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Peshawar's recorded history begins in the 11th century CE, making it a relatively young city in South Asia.
Answer: False
Explanation: Peshawar possesses a considerably longer history, with recorded evidence dating back to at least the 6th century BCE, establishing it as one of South Asia's oldest continuously inhabited urban centers.
During the reign of Kanishka the Great, Peshawar, known as Purushapura, served as the capital of the Mauryan Empire.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Purushapura was indeed the capital during Kanishka's rule, he was a prominent ruler of the Kushan Empire, not the Mauryan Empire.
Peshawar's early history was significantly influenced by the Roman Empire and the Gupta Empire.
Answer: False
Explanation: Peshawar's early history was primarily influenced by empires such as the Kushan, Seleucid, Mauryan, and Indo-Parthian kingdoms, rather than the Roman or Gupta Empires.
Alexander the Great conquered the Valley of Peshawar during his campaigns in the 4th century BCE.
Answer: True
Explanation: Alexander the Great's military campaigns in the late 4th century BCE included the subjugation of the Valley of Peshawar, integrating it into the Hellenistic sphere of influence.
During the Kushan Empire, Peshawar was known for its Kanishka stupa, which housed relics of the founder of the empire.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Kanishka stupa in Purushapura (Peshawar) was a significant Buddhist monument, but it is generally understood to have housed relics of the Buddha, not specifically of Emperor Kanishka himself.
The Sasanid Empire, under Shapur I, destroyed Buddhist monuments in Peshawar around 260 CE, and the White Huns later devastated the city in the 460s CE.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historical records indicate that the Sasanid Empire, under Shapur I, caused damage to Buddhist structures in Peshawar, and the subsequent invasion by the White Huns led to further devastation of the city and the Gandhara region.
Islam was definitively established in Peshawar through the conquests of the Mughal Emperor Babur in the 16th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Babur's conquests were significant, Islam's presence in Peshawar predates the Mughal era, with evidence suggesting its introduction around the late 7th century CE. The Ghaznavid conquest in 1001 CE further solidified Islamic influence.
Emperor Akbar officially renamed Peshawar from its ancient name, Purushapura, during the Mughal era.
Answer: False
Explanation: The city was known as Purushapura during the Kushan period. While Emperor Akbar was a significant Mughal ruler associated with Peshawar, the renaming to Peshawar is generally attributed to an earlier period or different historical context, not directly by Akbar from Purushapura.
Peshawar is recognized as one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in South Asia, with its recorded history dating back to at least:
Answer: The 6th century BC
Explanation: Peshawar's extensive historical timeline includes recorded evidence dating back to at least the 6th century BCE, positioning it among the most ancient continuously inhabited cities in the South Asian region.
Under which ancient empire and ruler did Peshawar, then known as Purushapura, serve as the capital?
Answer: Kushan Empire, under Kanishka the Great
Explanation: Purushapura (modern Peshawar) served as the capital of the Kushan Empire during the reign of Emperor Kanishka the Great, a period marked by significant cultural and political influence.
Which ancient empires significantly influenced Peshawar's early history, besides the Kushan Empire?
Answer: Seleucid Empire and Mauryan Empire
Explanation: Beyond the Kushan Empire, Peshawar's early history was significantly shaped by the Seleucid Empire, established by Seleucus I Nicator, and the Mauryan Empire, particularly under rulers like Ashoka.
What was the impact of Alexander the Great's campaign on the Peshawar region?
Answer: It resulted in the region coming under the suzerainty of Seleucus I Nicator.
Explanation: Alexander the Great's campaigns in the 4th century BCE led to the Peshawar region falling under the suzerainty of Seleucus I Nicator, the founder of the Seleucid Empire, integrating it into the Hellenistic political sphere.
During the Kushan Empire, Emperor Kanishka the Great established significant structures in Purushapura (Peshawar) related to which religion?
Answer: Buddhism
Explanation: Under Emperor Kanishka the Great, Purushapura (Peshawar) flourished as a major center of Buddhism, with Kanishka commissioning significant structures like the Kanishka Mahavihara and stupa, which housed Buddhist relics.
What impact did the Sasanid Empire and the White Huns have on Peshawar around the mid-1st millennium CE?
