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A partisan is primarily defined by a willingness to compromise with political adversaries for the sake of national unity.
Answer: False
Explanation: The definition of a partisan in a multi-party system emphasizes strong advocacy for their party's policies and a disinclination to compromise with political adversaries.
Before 1952, an individual's partisan leanings in the U.S. were typically determined by their self-declared psychological identification with a political party.
Answer: False
Explanation: Prior to 1952, partisan leanings in the U.S. were typically inferred from an individual's voting behavior, not from self-declared psychological identification.
Political parties in the U.S. offer a structured framework that aids candidates in career advancement, making party affiliation a common choice.
Answer: True
Explanation: Political parties provide a structured framework for career advancement, which is a primary reason candidates choose party affiliation over independent candidacies.
In U.S. nonpartisan elections, candidates are legally prohibited from having any party affiliation.
Answer: False
Explanation: In nonpartisan elections, a candidate's party affiliation is simply not displayed on the ballot; they are not legally prohibited from having one.
Ross Perot and John B. Anderson are notable examples of independent candidates who achieved significant success at the U.S. presidential level.
Answer: True
Explanation: Ross Perot (1992, 1996) and John B. Anderson (1980) are cited as the most successful independent vote-getters in U.S. presidential elections.
In multi-party systems, a partisan is typically unwilling to compromise with political opponents.
Answer: True
Explanation: A key characteristic of a partisan in multi-party systems is their strong advocacy for their party's policies and a general disinclination to compromise with political adversaries.
Since 1952, the term 'partisan' in the U.S. primarily refers to an individual's voting record in major elections.
Answer: False
Explanation: Since 1952, 'partisan' in the U.S. primarily refers to an individual's psychological identification with a major political party, rather than solely their voting record.
According to its fundamental definition, what is a key characteristic of a partisan in a multi-party political system?
Answer: They are disinclined to reach compromises with political adversaries.
Explanation: A partisan is defined as a committed supporter who strongly advocates for their party's policies and is generally disinclined to compromise with political adversaries.
How did the understanding of 'partisan' in the United States change following the American National Election Study in 1952?
Answer: It shifted to mean an individual's psychological identification with a major political party.
Explanation: After 1952, the term 'partisan' in the U.S. came to signify an individual's psychological identification with one of the major political parties, moving beyond mere voting behavior.
What is a primary reason U.S. candidates often choose to affiliate with a political party rather than running as an Independent?
Answer: Political parties offer a structured framework for career advancement.
Explanation: Political parties provide a structured framework for career advancement, making party affiliation a more common and often preferred choice for political aspirants.
What is a defining feature of 'nonpartisan' elections in the U.S.?
Answer: A candidate's party affiliation is not explicitly displayed on the ballot.
Explanation: In nonpartisan elections, a candidate's party affiliation is not explicitly displayed on the ballot, aiming to focus voter attention on the individual candidate.
Which individuals are cited as the most successful independent vote-getters at the U.S. presidential level?
Answer: Ross Perot and John B. Anderson
Explanation: Ross Perot (1992, 1996) and John B. Anderson (1980) are recognized as the most successful independent presidential candidates in U.S. history.
Prior to the American National Election Study in 1952, how were an individual's partisan tendencies primarily determined in the U.S.?
Answer: By observing their voting behavior.
Explanation: Before 1952, partisan tendencies in the U.S. were typically determined by observing an individual's voting behavior.
Dwight D. Eisenhower formally aligned with the Democratic Party before his election as president in 1952.
Answer: False
Explanation: Dwight D. Eisenhower was nonpartisan before his 1952 election, formally joining the Republican Party in the same year he was elected president.
President Eisenhower's nonpartisan image was largely authentic, partly due to his distaste for President Truman's campaigning style and the partisan aspects of politics.
Answer: True
Explanation: David A. Crockett noted that Eisenhower's nonpartisan image was authentic, stemming from his dislike for President Truman's campaigning style and the general partisan nature of politics.
During Eisenhower's presidency, he was deeply involved in routine partisanship and actively led the Republican Party's building efforts.
Answer: False
Explanation: President Eisenhower largely abstained from routine partisanship and party building; Vice President Richard Nixon assumed that responsibility.
