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Roger Griffin proposed the concept of palingenetic ultranationalism as a defining characteristic of "true fascism."
Answer: True
Explanation: Roger Griffin posited palingenetic ultranationalism as his definition for "true fascism," emphasizing its core components.
Roger Griffin first introduced the concept of palingenetic ultranationalism in his 1994 paper published in *Fascism and Theatre*.
Answer: False
Explanation: Griffin initially introduced the concept of palingenetic ultranationalism in his 1991 book, *The Nature of Fascism*, with further elaboration in a 1994 paper.
Griffin differentiates fascism from other authoritarian nationalist ideologies by its synthesis of palingenesis, populism, and ultranationalism.
Answer: True
Explanation: Griffin identifies the unique synthesis of palingenesis, populism, and ultranationalism as the "fascist minimum" distinguishing true fascism.
The "fascist minimum," according to Roger Griffin, is the combination of populism and ultranationalism alone.
Answer: False
Explanation: Griffin defines the "fascist minimum" as the synthesis of palingenesis, populism, and ultranationalism, not solely populism and ultranationalism.
The "palingenetic" aspect of palingenetic ultranationalism refers to extreme nationalism.
Answer: False
Explanation: The "palingenetic" aspect refers to national rebirth or regeneration, while "ultranationalism" denotes extreme nationalism.
"Ultranationalism" contributes an extreme form of nationalism to the definition of palingenetic ultranationalism.
Answer: True
Explanation: Ultranationalism, as a component of palingenetic ultranationalism, signifies an extreme form of nationalism.
Palingenesis, in political context, refers to a spiritual or political rebirth or regeneration.
Answer: True
Explanation: In political theory, "palingenesis" denotes a spiritual or political rebirth or regeneration.
Who proposed "palingenetic ultranationalism" as a definition for "true fascism"?
Answer: Roger Griffin
Explanation: Roger Griffin is credited with proposing "palingenetic ultranationalism" as a definition for "true fascism."
In which work did Roger Griffin first introduce the concept of palingenetic ultranationalism?
Answer: The Nature of Fascism
Explanation: Roger Griffin first introduced the concept of palingenetic ultranationalism in his 1991 book, *The Nature of Fascism*.
What is the central belief defining fascism according to Roger Griffin's concept of palingenetic ultranationalism?
Answer: The belief that a social revolution must precede a national rebirth.
Explanation: According to Griffin's concept of palingenetic ultranationalism, the central defining belief of fascism is the necessity of a social revolution preceding national rebirth.
What three elements does Roger Griffin identify as the "fascist minimum" necessary for "true fascism"?
Answer: Palingenesis, populism, and ultranationalism
Explanation: Roger Griffin identifies palingenesis, populism, and ultranationalism as the "fascist minimum" essential for "true fascism."
What does the term "palingenesis" refer to in the context of political theory, as used by Griffin?
Answer: A spiritual or political rebirth or regeneration.
Explanation: In political theory, particularly as used by Griffin, "palingenesis" refers to a spiritual or political rebirth or regeneration.
What does the "palingenetic" aspect of palingenetic ultranationalism refer to?
Answer: The concept of national rebirth or regeneration.
Explanation: The "palingenetic" aspect of palingenetic ultranationalism refers to the concept of national rebirth or regeneration.
What does "ultranationalism" contribute to the definition of palingenetic ultranationalism?
Answer: An extreme form of nationalism.
Explanation: "Ultranationalism" contributes an extreme form of nationalism to the definition of palingenetic ultranationalism.
What does "ultranationalism" contribute to the definition of palingenetic ultranationalism?
Answer: An extreme form of nationalism.
Explanation: "Ultranationalism" contributes an extreme form of nationalism to the definition of palingenetic ultranationalism.
According to Roger Griffin, the core myth of fascism involves a national rebirth preceding any social revolution.
Answer: False
Explanation: Griffin posits that the core myth of fascism involves a social revolution preceding, rather than following, the national rebirth (palingenesis).
Griffin describes fascism's underlying logic as a "rational myth" that predicts inevitable societal decline.
Answer: False
Explanation: Griffin characterizes fascism's underlying logic as a "perverse mythic logic" predicting rebirth after destruction, not inevitable decline.