Answer: They severely damaged Buddhist monuments and devastated the city.
Explanation: The Sasanid Empire, notably under Shapur I, inflicted damage upon Buddhist monuments in Peshawar, and the subsequent incursions by the White Huns in the mid-5th century CE led to the devastation of the city and the wider Gandhara region.
Which event in 1001 CE marked a significant shift in Peshawar's history, leading to Ghaznavid rule?
Answer: Mahmud Ghazni defeated the Hindu Shahis in the Battle of Peshawar.
Explanation: The Battle of Peshawar in 1001 CE, where Mahmud Ghazni decisively defeated Jayapala of the Hindu Shahi dynasty, represented a pivotal moment that led to the establishment of Ghaznavid rule over the region.
During the Mughal era, Emperor Akbar is noted for officially renaming the city. What else significant happened during this period?
Answer: Babur rebuilt the city's fort, and the Roshani Revolt occurred.
Explanation: Within the Mughal era, Emperor Babur undertook the reconstruction of the city's fort, and the region experienced significant events such as the Roshani Revolt, which challenged Mughal authority.
Following the Ghaznavid conquest in 1001 CE, Peshawar was ruled by the Mughal Empire and later served as the winter capital of the Durrani Empire.
Answer: True
Explanation: After the Ghaznavid era, Peshawar came under the dominion of various empires, including the Mughals, and subsequently served as a significant administrative center and winter capital for the Durrani Empire.
Peshawar was captured by the Sikh Empire in 1849, marking the beginning of British rule in the city.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Sikh Empire captured Peshawar in 1818 and formally annexed it in 1834. British control was established later, in 1849, following the Anglo-Sikh Wars.
Peshawar served as the winter capital of the Durrani Empire before being captured by the British East India Company in 1818.
Answer: False
Explanation: Peshawar did serve as the winter capital of the Durrani Empire. However, it was captured by the Sikh Empire in 1818, and subsequently annexed by the British East India Company in 1849, not 1818.
Which of the following empires ruled Peshawar after the Ghaznavid conquest in 1001 CE and before its capture by the Sikh Empire?
Answer: The Mughal Empire and the Durrani Empire
Explanation: Following the Ghaznavid period, Peshawar was integrated into the Mughal Empire and later became a key city within the Durrani Empire, serving as its winter capital before its eventual capture by the Sikh Empire.
Peshawar served as the winter capital of which empire before being captured by the Sikh Empire?
Answer: Durrani Empire
Explanation: Peshawar held the status of winter capital for the Durrani Empire prior to its capture by the Sikh Empire.
In 1901, Peshawar became the capital of the newly formed North-West Frontier Province, which was created from districts of Sindh Province.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Peshawar was indeed designated the capital of the North-West Frontier Province in 1901, this province was formed from districts of Punjab Province, not Sindh Province.
The British administration established the Peshawar Cantonment as a frontier headquarters and linked the city via railway.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following their control established in 1849, the British administration developed Peshawar by creating the Peshawar Cantonment as a strategic frontier headquarters and enhancing its connectivity through railway infrastructure.
The Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre in 1930 involved British troops firing on demonstrators led by Ghaffar Khan.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre occurred in April 1930 when British Indian Army troops opened fire on a crowd of unarmed demonstrators led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, resulting in significant casualties.
In 1857, Peshawar's native garrison rebelled against British rule, leading to significant conflict in the city.
Answer: False
Explanation: During the 1857 Indian Rebellion, the native garrison in Peshawar was disarmed by the British without widespread conflict or rebellion within the city itself.
The first diplomatic meeting between the British and Afghans occurred in Peshawar in 1809.
Answer: True
Explanation: The initial diplomatic engagement between British representatives and Afghan officials took place in Peshawar in 1809, during a mission to the court of Shah Shujah.
Peshawar transitioned from Durrani rule to British control through which sequence of events?
Answer: Captured by Sikhs in 1823, then by British East India Company in 1849.
Explanation: Peshawar, after being part of the Durrani Empire, was captured by the Sikh Empire in 1823 and subsequently came under the control of the British East India Company in 1849.
What administrative change occurred in 1901 concerning Peshawar?