President Eisenhower's nonpartisan approach hindered his ability to cooperate effectively with Democratic leaders in Congress.
Answer: False
Explanation: Eisenhower's nonpartisan stance actually facilitated smooth cooperation with Democratic leaders like Speaker Sam Rayburn and Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson.
Jean Smith argued that Democratic leaders cooperated with President Eisenhower primarily to undermine his popularity.
Answer: False
Explanation: Jean Smith contended that Democratic leaders cooperated with Eisenhower to benefit from his immense popularity, not to undermine it.
President Truman's campaigning style was admired by Dwight D. Eisenhower, contributing to their strong political alliance.
Answer: False
Explanation: Dwight D. Eisenhower found President Truman's campaigning style distasteful and inappropriate, which contributed to Eisenhower's nonpartisan image.
Eisenhower's weekly meetings with Republican leadership were described as more productive than his evening sessions with Democratic leaders.
Answer: False
Explanation: Eisenhower's evening meetings with Democratic leaders Rayburn and Johnson were described as *more* productive than his regular meetings with Republican leadership.
What was Dwight D. Eisenhower's political affiliation immediately prior to his election as president in 1952?
Answer: He was nonpartisan.
Explanation: Before his 1952 election, Dwight D. Eisenhower was nonpartisan, formally joining the Republican Party in the same year he became president.
According to David A. Crockett, what contributed to President Eisenhower's authentic nonpartisan image?
Answer: His dislike for the partisan aspects of political campaigning.
Explanation: David A. Crockett noted that Eisenhower's nonpartisan image was authentic due to his distaste for President Truman's campaigning style and a general dislike for partisan politics.
During Eisenhower's presidency, who became the de facto national leader of the Republican Party, assuming responsibility for party building?
Answer: Richard Nixon
Explanation: With President Eisenhower largely uninvolved in routine partisanship, Vice President Richard Nixon became the de facto national leader responsible for strengthening the Republican Party.
How did President Eisenhower's largely nonpartisan stance affect his working relationship with Democratic leaders such as Sam Rayburn and Lyndon Johnson?
Answer: It facilitated smooth cooperation despite differing views.
Explanation: Eisenhower's nonpartisan approach fostered smooth cooperation with Democratic leaders, who understood each other despite differing political views.
According to Jean Smith, what was the strategic political advantage for Johnson and Rayburn in cooperating with President Eisenhower?
Answer: Eisenhower was immensely popular, and Democrats could benefit from his widespread appeal.
Explanation: Jean Smith argued that cooperating with the immensely popular President Eisenhower allowed Democrats to benefit from his widespread appeal, even while opposing the 'Old Guard' within his own party.
How did Dwight D. Eisenhower perceive President Truman's campaigning style?
Answer: Distasteful and inappropriate.
Explanation: Dwight D. Eisenhower found President Truman's campaigning style distasteful and inappropriate, which contributed to Eisenhower's nonpartisan image.
Identify the two key Democratic leaders in Congress with whom President Eisenhower maintained a smooth working relationship.
Answer: Speaker Sam Rayburn and Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson
Explanation: President Eisenhower worked smoothly with Democratic leaders Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House and Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson in the Senate.
Describe the nature of President Eisenhower's weekly meetings with Democratic leaders Rayburn and Johnson.
Answer: Evening meetings over drinks, described as highly productive.
Explanation: Eisenhower's weekly evening sessions with Rayburn and Johnson, often over drinks, were described as highly productive, even more so than his meetings with Republican leadership.
The Russian term 'Partiinost'' is translated into Chinese as 'Dangxing' and refers to party-mindedness or party spirit.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Russian term 'Partiinost'' is indeed translated as 'Dangxing' in Chinese and signifies party-mindedness or party spirit within Marxism-Leninism.
Vladimir Lenin coined the term 'Partiinost'' in 1917 to promote objectivity in political analysis.
Answer: False
Explanation: Vladimir Lenin coined 'Partiinost'' in 1895, not 1917, and its purpose was to challenge the perceived futility of objectivity, not to promote it.
From a Marxist-Leninist perspective, true objectivity is attainable in a society with antagonistic classes if individuals strive for a neutral stance.