In the envisioned fascist utopia, a great leader is central, supported by grassroots movements.
Answer: True
Explanation: The concept of a fascist utopia typically centers on a charismatic leader supported by grassroots movements.
A fascist movement ideally consists of a mass of people united by the goal of maintaining the existing societal order.
Answer: False
Explanation: Ideally, a fascist movement comprises a unified mass aiming to create a new future, often by overthrowing the existing order.
The fascist movement expects its members to have limited faith in its mythical hero.
Answer: False
Explanation: A fascist movement ideally requires infinite faith in its mythical hero, who embodies the movement's beliefs and aspirations.
Griffin uses the analogy of a phoenix rising from ashes to describe the nation's potential resurgence under fascist leadership.
Answer: True
Explanation: Griffin employs the metaphor of a phoenix rising from ashes to illustrate the concept of national rebirth under fascist leadership.
Griffin acknowledges that other political ideologies incorporate palingenetic aspects, but fascism's focus is on revolution.
Answer: True
Explanation: Griffin concedes that other ideologies may contain palingenetic elements, but highlights fascism's distinctive emphasis on revolution as central to its myth.
Fascism aims to overthrow the old order perceived as decadent and alienated from the common person.
Answer: True
Explanation: Fascist movements typically seek to dismantle the existing order, which they characterize as decadent and disconnected from the populace.
Fascist movements typically frame the relationship between past, present, and future by emphasizing the stability of the recent past.
Answer: False
Explanation: Fascist movements typically contrast a decadent past with a future of national rebirth, rather than emphasizing the stability of the recent past.
How does Griffin describe the underlying logic or "myth" of fascism?
Answer: A "perverse mythic logic" predicting rebirth after destruction.
Explanation: Griffin describes fascism's underlying logic as a "perverse mythic logic" that posits a period of destruction followed by national rebirth.
According to Griffin, what is the function of the "palingenetic myth" in fascist movements?
Answer: To attract voters disillusioned with traditional politics by promising national rebirth.
Explanation: The "palingenetic myth" functions to attract disillusioned voters by promising a national rebirth under fascist leadership.
How does fascism distinguish itself regarding the concept of revolution, according to the text?
Answer: It is the only ideology strongly focusing on revolution as a core component of its myth for national rebirth.
Explanation: Fascism distinguishes itself by strongly emphasizing revolution as a central element within its mythos for achieving national rebirth.
What does the fascist mentality promise to replace, according to Griffin's quote?
Answer: Gerontocracy, mediocrity, and national weakness with youth, heroism, and national greatness.
Explanation: Griffin's quote indicates that the fascist mentality promises to replace gerontocracy, mediocrity, and national weakness with youth, heroism, and national greatness.
What analogy does Griffin use to describe the nation's potential resurgence under fascist leadership?
Answer: A phoenix rising from the ashes.
Explanation: Griffin employs the analogy of a phoenix rising from the ashes to describe the nation's potential resurgence under fascist leadership.
According to Griffin, how do fascist movements typically frame the relationship between the past, present, and future?
Answer: By contrasting a decadent past with a future of national rebirth.
Explanation: Fascist movements typically frame the past-present-future relationship by contrasting a perceived decadent past with a promised future of national rebirth.
What is the primary aim of movements described as "radical" and including fascist ones, regarding the existing societal order?
Answer: To overthrow the existing order perceived as decadent.
Explanation: Radical movements, including fascist ones, primarily aim to overthrow the existing societal order, which they perceive as decadent.
What is the primary aim of movements described as "radical" and including fascist ones, regarding the existing societal order?
Answer: To overthrow the existing order perceived as decadent.
Explanation: Radical movements, including fascist ones, primarily aim to overthrow the existing societal order, which they perceive as decadent.
The sidebars related to Fascism and Nazism categorize information under "Principles," "Politicians," and "History."
Answer: True
Explanation: The sidebars pertaining to Fascism and Nazism are structured with categories including "Principles," "Politicians," and "History."
The "Intellectuals" sections of the sidebars list political figures associated with fascist and Nazi movements.
Answer: False
Explanation: The "Intellectuals" sections list thinkers and writers associated with these ideologies, while "Politicians" sections list political figures.
The "History" sections of the sidebars cover events like the Beer Hall Putsch and Kristallnacht.