Answer: It was designated the capital of the newly created North-West Frontier Province.
Explanation: In 1901, Peshawar was established as the capital of the newly formed North-West Frontier Province, marking a significant administrative reorganization by the British.
What infrastructure development did the British undertake in Peshawar after taking control in 1849?
Answer: Establishment of the Peshawar Cantonment and linking via railway
Explanation: Following their assumption of control in 1849, the British administration established the Peshawar Cantonment as a frontier military headquarters and improved the city's connectivity by integrating it into the railway network.
The Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre in 1930 is significant because:
Answer: It involved British troops firing on demonstrators led by Ghaffar Khan.
Explanation: The Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre of 1930 is historically significant as it involved British troops firing upon unarmed demonstrators led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, resulting in a substantial loss of life.
What historical event occurred in Peshawar involving the native garrison during the 1857 Indian Rebellion?
Answer: The garrison was disarmed without bloodshed by the British.
Explanation: During the 1857 Indian Rebellion, the native garrison stationed in Peshawar was disarmed by British authorities, a measure executed without significant conflict or bloodshed within the city.
The first diplomatic meeting between the British and Afghans occurred in Peshawar in 1809.
Answer: A British envoy visited the Durrani court in Peshawar in 1809.
Explanation: The initial diplomatic engagement between British representatives and Afghan officials took place in Peshawar in 1809, during a mission to the court of Shah Shujah.
Following India's Partition in 1947, Peshawar became part of India, leading to the strengthening of the Hindko language.
Answer: False
Explanation: Post-Partition in 1947, Peshawar became part of Pakistan. The departure of many Hindko-speaking Hindus and Sikhs subsequently weakened the prevalence of the Hindko language.
During the Soviet-Afghan War, Peshawar was a base for CIA operations spying on the Soviet Union and a center for Mujahideen groups.
Answer: True
Explanation: Peshawar played a significant role during the Soviet-Afghan War, serving as a strategic base for CIA and ISI-backed operations and becoming a major center for Mujahideen groups and Afghan refugees.
Peshawar has been largely unaffected by terrorism in the modern era, with no significant attacks recorded.
Answer: False
Explanation: Peshawar has experienced numerous significant terrorist attacks in the modern era, including the 2014 school massacre and attacks on religious sites, profoundly impacting the city.
Under Pervez Musharraf, a religiously based provincial government was elected in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa due to anti-American sentiment.
Answer: True
Explanation: During Pervez Musharraf's tenure, a coalition government with a strong religious orientation was elected in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, partly influenced by prevailing anti-American sentiment following the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan.
The 2014 Peshawar school massacre involved militants killing school children at the Army Public School.
Answer: True
Explanation: The tragic 2014 Peshawar school massacre, perpetrated by militants, resulted in the deaths of numerous students at the Army Public School, marking a devastating event in the city's modern history.
How did Peshawar's role and demographics change after the Partition of India in 1947?
Answer: It weakened the presence of the Hindko language due to the departure of its speakers.
Explanation: Following the Partition of India in 1947, Peshawar became part of Pakistan. The subsequent migration of many Hindko-speaking Hindus and Sikhs led to a diminished presence of the Hindko language in the city.
Peshawar played a notable role during the Soviet-Afghan War primarily as:
Answer: A center for CIA operations and a destination for Afghan refugees.
Explanation: During the Soviet-Afghan War, Peshawar served as a crucial operational hub for CIA activities and became a primary destination for a large number of Afghan refugees, significantly impacting the city's dynamics.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a challenge Peshawar has faced due to terrorism?
Answer: Bombings targeting government buildings exclusively
Explanation: While Peshawar has faced terrorism including attacks on shrines, the school massacre, and church bombings, the source does not exclusively list bombings targeting government buildings as a distinct challenge compared to broader patterns of violence.
Peshawar's strategic location east of the Khyber Pass has historically facilitated trade and cultural exchange between Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent.
Answer: True
Explanation: Peshawar's geographical position east of the Khyber Pass has historically rendered it a crucial nexus for transcontinental trade routes and cultural diffusion between Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent.
Peshawar is situated on a plateau surrounded by desert terrain.
