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The Party of Labour of Albania was originally founded under the name Communist Party of Albania.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Party of Labour of Albania was indeed founded on November 8, 1941, under the name Communist Party of Albania (PKSh).
The Party of Labour of Albania was dissolved in 1945, marking the end of the communist period in Albania.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Party of Labour of Albania was not dissolved in 1945; rather, Albania established its communist regime in 1944 and the monarchy was formally abolished in 1946. The party itself continued until 1991.
In the 1920s, Albania was unique among Balkan countries for possessing a well-established communist party.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contrary to the statement, Albania was unique among Balkan countries in the 1920s for *not* having a communist party.
Ali Kelmendi, an early Albanian communist, fought in the Spanish Civil War.
Answer: True
Explanation: Ali Kelmendi, a prominent early Albanian communist, participated in the Spanish Civil War.
Yugoslav delegates Miladin Popović and Dušan Mugoša were instrumental in uniting Albanian communist groups and forming the party in 1941.
Answer: True
Explanation: Yugoslav delegates Miladin Popović and Dušan Mugoša played a crucial role in uniting Albanian communist factions, leading to the party's formation in 1941.
Enver Hoxha assumed leadership of the newly formed Albanian Communist Party representing the Shkodër branch.
Answer: False
Explanation: Enver Hoxha, who became the leader of the Albanian Communist Party, hailed from the Korça branch, not the Shkodër branch.
The National Liberation Movement (LNC) was formed in 1942, with the Party of Labour of Albania as its dominant element.
Answer: True
Explanation: The National Liberation Movement (LNC) was established in 1942, and the Party of Labour of Albania (then PKSh) was its principal component.
Albania established its communist regime in 1944, following the expulsion of German occupiers.
Answer: True
Explanation: Albania established its communist regime in November 1944, after the National Liberation Movement successfully expelled the German occupying forces.
Joseph Stalin suggested renaming the party to "Party of Labour of Albania" in 1947 to reflect the country's industrial base.
Answer: False
Explanation: Joseph Stalin suggested the name change in 1947 to reflect the country's majority peasant population, not its industrial base.
What was the original name of the Party of Labour of Albania upon its founding?
Answer: Communist Party of Albania
Explanation: The party was founded on November 8, 1941, initially as the Communist Party of Albania (Partia Komuniste e Shqipërisë, PKSh).
When did Albania officially become a communist regime?
Answer: November 29, 1944
Explanation: Albania became a communist regime on November 29, 1944, after the National Liberation Movement drove out the German occupiers.
What suggestion did Joseph Stalin make regarding the party's name in 1947?
Answer: To rename it the Party of Labour of Albania
Explanation: In July 1947, Joseph Stalin suggested that the party be renamed the "Party of Labour of Albania" because peasants formed a majority in the country.
What was the primary reason for the party's name change from Communist Party of Albania to Party of Labour of Albania?
Answer: Stalin's suggestion to appeal to the peasant majority.
Explanation: The name change was suggested by Joseph Stalin in 1947 because peasants formed a majority in Albania, and he believed "Party of Labour" would better reflect the country's demographic composition.
What was the outcome of the December 2, 1945, elections for the Constituent Assembly in Albania?
Answer: The Democratic Front, led by the PKSh, secured 93.7% of the vote.
Explanation: In the December 2, 1945, elections, the Democratic Front, organized and led by the PKSh, secured 93.7% of the vote, confirming the party's control.
The official ideology espoused by the Party of Labour of Albania was Maoism.
Answer: False
Explanation: The official ideology of the Party of Labour of Albania was Hoxhaism, an anti-revisionist variant of Marxism-Leninism, not Maoism.
The term "Hoxhaism" denotes an ideology that strictly adhered to Nikita Khrushchev's reforms within Marxism-Leninism.
Answer: False
Explanation: Hoxhaism is characterized by staunch anti-revisionism and a rejection of Khrushchev's reforms, representing a distinct ideological path from Soviet revisionism.
What ideology did the Party of Labour of Albania officially follow?
Answer: Hoxhaism
Explanation: The party's ideology was an anti-revisionist variant of Marxism-Leninism, specifically known as Hoxhaism.
What does the term "anti-revisionism" signify in the context of the PLA's ideology?
Answer: Rejection of perceived deviations from orthodox Marxism-Leninism
Explanation: Anti-revisionism, in the context of the PLA, meant a rejection of perceived deviations from orthodox Marxism-Leninism, particularly those associated with the Soviet Union under Khrushchev.
The Party of Labour of Albania's organizational structure was based on the principles of federalism.
Answer: False
Explanation: The party's organizational structure was based on the principles of democratic centralism, not federalism.