Answer: True
Explanation: The "History" sections within the Fascism and Nazism sidebars detail significant events such as the Beer Hall Putsch and Kristallnacht.
The "Literature" sections of the sidebars list influential books such as *Mein Kampf* and *The Doctrine of Fascism*.
Answer: True
Explanation: The "Literature" sections of the sidebars catalog influential works associated with fascist and Nazi thought, including *Mein Kampf* and *The Doctrine of Fascism*.
The sidebars detail organizations like the National Fascist Party and the Nazi Party, as well as paramilitary groups like the Blackshirts.
Answer: True
Explanation: The sidebars provide details on various organizations, including major political parties like the National Fascist Party and the Nazi Party, and paramilitary formations such as the Blackshirts.
The sidebars present various forms of fascism, including Austrofascism, Italian Fascism, and Nazism.
Answer: True
Explanation: The sidebars enumerate diverse manifestations of fascism and related ideologies, such as Austrofascism, Italian Fascism, and Nazism.
The "Führerprinzip" emphasizes the collective will of the people in Nazi ideology.
Answer: False
Explanation: The "Führerprinzip" signifies the principle of absolute authority and leadership, not the collective will of the people.
The term "Volksgemeinschaft" signifies the Nazi concept of a racially pure, unified national community.
Answer: True
Explanation: The "Volksgemeinschaft" represents the Nazi ideal of a unified national community founded upon racial purity.
"Lebensraum" signifies the Nazi policy of territorial expansion into Eastern Europe for German settlement.
Answer: True
Explanation: "Lebensraum," meaning "living space," denotes the Nazi policy of territorial expansion aimed at acquiring land for German colonization.
The "25-point Program" (1920) is a foundational document of the Nazi Party outlining its core ideological tenets.
Answer: True
Explanation: The "25-point Program" of 1920 served as a foundational document for the Nazi Party, detailing its core ideological tenets.
Gleichschaltung refers to the process by which the Nazi regime consolidated its control over German society.
Answer: True
Explanation: "Gleichschaltung" signifies the process of coordination and consolidation of Nazi control over all societal structures.
The Nuremberg Laws were enacted to promote racial equality in Nazi Germany.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Nuremberg Laws were enacted to institutionalize racial discrimination and segregation, particularly against Jewish people.
"Kirchenkampf" refers to the Nazi regime's conflict with religious institutions.
Answer: True
Explanation: "Kirchenkampf," or "church struggle," denotes the conflict between the Nazi regime and religious institutions.
"Generalplan Ost" was a plan for cultural exchange programs in Eastern Europe.
Answer: False
Explanation: "Generalplan Ost" was a plan for ethnic cleansing and German colonization in Eastern Europe, not cultural exchange.
"Ariosophy" is a pseudoscientific racial ideology that influenced Nazi beliefs about the "Aryan race."
Answer: True
Explanation: "Ariosophy" represents a pseudoscientific racial ideology that significantly influenced Nazi doctrines concerning the "Aryan race."
The Völkisch movement emphasized racial purity and a romanticized agrarian past, influencing Nazism.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Völkisch movement, with its emphasis on racial purity and a romanticized agrarian past, was a significant influence on Nazi ideology.
The "National Socialist Program" outlined the Nazi Party's core ideological tenets.
Answer: True
Explanation: The "National Socialist Program," often referring to the 25-point program, articulated the fundamental ideological tenets of the Nazi Party.
"Anti-Slavic sentiment" was a component of Nazi racial ideology, viewing Slavs as superior.
Answer: False
Explanation: "Anti-Slavic sentiment" was a component of Nazi racial ideology, viewing Slavs as inferior, not superior.
The "Führerprinzip" within Nazi ideology signifies:
Answer: The absolute authority and leadership principle.
Explanation: The "Führerprinzip" within Nazi ideology signifies the principle of absolute authority and leadership.
What does the term "Volksgemeinschaft" represent in Nazi ideology?
Answer: A unified national community based on racial purity.
Explanation: In Nazi ideology, the term "Volksgemeinschaft" represents a unified national community founded upon racial purity.
What was the primary objective of "Generalplan Ost"?
Answer: To implement ethnic cleansing and German colonization in Eastern Europe.