Answer: False
Explanation: Peshawar is located within the broad Valley of Peshawar, which is bordered by mountains, not situated on a desert plateau. The city itself lies on the Gandhara Plains.
Peshawar's climate is classified as Köppen BSh, characterized by very hot summers and mild winters.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Köppen classification BSh denotes a hot semi-arid climate, which accurately describes Peshawar's climatic conditions, featuring intensely hot summers and mild winters.
Peshawar receives most of its rainfall during the monsoon season, similar to other parts of Pakistan.
Answer: False
Explanation: Unlike many regions in Pakistan, Peshawar is not primarily a monsoon region. Its rainfall occurs in both winter and summer, often influenced by western disturbances, with winter rainfall sometimes being more significant.
Peshawar's urban structure is unique and does not resemble other ancient South Asian cities.
Answer: False
Explanation: Peshawar's urban typology, featuring an old walled city and a citadel, aligns with common patterns observed in other ancient South Asian cities such as Lahore and Delhi.
The average annual precipitation in Peshawar is approximately 904.5 mm.
Answer: False
Explanation: The average annual precipitation in Peshawar is recorded as approximately 400 mm (16 inches). The figure of 904.5 mm represents the highest annual rainfall recorded in a single year (2003).
The highest temperature ever recorded in Peshawar was 45°C (113°F) in 1995.
Answer: False
Explanation: The highest temperature recorded in Peshawar was 50°C (122°F) on June 18, 1995, which is higher than the stated figure.
Which historical event significantly shaped Peshawar's role as a crucial gateway between Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent?
Answer: Its geographical location east of the Khyber Pass.
Explanation: Peshawar's strategic position directly east of the Khyber Pass has historically defined its role as a vital gateway facilitating transcontinental trade and cultural exchange.
Describe the general topography of the Valley of Peshawar where the city is located.
Answer: A broad valley bordered by mountains, with the city on the Gandhara Plains.
Explanation: The Valley of Peshawar is characterized by its broad, relatively level plains, bordered by mountain ranges. The city itself is situated on the Gandhara Plains, serving as a natural gateway to the Khyber Pass.
Peshawar's climate is classified as Köppen BSh. What does this classification indicate?
Answer: Hot semi-arid climate with hot summers and mild winters.
Explanation: The Köppen climate classification BSh signifies a hot semi-arid climate, characterized by prolonged periods of intense heat during summers and relatively mild winters.
How does Peshawar's rainfall pattern differ from many other regions in Pakistan?
Answer: It is not a monsoon region, with rainfall occurring in both winter and summer.
Explanation: Peshawar's rainfall pattern deviates from typical monsoon-dominated regions in Pakistan; precipitation occurs in both winter and summer, often influenced by western disturbances rather than solely by monsoonal systems.
Peshawar is identified as the capital of the Pakistani province of Sindh and is among the country's most populous cities.
Answer: False
Explanation: This statement is factually incorrect. Peshawar is the capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, not Sindh.
Hindko was historically the primary language of Peshawar, but Pashto has become dominant due to urbanization and the influx of Afghan refugees.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historically, Hindko served as the lingua franca in Peshawar. However, significant demographic shifts, including rapid urbanization and the substantial influx of Afghan refugees, have led to Pashto becoming the predominant language.
The name 'Peshawar' is commonly believed to derive from the Persian phrase 'Pesh Awardan,' interpreted as 'City of Flowers.'
Answer: False
Explanation: While 'Pesh Awardan' is a proposed Persian etymological origin, its meaning is more accurately translated as 'frontier town' or 'place of first arrival,' rather than 'City of Flowers,' which is a separate moniker.
In 1951, Pashto was the dominant language in Peshawar, spoken by over 75% of the population.
Answer: True
Explanation: According to linguistic data from 1951, Pashto was indeed the dominant language in Peshawar, spoken by approximately 75.3% of the population at that time.
Peshawar is predominantly Christian, with Muslims forming a small minority.
Answer: False
Explanation: Peshawar is overwhelmingly Muslim, with Muslims constituting approximately 98.5% of the population according to 1998 census data. Christian and Ahmadiyya communities form significant minorities.