Answer: False
Explanation: From a Marxist-Leninist perspective, true objectivity is considered impossible in a society with antagonistic classes because class interests fundamentally determine ideology, making a neutral stance unattainable.
Lenin believed Marxists should conceal their partisanship to appear more objective to the bourgeois class.
Answer: False
Explanation: Lenin argued that Marxists should openly acknowledge their partisanship, viewing bourgeois objectivity as a delusion.
Lenin's concept of 'Partiinost'' was unique because it added a normative element, insisting that partisanship *should* be publicly expressed.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lenin's 'Partiinost'' introduced a normative element, prescribing that partisanship *should* be publicly expressed, distinguishing it from earlier descriptive observations.
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia asserts that the bourgeoisie openly defends its self-serving aims, while the Communist Party feigns non-partisanship.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Great Soviet Encyclopedia states that the bourgeoisie is compelled to conceal its self-serving aims and feign non-partisanship, while the Communist Party openly upholds 'Partiinost''.
In 'Materialism and Empirio-criticism,' Lenin used 'Partiinost'' to describe the struggle between political parties in a multi-party system.
Answer: False
Explanation: In 'Materialism and Empirio-criticism,' Lenin used 'Partiinost'' to describe philosophical factionalism, specifically the struggle between idealists and materialists.
Vladimir Lenin coined 'Partiinost'' to challenge the idea that objectivity was futile in political and economic analysis.
Answer: True
Explanation: Lenin coined 'Partiinost'' in 1895 to challenge Peter Struve's perceived futility of objectivity in political and economic analysis.
The descriptive aspect of 'Partiinost'' was entirely new, having no precedent in earlier philosophical thought.
Answer: False
Explanation: The descriptive aspect of 'Partiinost'' (perspectives influenced by group affiliation) was not entirely new, having been observed by earlier thinkers like Thrasymachus and Karl Marx.
The Communist Party, according to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, defends the goals of the working class and critically analyzes the exploitative system.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Great Soviet Encyclopedia states that the Communist Party upholds 'Partiinost'' by defending working-class goals and critically analyzing the exploitative system.
What is the Chinese translation of the Russian term 'Partiinost''?
Answer: 'Dangxing'
Explanation: The Chinese translation for the Russian term 'Partiinost'' is 'Dangxing,' which conveys the meaning of party-mindedness or party spirit.
Who coined the term 'Partiinost'' and in what year?
Answer: Vladimir Lenin in 1895
Explanation: Vladimir Lenin coined the term 'Partiinost'' in 1895 to challenge the perceived futility of objectivity in political and economic analysis.
From a Marxist-Leninist perspective, why is true objectivity considered impossible in a society with antagonistic classes?
Answer: Class interests and material conditions fundamentally determine ideology.
Explanation: In Marxism-Leninism, true objectivity is deemed impossible in class-antagonistic societies because class interests and material conditions are believed to fundamentally determine ideology, making a neutral stance unattainable.
What was Lenin's view on Marxists' acknowledgment of their partisanship?
Answer: Marxists should openly acknowledge their partisanship with the proletarian revolution.
Explanation: Lenin believed Marxists should openly acknowledge their partisanship, specifically aligning with the proletarian revolution, and viewed bourgeois objectivity as a delusion.
How did Lenin's concept of 'Partiinost'' introduce a novel element compared to earlier observations of group-influenced perspectives by thinkers like Marx and Thrasymachus?
Answer: Lenin's term introduced a normative element, insisting partisanship *should* be publicly expressed.
Explanation: Lenin's 'Partiinost'' added a normative dimension, prescribing that partisanship *should* be publicly expressed, unlike earlier descriptive observations of group-influenced perspectives.
According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, how does the bourgeoisie typically approach its self-serving aims?
Answer: It is compelled to conceal its self-serving aims and feign non-partisanship.
Explanation: The Great Soviet Encyclopedia states that the bourgeoisie, whose interests conflict with the majority, is compelled to conceal its self-serving aims and feign non-partisanship.
In 'Materialism and Empirio-criticism,' Lenin used 'Partiinost'' to describe what concept?
Answer: The ongoing conflict between idealists and materialists.