Explanation: The primary objective of "Generalplan Ost" was the implementation of ethnic cleansing and German colonization in Eastern Europe.
Which of the following is a foundational document of the Nazi Party mentioned in the sidebars?
Answer: The 25-point Program (1920)
Explanation: The "25-point Program" (1920) is mentioned in the sidebars as a foundational document of the Nazi Party.
What does "Gleichschaltung" refer to in the context of Nazi Germany?
Answer: The consolidation of Nazi control over society.
Explanation: "Gleichschaltung" refers to the process by which the Nazi regime consolidated its control over German society and its institutions.
What was the purpose of the Nuremberg Laws enacted in Nazi Germany?
Answer: To institutionalize antisemitic discrimination and segregation.
Explanation: The Nuremberg Laws were enacted to institutionalize antisemitic discrimination and segregation within Nazi Germany.
The "Völkisch movement" influenced Nazism by emphasizing:
Answer: Racial purity and a romanticized agrarian past.
Explanation: The "Völkisch movement" influenced Nazism by emphasizing racial purity and a romanticized agrarian past.
What does "anti-Slavic sentiment" refer to in the context of Nazi racial policies?
Answer: Prejudice and hostility towards Slavic peoples, viewing them as inferior.
Explanation: "Anti-Slavic sentiment" refers to prejudice and hostility towards Slavic peoples, based on the Nazi ideology of their inferiority.
Which of the following is NOT a category found in the Fascism and Nazism sidebars?
Answer: Economic Policies
Explanation: Categories such as "Principles," "Politicians," and "History" are found in the Fascism and Nazism sidebars; "Economic Policies" is not explicitly listed as a primary category.
What does the term "Lebensraum" signify in the context of Nazi ideology?
Answer: Territorial expansion for German settlement.
Explanation: "Lebensraum" signifies territorial expansion intended for German settlement within the context of Nazi ideology.
What does the term "Kirchenkampf" signify in the context of Nazi Germany?
Answer: The conflict between the Nazi regime and religious institutions.
Explanation: "Kirchenkampf" signifies the conflict between the Nazi regime and religious institutions within Nazi Germany.
What is the role of "Ariosophy" in relation to Nazi ideology?
Answer: It was a pseudoscientific racial ideology influencing Nazi beliefs.
Explanation: "Ariosophy" played a role in relation to Nazi ideology as a pseudoscientific racial ideology that influenced its beliefs.
What does the term "Kirchenkampf" signify in the context of Nazi Germany?
Answer: The conflict between the Nazi regime and religious institutions.
Explanation: "Kirchenkampf" signifies the conflict between the Nazi regime and religious institutions within Nazi Germany.
What is the role of "Ariosophy" in relation to Nazi ideology?
Answer: It was a pseudoscientific racial ideology influencing Nazi beliefs.
Explanation: "Ariosophy" played a role in relation to Nazi ideology as a pseudoscientific racial ideology that influenced its beliefs.
The first edition of 'The Florida Times-Union' was published on what date?
Answer: February 4, 1883
Explanation: The first edition under the combined name, 'The Florida Times-Union,' was published on February 4, 1883, following the merger of its two predecessor papers.
Which owner of the 'Florida Union' successfully made it a daily paper, only to see it decline and abandon that format by 1876?
Answer: Walton, Fowle & Co. / C. F. Mawbey
Explanation: In 1873, Walton, Fowle & Co., with C. F. Mawbey taking control, made the 'Florida Union' a daily paper, but it declined and abandoned daily publication by 1876.
Which individual bought the 'Florida Union' in 1876 and returned it to a daily morning paper format?
Answer: H. B. McCallum
Explanation: H. B. McCallum purchased the 'Florida Union' in 1876 and reinstated its daily morning paper format.
Who were the original founders of the 'Florida Union' in 1864?
Answer: J. K. Stickney and W. C. Morrill
Explanation: The 'Florida Union' was founded in 1864 by J. K. Stickney and W. C. Morrill.
In what year did the merger that formed the modern 'The Florida Times-Union' take place?
Answer: 1883
Explanation: The merger that formed the modern 'The Florida Times-Union' occurred in 1883.
What was the political alignment of the 'Florida Union' when it was founded in 1864?