The Sikh community in Peshawar has maintained its distinct linguistic identity, primarily speaking Punjabi.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Punjabi is historically associated with the Sikh community, many Sikhs in Peshawar today have adopted Pashto as their mother tongue and often identify culturally as Pashtuns, reflecting assimilation.
Peshawar has historically been a center for leftist politics, but the social climate is generally considered liberal.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Peshawar has been a center for leftist politics, the prevailing social climate is generally considered conservative within Pakistan, although specific communities may exhibit more liberal tendencies.
Football is the most popular sport in Peshawar, with cricket being secondary.
Answer: False
Explanation: Cricket holds the position of the most popular sport in Peshawar, with football and other sports being popular but secondary in terms of widespread engagement and following.
Peshawar has twin city relationships with cities in India and Nepal.
Answer: False
Explanation: Peshawar's established twin city relationships are with Makassar in Indonesia and Urumqi in China, not with cities in India or Nepal.
The Peshoris are a community known for their historical dominance in trade and business, primarily speaking Pashto.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Peshoris are historically identified as the Hindko-speaking urban community of Peshawar, traditionally dominant in trade and business, rather than primarily Pashto speakers.
Peshawar is nicknamed the 'City of Flowers,' suggesting a historical association with natural beauty.
Answer: True
Explanation: Peshawar is indeed known by the moniker 'City of Flowers,' a designation that evokes a historical connection to natural aesthetics or perhaps a past abundance of flora.
What is Peshawar's primary role within Pakistan's administrative structure?
Answer: It is the capital and largest city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.
Explanation: Peshawar functions as the provincial capital and the most populous city within Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, serving as the primary administrative and political center for the region.
Which language was historically the lingua franca of Peshawar, and which language has become dominant due to recent demographic shifts?
Answer: Hindko historically, Pashto currently
Explanation: Historically, Hindko served as the lingua franca in Peshawar. However, due to factors such as urbanization and the significant influx of Afghan refugees, Pashto has emerged as the dominant language in contemporary Peshawar.
Which of the following is a proposed etymological origin for the name 'Peshawar'?
Answer: Derived from Sanskrit 'Purushapura' meaning 'City of Men'
Explanation: One prominent proposed etymological origin for 'Peshawar' is the Sanskrit term 'Purushapura,' which translates to 'City of Men.' Other theories also exist, including derivations from Persian and Greek.
According to 2023 data for Peshawar Tehsil, what percentage of the population spoke Pashto?
Answer: 87.8%
Explanation: Recent data from 2023 indicates that Pashto is spoken by 87.8% of the population within Peshawar Tehsil, confirming its status as the predominant language.
What is the predominant religion in Peshawar?
Answer: Islam
Explanation: Islam is the predominant religion in Peshawar, with the vast majority of the population adhering to the faith.
How has the Sikh community in Peshawar adapted linguistically over time?
Answer: They have largely adopted Pashto as their mother tongue and often self-identify as Pashtuns.
Explanation: Many members of the Sikh community in Peshawar have assimilated linguistically, adopting Pashto as their primary language and frequently identifying culturally as Pashtuns within the regional context.
The Peshoris are historically identified as:
Answer: The Hindko-speaking urban community historically dominant in trade.
Explanation: The term 'Peshoris' historically refers to the Hindko-speaking urban community of Peshawar, which traditionally held a dominant position in the region's trade and commerce.
Houses in Peshawar's old city traditionally used unbaked bricks with wooden elements for earthquake resistance.
Answer: True
Explanation: Traditional residential architecture in Peshawar's old city frequently incorporates unbaked bricks combined with wooden structural elements, a technique historically employed to enhance seismic resilience.
Peshawar's economy historically relied on its position as a trade hub and later benefited from tourism on the "Hippie trail."
Answer: True
Explanation: Peshawar's historical economic vitality stemmed from its role as a crucial trade center at the Khyber Pass. In the mid-20th century, it also gained prominence as a key stop along the popular 'Hippie trail' for international tourists.
In 2012, approximately 12% of Peshawar's residents were employed in the formalized economy, with many working in informal sectors.