The Politburo served as the highest organ of the Party of Labour of Albania, convening on an annual basis.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Party Congress was the highest organ of the Party of Labour of Albania, meeting every five years. The Politburo was the primary administrative and policy-making body, convening weekly.
The Central Committee directed party activities between Party Congresses.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Central Committee was responsible for directing the party's activities between Party Congresses.
Which principle governed the organizational structure of the Party of Labour of Albania?
Answer: Democratic centralism
Explanation: The party's organization was built upon the principles of democratic centralism, ensuring party discipline and centralized control.
Which body served as the main administrative and policy-making organ of the Party of Labour of Albania, convening weekly?
Answer: The Politburo
Explanation: The Politburo was the main administrative and policy-making body of the party, convening on a weekly basis.
Albania broke ties with Moscow in 1961 due to Nikita Khrushchev's policies of de-Stalinization.
Answer: True
Explanation: Albania severed ties with the Soviet Union in 1961, citing Khrushchev's de-Stalinization policies and perceived deviations from Marxism-Leninism as the primary reasons.
Following its break with the Soviet Union, Albania aligned itself with Yugoslavia under Tito.
Answer: False
Explanation: After breaking ties with the Soviet Union in 1961, Albania aligned itself with the People's Republic of China, not Yugoslavia.
In 1968, Albania formally withdrew from the Warsaw Pact.
Answer: True
Explanation: Albania formally withdrew from the Warsaw Pact in 1968, underscoring its increasing independence and divergence from the Soviet bloc.
Following Mao Zedong's death, Albania maintained its close alliance with China and embraced its post-Mao reforms.
Answer: False
Explanation: After Mao Zedong's death, Albania criticized China's new leadership for moving away from Mao's legacy and declared it would forge its own path, indicating a divergence rather than continued close alliance and embrace of reforms.
Why did Albania break ties with the Soviet Union in 1961?
Answer: Khrushchev's de-Stalinization policies
Explanation: The break was primarily due to Albania's adherence to a strict Stalinist line and its disagreement with Nikita Khrushchev's policies of de-Stalinization and "peaceful coexistence."
Which country did Albania align itself with after its split with the Soviet Union?
Answer: China
Explanation: After breaking with the Soviet Union, Albania aligned itself with the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong.
What significant action did Albania take regarding the Warsaw Pact in 1968?
Answer: Formally withdrew from the Warsaw Pact
Explanation: In 1968, Albania formally withdrew from the Warsaw Pact, underscoring its increasing independence and divergence from the Soviet bloc.
How did the Party of Labour of Albania's stance on international relations change after Mao Zedong's death?
Answer: Criticized China for moving away from Mao's legacy.
Explanation: After Mao Zedong's death, Albania criticized China's new leadership for moving away from Mao's legacy and declared it would forge its own path, indicating a divergence rather than continued close alliance.
Which of the following countries had communist parties that followed the PPSh (PLA) line during the Cold War?
Answer: Denmark, France, Germany
Explanation: Communist parties in Denmark, France, and Germany were among those that followed the PPSh line during the Cold War.
Which of the following best describes the PLA's stance after breaking with the Soviet Union?
Answer: Adopted a rigidly anti-revisionist stance and aligned with China.
Explanation: After breaking with the Soviet Union, the party adopted a rigidly anti-revisionist stance, aligning with Hoxhaism and China.
Ramiz Alia succeeded Enver Hoxha as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania.
Answer: True
Explanation: Ramiz Alia succeeded Enver Hoxha as First Secretary, holding the position from 1985 until the party's dissolution in 1991.
Ramiz Alia initiated reforms in Albania, including allowing citizens to travel abroad and ending state atheism.
Answer: True
Explanation: Ramiz Alia introduced gradual reforms, such as permitting Albanians to travel abroad and discontinuing state atheism, in response to economic decline and political pressures.
The execution of Nicolae Ceaușescu in Romania prompted Ramiz Alia to loosen economic controls and allow travel abroad in late 1989.
Answer: True
Explanation: The execution of Nicolae Ceaușescu in Romania influenced Ramiz Alia to implement reforms, including easing economic controls and allowing international travel, to preempt potential unrest.
Ramiz Alia announced the legalization of opposition parties on December 11, 1990.
Answer: True
Explanation: On December 11, 1990, Ramiz Alia announced the abandonment of the Party of Labour of Albania's monopoly on power and the legalization of opposition parties.
In the 1991 elections, the Party of Labour of Albania lost its majority and also retained its Marxist-Leninist ideology.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the Party of Labour of Albania won a majority in the 1991 elections, it had abandoned its Marxist-Leninist ideology by that time, contrary to the statement.