Answer: Northern and Republican
Explanation: The 'Florida Union,' founded in 1864, was aligned as a Northern and Republican newspaper.
What prompted Charles H. Jones to start the 'Florida Daily Times' in 1881?
Answer: The owner of the 'Florida Union' refused to sell the paper to him.
Explanation: Charles H. Jones initiated the 'Florida Daily Times' after the owner of the competing 'Florida Union' declined his offer to purchase it.
Which of these best describes the newspaper's alignment in its early years after the 1883 merger?
Answer: Partisan and supportive of the railroad industry
Explanation: In its early years following the 1883 merger, 'The Florida Times-Union' was partisan and actively promoted the interests of the railroad industry.
Which of these individuals owned the 'Florida Union' and unsuccessfully tried to make it a daily publication?
Answer: Edward M. Cheney
Explanation: Edward M. Cheney, who purchased the 'Florida Union' in 1867, unsuccessfully attempted to convert it into a daily publication.
The 'Florida Daily Times' was started because its founder, Charles H. Jones, was unable to purchase the competing 'Florida Union'.
Answer: True
Explanation: Charles H. Jones founded the 'Florida Daily Times' in 1881 after the owner of the 'Florida Union' refused to sell it to him.
The merger that created 'The Florida Times-Union' occurred because the 'Florida Union' became dominant and bought out the struggling 'Florida Daily Times'.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Florida Daily Times' became dominant, leading its owner to purchase the struggling 'Florida Union,' resulting in their merger.
The first edition published under the combined 'The Florida Times-Union' name was on February 4, 1883.
Answer: True
Explanation: The inaugural edition under the merged title, 'The Florida Times-Union,' was published on February 4, 1883.
The 'Florida Union' was sold to H. B. McCallum in 1876, who then converted it from a daily back to a weekly paper.
Answer: False
Explanation: H. B. McCallum purchased the 'Florida Union' in 1876 when it had already ceased daily publication; he subsequently returned it to a daily format.
The first edition of 'The Florida Times-Union' was published on what date?
Answer: February 4, 1883
Explanation: The first edition under the combined name, 'The Florida Times-Union,' was published on February 4, 1883.
After its acquisition by Morris Communications, what was the 'Times-Union's' status within the company?
Answer: The flagship and largest newspaper in the chain
Explanation: Following its acquisition by Morris Communications in 1983, the 'Times-Union' became the largest newspaper in the Morris chain.
Which of these was NOT one of the three original railroad companies that jointly owned the Florida Publishing Company?
Answer: CSX Transportation
Explanation: CSX Transportation was not an original owner; it is a successor company formed from the merger of the Atlantic Coast Line and Seaboard Air Line railroads, which were original owners.
Which company acquired The Florida Times-Union from Morris Communications in 2017?
Answer: Gatehouse Media
Explanation: Gatehouse Media acquired The Florida Times-Union from Morris Communications in 2017.
In 2018, to where were The Florida Times-Union's printing operations moved?
Answer: The facilities of The Gainesville Sun and The Daytona Beach News-Journal
Explanation: In 2018, printing operations for The Florida Times-Union were relocated to the facilities of The Gainesville Sun and The Daytona Beach News-Journal.
For how much money did Morris Communications acquire the Florida Publishing Company in 1983?
Answer: $200 million
Explanation: Morris Communications acquired the Florida Publishing Company, including 'The Florida Times-Union,' in 1983 for $200 million.
Which group of entities jointly owned the newspaper for most of the 20th century?
Answer: Three major railroad companies
Explanation: For the majority of the 20th century, the newspaper was jointly owned by three major railroad companies through the Florida Publishing Company.
To where did The Florida Times-Union relocate its main offices on April 1, 2019?
Answer: The Wells Fargo Center in downtown Jacksonville
Explanation: On April 1, 2019, The Florida Times-Union relocated its main offices to the Wells Fargo Center in downtown Jacksonville.
What technology, shown in a 1972 photograph, was the newspaper using for production?
Answer: Linotype machines
Explanation: A 1972 photograph indicates the newspaper was utilizing linotype machines, a form of hot metal typesetting, for its production.
How did Gannett become the current owner of the newspaper in 2019?
Answer: By merging with the previous owner, Gatehouse Media.
Explanation: Gannett became the current owner in 2019 through a merger with Gatehouse Media, the previous owner.