Answer: True
Explanation: Data from 2012 indicates that only about 12% of Peshawar's population was engaged in the formalized economy, suggesting a substantial reliance on informal employment sectors, including personal services and daily wage labor.
Peshawar is directly connected to Central Asia via the Karakoram Highway.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the Karakoram Highway connects Pakistan to China, Peshawar's primary direct route to Central Asia is historically through the Khyber Pass, linking it to Afghanistan. The Karakoram Highway is not the direct link from Peshawar to Central Asia.
The M-1 Motorway connects Peshawar to the major cities of Lahore and Karachi.
Answer: False
Explanation: The M-1 Motorway directly connects Peshawar to Islamabad and Rawalpindi. While it is part of the larger national highway network, the connection to Karachi is primarily via other routes or extensions of the motorway system further south.
Peshawar Cantonment railway station is the terminus for Pakistan's Main Line-1, connecting it to Karachi.
Answer: True
Explanation: Peshawar Cantonment railway station serves as the northern terminus for Pakistan's Main Line-1, a critical railway artery that extends southward to the port city of Karachi.
Bacha Khan International Airport primarily serves domestic travel within Pakistan.
Answer: False
Explanation: Bacha Khan International Airport handles a significant volume of international travel, offering direct flights to several destinations in the Middle East, in addition to domestic routes.
The introduction of BRT Peshawar in August 2020 significantly modernized the city's public transportation.
Answer: True
Explanation: The launch of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system in Peshawar in August 2020 represented a major advancement in the city's public transportation infrastructure, enhancing efficiency and capacity.
Restrictions on public music performances were imposed in Peshawar in the early 2000s under an Islamist coalition government.
Answer: True
Explanation: In the early 2000s, an Islamist coalition government implemented restrictions on public musical performances and the playing of music in public spaces in Peshawar, influencing cultural expression.
The Peshawar Museum is primarily known for its collection of Gandharan Buddhist art.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Peshawar Museum is internationally recognized for its extensive and significant collection of Gandharan Buddhist art, representing a unique synthesis of Hellenistic and Indian artistic traditions.
Edwardes College, founded in 1900, is one of Peshawar's prominent educational institutions.
Answer: True
Explanation: Edwardes College, established in 1900, stands as one of Peshawar's long-standing and distinguished educational institutions, contributing significantly to the city's academic landscape.
Notable landmarks in Peshawar include the Bala Hisar Fort, Mohabbat Khan Mosque, and the modern Hayatabad Industrial Estate.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Bala Hisar Fort and Mohabbat Khan Mosque are significant historical landmarks, the Hayatabad Industrial Estate is primarily an economic zone, not typically classified as a landmark in the same historical or cultural context.
The Qissa Khwani Bazaar is historically known as the 'Storytellers' Bazaar' and was a center for trade and cultural exchange.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Qissa Khwani Bazaar, translating to 'Storytellers' Bazaar,' has historically functioned as a significant hub for commerce, cultural interaction, and the sharing of narratives for centuries.
The Bala Hisar Fort served as a winter residence for Afghan kings.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Bala Hisar Fort in Peshawar historically functioned as a royal residence, notably serving as a winter retreat for Afghan monarchs during their rule.
Western-style education was introduced to Peshawar during the British Raj with the establishment of Islamia College.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Islamia College (established 1913) was a significant institution, Western-style education was introduced earlier during the British Raj with the founding of institutions like Edwardes College in 1901.
Peshawar is a key point on the Grand Trunk Road, connecting it to Afghanistan via the Khyber Pass.
Answer: True
Explanation: Peshawar holds a strategic position on the historic Grand Trunk Road, serving as a vital link that historically connected it to Afghanistan through the Khyber Pass.
The Peshawar Ring Road project was designed to improve access to the city's main airport.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Peshawar Ring Road project's primary objective was to encircle the city and divert traffic away from the congested urban core, thereby improving overall traffic flow, rather than specifically enhancing airport access.
The Peshawar Club Ground hosted the first Test match between Pakistan and Australia in 1955.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Peshawar Club Ground hosted the first Test match between Pakistan and India in 1955, not Australia. It is recognized as Peshawar's oldest international cricket venue.