Explanation: In 'Materialism and Empirio-criticism,' Lenin employed 'Partiinost'' to describe philosophical factionalism, specifically the struggle between idealists and materialists.
Beyond its role as an official Soviet doctrine, what philosophical stance does 'Partiinost'' refer to?
Answer: A philosophical stance on the sociology of knowledge.
Explanation: In addition to being an official Soviet doctrine, 'Partiinost'' refers to a philosophical stance on the sociology of knowledge, emphasizing that perspectives are influenced by group affiliation.
According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, what is the role of Marxist-Leninist theory concerning the working class and the exploitative system?
Answer: It defends the goals of the working class and critically analyzes the exploitative system.
Explanation: The Great Soviet Encyclopedia states that Marxist-Leninist theory defends the goals of the working class and critically analyzes the exploitative system and its ideology.
What was Vladimir Lenin's primary purpose for coining the term 'Partiinost'' in 1895?
Answer: To challenge the perceived futility of objectivity in political and economic analysis.
Explanation: Lenin coined 'Partiinost'' in 1895 to challenge Peter Struve's perceived futility of objectivity in political and economic analysis.
Partisanship can influence survey respondents to provide incorrect answers that favor their preferred party, even for objective questions.
Answer: True
Explanation: Individuals with strong partisan beliefs are more likely to provide incorrect answers that favor their preferred party, even for questions with objective answers.
The psychological phenomenon of 'motivated reasoning' helps explain why partisan bias occurs in survey responses.
Answer: True
Explanation: Motivated reasoning, which includes 'cheerleading' and 'congenial inference,' is identified as the psychological phenomenon underlying partisan bias in survey responses.
'Cheerleading' in motivated reasoning refers to respondents intentionally providing incorrect answers they know are favorable to an opposing party.
Answer: False
Explanation: 'Cheerleading' refers to respondents actively supporting their *own* party's position, not an opposing party's.
Offering a cash incentive for correct answers in surveys has been shown to eliminate partisan bias entirely.
Answer: False
Explanation: Cash incentives reduce partisan bias by approximately 50%, but they do not eliminate it entirely; a residual bias of about 6% remains.
'Congenial inference' is a type of motivated reasoning where respondents interpret ambiguous information in a way that aligns with their party's views.
Answer: True
Explanation: Congenial inference describes how partisan respondents, when uncertain, guess or predict answers favorable to their party, aligning with their existing views.
The reduction in partisan bias from cash incentives is approximately 12-15%.
Answer: False
Explanation: Cash incentives reduce partisan bias by approximately 50%, bringing it down from an initial 12-15% to about 6%.
How does partisanship influence survey responses, even for questions with objective answers?
Answer: It leads individuals to provide incorrect answers that favor their preferred party.
Explanation: Partisanship can lead individuals with strong partisan beliefs to provide incorrect answers that favor their preferred party, even when objective answers are available.
What psychological phenomenon is identified as the primary cause of partisan bias in survey responses?
Answer: Motivated reasoning
Explanation: Motivated reasoning, which includes 'cheerleading' and 'congenial inference,' is the psychological phenomenon identified as the cause of partisan bias in survey responses.
When uncertain about an answer, how might 'congenial inference' manifest in partisan survey respondents?
Answer: They will guess an outcome that benefits their party.
Explanation: Congenial inference describes how partisan respondents, when uncertain, are motivated to guess or predict an answer that is favorable to their party.
What method has been shown to reduce partisan bias in survey responses, and by approximately what percentage?
Answer: Offering a cash incentive for correct answers, reducing bias by 50%.
Explanation: Offering a cash incentive for correct answers has been shown to reduce partisan bias in survey responses by approximately 50%.
In the context of partisan bias in survey responses, what is 'cheerleading'?
Answer: Respondents actively supporting their party.
Explanation: 'Cheerleading' is a type of motivated reasoning where respondents are inclined to actively support their preferred party's position in surveys.
What is the approximate percentage range of partisan bias observed in survey responses prior to interventions such as cash incentives?
Answer: 12-15%
Explanation: Studies indicate that partisan bias in survey responses typically ranges from 12-15% before any interventions are applied.