Which two railroads, whose predecessors co-owned the newspaper, still have headquarters in Jacksonville?
Answer: CSX Transportation and the Florida East Coast Railway
Explanation: The predecessors of CSX Transportation and the Florida East Coast Railway were original co-owners of the newspaper, and both successor companies maintain headquarters in Jacksonville.
The ownership of the newspaper by railroads ended when CSX Transportation was formed.
Answer: False
Explanation: The railroad ownership concluded in 1983 with the sale to Morris Communications. CSX Transportation is a successor entity to two of the original railroad owners.
The newspaper's headquarters are located in the Wells Fargo Center in Jacksonville.
Answer: True
Explanation: On April 1, 2019, The Florida Times-Union relocated its offices to the Wells Fargo Center in downtown Jacksonville.
After being acquired by Morris Communications in 1983, the 'Times-Union' became the smallest paper in the Morris chain.
Answer: False
Explanation: Following the 1983 acquisition by Morris Communications, the 'Times-Union' became the largest newspaper within the Morris chain.
A photograph from 1911 provides a historical view of the newspaper's pressroom and printing technology from that era.
Answer: True
Explanation: A photograph from 1911 offers a historical perspective on the pressroom and printing technology utilized by 'The Florida Times-Union' during that period.
Both CSX Transportation and the Florida East Coast Railway, whose predecessors once owned the newspaper, still have their headquarters in Jacksonville.
Answer: True
Explanation: The predecessors of CSX Transportation and the Florida East Coast Railway were former owners of the newspaper, and both successor companies maintain their headquarters in Jacksonville.
Which two railroads, whose predecessors co-owned the newspaper, still have headquarters in Jacksonville?
Answer: CSX Transportation and the Florida East Coast Railway
Explanation: The predecessors of CSX Transportation and the Florida East Coast Railway were original co-owners of the newspaper, and both successor companies maintain headquarters in Jacksonville.
After its acquisition by Morris Communications, what was the 'Times-Union's' status within the company?
Answer: The flagship and largest newspaper in the chain
Explanation: Following its acquisition by Morris Communications in 1983, the 'Times-Union' became the largest newspaper within the Morris chain.
Which of these was NOT one of the three original railroad companies that jointly owned the Florida Publishing Company?
Answer: CSX Transportation
Explanation: CSX Transportation was not an original owner; it is a successor company formed from the merger of the Atlantic Coast Line and Seaboard Air Line railroads, which were original owners.
What is the OCLC number for The Florida Times-Union?
Answer: 49633482
Explanation: The newspaper's OCLC (Online Computer Library Center) number, a unique identifier for bibliographic records, is 49633482.
What is the name of the current editor of The Florida Times-Union?
Answer: Paul Runnestrand
Explanation: The current editor of The Florida Times-Union is Paul Runnestrand.
What was the reported circulation of The Florida Times-Union according to the provided data?
Answer: 27,818
Explanation: According to data cited from the Florida Press Association, the circulation of The Florida Times-Union was reported as 27,818.
What is the official website for The Florida Times-Union?
Answer: jacksonville.com
Explanation: The official website for The Florida Times-Union is jacksonville.com.
What is the newspaper's International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)?
Answer: 0740-2325
Explanation: The newspaper's International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) is 0740-2325.
The Florida Times-Union is the oldest newspaper in Florida, starting its publication history in 1864.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Florida Times-Union is recognized as Florida's oldest newspaper, with its publication history commencing in 1864 as the 'Florida Union'.
The newspaper's official website is floridatimesunion.com.
Answer: False
Explanation: The official website for The Florida Times-Union is jacksonville.com.
The newspaper's ISSN, a unique identifier for serial publications, is 49633482.
Answer: False
Explanation: The newspaper's ISSN is 0740-2325; 49633482 is its OCLC number.
The Florida Times-Union is a tabloid-format newspaper.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Florida Times-Union is published in a broadsheet format, not a tabloid format.
What is the newspaper's International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)?
Answer: 0740-2325
Explanation: The newspaper's International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) is 0740-2325.
What is the OCLC number for The Florida Times-Union?
Answer: 49633482
Explanation: The newspaper's OCLC (Online Computer Library Center) number is 49633482.