The Pashto Academy in Peshawar is located on the site of an ancient Buddhist university.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Pashto Academy is situated on a location historically associated with an ancient Buddhist university, underscoring the layered historical significance of the site.
Peshawar's estimated monthly per capita income in 2015 was higher than that of Islamabad.
Answer: False
Explanation: In 2015, Peshawar's estimated monthly per capita income was lower than that of Islamabad, indicating a notable economic disparity between the two cities.
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) plans include four special economic zones in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa that will benefit Peshawar.
Answer: True
Explanation: The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) initiative includes plans for four special economic zones within Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which are projected to yield significant economic benefits for Peshawar through infrastructure development and job creation.
What architectural feature is characteristic of houses in Peshawar's old city, designed for earthquake resistance?
Answer: Unbaked bricks with wooden elements
Explanation: Traditional houses in Peshawar's old city often feature unbaked bricks integrated with wooden elements, a construction method historically employed to enhance their resilience against seismic activity.
Historically, Peshawar's economy was significantly boosted by its role as:
Answer: A vital trade center at the entrance of the Khyber Pass.
Explanation: Peshawar's historical economic significance was largely derived from its strategic position at the entrance of the Khyber Pass, which facilitated extensive trade between Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent.
What employment challenge did Peshawar face in 2012, particularly concerning its formalized economy?
Answer: Only about 12% of residents were employed in the formalized economy.
Explanation: In 2012, Peshawar faced a significant employment challenge, with only approximately 12% of its residents engaged in the formalized economy, indicating a substantial reliance on informal labor sectors.
Which major highway connects Peshawar to Islamabad and Rawalpindi?
Answer: The M-1 Motorway
Explanation: The M-1 Motorway provides a direct and efficient transportation link connecting Peshawar to the major urban centers of Islamabad and Rawalpindi.
Peshawar Cantonment railway station serves as the terminus for which major railway line?
Answer: Main Line-1
Explanation: Peshawar Cantonment railway station functions as the northern terminus for Pakistan's Main Line-1, a crucial railway route that extends to Karachi.
What is the significance of Bacha Khan International Airport in Peshawar's connectivity?
Answer: It handles a significant number of international travelers and offers direct flights abroad.
Explanation: Bacha Khan International Airport plays a vital role in Peshawar's connectivity, facilitating both domestic travel and international flights, particularly to destinations in the Middle East, thereby serving a substantial number of global travelers.
What cultural restrictions were imposed in Peshawar in the early 2000s, and what was their impact?
Answer: Restrictions on public musical performances and playing music in public spaces.
Explanation: In the early 2000s, restrictions were imposed on public musical performances and the playing of music in public spaces in Peshawar, which subsequently fostered the emergence of an underground music scene.
The Peshawar Museum is particularly famous for its collection of:
Answer: Greco-Buddhist art from the Gandharan period
Explanation: The Peshawar Museum is internationally acclaimed for its extensive collection of Gandharan art, which exemplifies a significant fusion of Greco-Roman artistic styles with Buddhist themes from the Kushan period.
Which of the following is a prominent educational institution founded in Peshawar in 1913?
Answer: Islamia College Peshawar
Explanation: Islamia College Peshawar, established in 1913, is recognized as a historically significant and prominent educational institution within the city, contributing substantially to higher education.
What is the historical significance of the Qissa Khwani Bazaar?
Answer: It was a major center for storytelling, trade, and cultural exchange.
Explanation: The Qissa Khwani Bazaar, historically known as the 'Storytellers' Bazaar,' has served for centuries as a vital center for trade, cultural exchange, and the dissemination of oral traditions.
In 2015, Peshawar's estimated monthly per capita income was PKR 55,246. How does this compare to Islamabad?
Answer: It was lower than Islamabad's.
Explanation: In 2015, Peshawar's estimated monthly per capita income of PKR 55,246 was considerably lower than that of Islamabad, indicating a notable economic disparity between the two cities.
What is the intended benefit of the planned special economic zones in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa under CPEC for Peshawar?
Answer: To improve infrastructure, generate employment, and boost the regional economy.
Explanation: The planned special economic zones under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) initiative in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are designed to enhance regional infrastructure, stimulate economic growth, and create employment opportunities, thereby benefiting Peshawar.