Who succeeded Enver Hoxha as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania?
Answer: Ramiz Alia
Explanation: Ramiz Alia succeeded Enver Hoxha as First Secretary, holding the position from 1985 until the party's dissolution in 1991.
What event in late 1989 prompted Ramiz Alia to implement reforms like allowing travel abroad?
Answer: The execution of Nicolae Ceaușescu
Explanation: The execution of Nicolae Ceaușescu in Romania influenced Ramiz Alia to implement reforms, including easing economic controls and allowing international travel, to preempt potential unrest.
When did Ramiz Alia announce the abandonment of the Party of Labour of Albania's monopoly on power?
Answer: December 11, 1990
Explanation: On December 11, 1990, Ramiz Alia announced the abandonment of the Party of Labour of Albania's monopoly on power and the legalization of opposition parties.
What was the outcome for the Party of Labour of Albania in the 1991 Constitutional Assembly elections?
Answer: It won a majority but abandoned its ideology and monopoly.
Explanation: The Party of Labour of Albania won a majority in the 1991 elections, but it had abandoned its Marxist-Leninist ideology and lost its monopoly on power by that time.
Enver Hoxha served as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania continuously from its founding in 1941 until his death in 1991.
Answer: False
Explanation: Enver Hoxha served as First Secretary from 1941 until his death in 1985, not 1991.
Who was the dominant leader of the Party of Labour of Albania for the majority of its existence?
Answer: Enver Hoxha
Explanation: Enver Hoxha was the dominant leader, serving as First Secretary from 1941 until his death in 1985, and was the de facto leader of Albania during this period.
Which individuals were purged from the party for being pro-Moscow elements?
Answer: Liri Belishova and Kočo Taško
Explanation: Pro-Moscow elements purged from the party included Liri Belishova and Kočo Taško, reinforcing Enver Hoxha's control.
According to Albania's 1976 Constitution, the Party of Labour of Albania was designated as the leading political force of the state and society.
Answer: True
Explanation: Article 3 of the 1976 Constitution identified the Party of Labour of Albania as the leading political force of the state and society, cementing its supreme authority.
The daily newspaper published by the Party of Labour of Albania was titled Rruga e Partisë.
Answer: False
Explanation: The daily newspaper of the Party of Labour of Albania was 'Zëri i Popullit'; 'Rruga e Partisë' was its monthly theoretical journal.
Albania implemented its own version of China's Cultural Revolution to purge perceived bourgeois influences.
Answer: True
Explanation: Albania undertook its own version of China's Cultural Revolution, aiming to purge perceived bourgeois and revisionist elements from society.
The Albanian People's Army served as the military wing of the Party of Labour of Albania from 1946 to 1991.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Albanian People's Army functioned as the military wing of the Party of Labour of Albania throughout its period of rule, from 1946 to 1991.
What was the name of the daily newspaper published by the Party of Labour of Albania?
Answer: Zëri i Popullit
Explanation: The daily publication of the party was Zëri i Popullit, which translates to "Voice of the People."
What domestic policy shift did Albania undertake, mirroring a movement in China?
Answer: Cultural Revolution
Explanation: Albania undertook its own version of China's Cultural Revolution, aiming to purge perceived bourgeois and revisionist elements from society.
Which of the following was a monthly theoretical journal of the Party of Labour of Albania?
Answer: Rruga e Partisë
Explanation: The party's monthly theoretical journal was Rruga e Partisë, meaning "Road of the Party."
What was the primary role of the Democratic Front of Albania in relation to the Party of Labour of Albania?
Answer: It was a mass organization carrying out party activities.
Explanation: The Democratic Front of Albania was an associated mass organization that helped carry out the ideological activities of the Party of Labour of Albania.
What was the significance of the "Pioneers of Enver"?
Answer: A youth organization for ideological indoctrination.
Explanation: The "Pioneers of Enver" served as a youth organization, likely aimed at indoctrinating children and young people with the party's ideology.
What was the membership number of the Party of Labour of Albania in 1986?
Answer: Approximately 147,000
Explanation: In 1986, the Party of Labour of Albania reported a membership of 147,000.
What was the significance of the party's color being red?
Answer: Associating with revolution and the working class.
Explanation: The party's color was red, a traditional symbol associated with communism and socialist movements worldwide, representing revolution and the working class.
What was the role of the Albanian People's Army in relation to the Party of Labour of Albania?
Answer: It was the military wing of the party from 1946 to 1991.
Explanation: The Albanian People's Army served as the military wing of the Party of Labour of Albania from 1946 to 1991, ensuring the party's control over the nation's armed forces.