal lateral approximant [ʎ].
The Ilgar word 'mildyagru' contains the voiced palatal lateral flap [ʎ̯].
Answer: True
Explanation: The voiced palatal lateral flap [ʎ̯] is found in the Ilgar word 'mildyagru'.
The IPA symbol [j] represents the palatal approximant.
Answer: True
Explanation: The IPA symbol [j] represents the palatal approximant.
The voiceless palatal fricative [ç] is common in Spanish.
Answer: False
Explanation: The voiceless palatal fricative [ç] is not common in Spanish; the voiced palatal fricative [ʝ] is found in some dialects.
The IPA symbol [ʎ̥] represents the voiced palatal lateral fricative.
Answer: False
Explanation: The IPA symbol [ʎ̥] represents the voiceless palatal lateral fricative, not the voiced one.
The IPA symbol [ʎ] represents the voiced palatal lateral fricative.
Answer: True
Explanation: The IPA symbol [ʎ] represents the voiced palatal lateral fricative.
Which IPA symbol represents the most common type of palatal consonant?
Answer: [j]
Explanation: The IPA symbol [j] represents the palatal approximant, which is the most common type of palatal consonant.
The English 'sh' sound ([ʃ]) is described as having its primary articulation in which region?
Answer: The postalveolar region
Explanation: The primary articulation for the English 'sh' sound ([ʃ]) is the postalveolar region.
Which IPA symbol corresponds to the voiced palatal fricative, as found in the Spanish word 'rayo'?
Answer: [ʝ]
Explanation: The IPA symbol [ʝ] corresponds to the voiced palatal fricative, as found in the Spanish word 'rayo'.
In English, the letter 'y' in words like 'yes' typically represents which IPA sound?
Answer: Palatal approximant [j]
Explanation: In English, the letter 'y' in words like 'yes' typically represents the palatal approximant [j].
Which IPA symbol is used for the voiced palatal lateral approximant, as seen in the Italian word 'figli'?
Answer: [ʎ]
Explanation: The IPA symbol [ʎ] is used for the voiced palatal lateral approximant, as seen in the Italian word 'figli'.
The source mentions that the palatal approximant [j] is one of the most frequent sounds globally. What does 'frequent' imply in this context?
Answer: It occurs very often across many languages.
Explanation: 'Frequent' in this context implies that the sound occurs very often across many languages.
Which language is cited for using the voiceless palatal lateral fricative [ʎ̥] in the word 'ahabu'?
Answer: Dahalo
Explanation: The Dahalo language is cited for using the voiceless palatal lateral fricative [ʎ̥] in the word 'ahabu'.
Which of the following IPA symbols represents the voiced palatal fricative?
Answer: [ʝ]
Explanation: The IPA symbol [ʝ] represents the voiced palatal fricative.
What is the primary articulation for the English 'sh' sound ([ʃ])?
Answer: Postalveolar region
Explanation: The primary articulation for the English 'sh' sound ([ʃ]) is the postalveolar region.
The Sandawe word 'dlani' (arrow) contains the voiced palatal lateral affricate [ɟ͡ʟ̝].
Answer: True
Explanation: The voiced palatal lateral affricate [ɟ͡ʟ̝] is found in the Sandawe word 'dlani'.
The IPA symbol [cʼ] denotes the voiced palatal ejective stop.
Answer: False
Explanation: The IPA symbol [cʼ] denotes the palatal ejective stop, which is typically voiceless, not voiced.
The Ngiti word 'kâtdyèk' (sorghum) is an example of the voiceless palatal implosive [ʄ̥].
Answer: True
Explanation: The voiceless palatal implosive [ʄ̥] is exemplified in the Ngiti word 'kâtdyèk'.
The Swahili word 'hjambo' (hello) contains the voiced palatal implosive [ʄ].
Answer: True
Explanation: The voiced palatal implosive [ʄ] is found in the Swahili word 'hjambo'.
Palatal clicks are produced with the tongue blade against the hard palate.
Answer: False
Explanation: Palatal clicks are produced with the body of the tongue against the hard palate, not the tongue blade.
The IPA symbol [cʼ] denotes the palatal ejective stop.
Answer: True
Explanation: The IPA symbol [cʼ] denotes the palatal ejective stop.
The IPA symbol [ʄ] denotes the voiceless palatal implosive.
Answer: False
Explanation: The IPA symbol [ʄ] denotes the voiced palatal implosive, not the voiceless one.
Tenuis palatal clicks can be represented by IPA symbols like [kǂ] or [qǂ].
Answer: True
Explanation: Tenuis palatal clicks are represented by IPA symbols such as [kǂ] (velar) or [qǂ] (uvular).
The Hausa word 'a'didi' is cited as an example of which sound?
Answer: Palatal ejective stop [cʼ]
Explanation: The Hausa word 'a'didi' is cited as an example of the palatal ejective stop [cʼ].
What IPA symbol represents the voiced palatal implosive, as found in the Swahili word 'hjambo'?
Answer: [ʄ]
Explanation: The IPA symbol [ʄ] represents the voiced palatal implosive, as found in the Swahili word 'hjambo'.
Which IPA symbols are used to represent tenuis palatal clicks?
Answer: [kǂ] and [qǂ]
Explanation: Tenuis palatal clicks are represented by IPA symbols such as [kǂ] (velar) and [qǂ] (uvular).
A sequence like 'consonant + [j]' is phonemically equivalent to a single palatal consonant.
Answer: False
Explanation: A sequence of a consonant plus [j] is phonemically distinct from a single palatal consonant; the former is typically two phonemes, while the latter is one.
The principle of least effort can lead to consonant+/j/ sequences being pronounced as single palatal consonants.
Answer: True
Explanation: The principle of least effort, combined with coarticulation, often leads languages to pronounce consonant+/j/ sequences as single palatal or palatalized consonants.
Square brackets [ ] in IPA transcriptions denote abstract sound units (phonemes).
Answer: False
Explanation: Square brackets [ ] in IPA transcriptions denote phonetic transcriptions, while slashes / / denote phonemic units.
Phonemic transcriptions in IPA are enclosed in angle brackets ⟨ ⟩.
Answer: False
Explanation: Phonemic transcriptions in IPA are enclosed in slashes / /, not angle brackets ⟨ ⟩.
English sequences like 'tune' potentially sounding like [t͡ʃuːn] demonstrate coarticulation leading to palatalization.
Answer: True
Explanation: English sequences like 'tune' potentially sounding like [t͡ʃuːn] demonstrate coarticulation leading to palatalization.
How does the source contrast the phonemic status of a palatal consonant versus a consonant followed by [j]?
Answer: A palatal consonant is one phoneme; C+[j] is two.
Explanation: A palatal consonant is typically considered a single phoneme, whereas a sequence of a consonant followed by [j] is analyzed as two distinct phonemes.
What linguistic phenomenon contributes to consonant+/j/ sequences sometimes being pronounced as a single palatal or palatalized sound?
Answer: Coarticulation and principle of least effort
Explanation: Coarticulation and the principle of least effort contribute to consonant+/j/ sequences sometimes being pronounced as single palatal or palatalized sounds.
What do IPA slashes / / typically denote?
Answer: Phonemic transcriptions
Explanation: IPA slashes / / typically denote phonemic transcriptions, representing abstract sound units.