Explanation: The source indicates that while 'carbolic acid' is a common name, phenol also has other designations such as 'benzenol' and 'phenolic acid'.

Explanation: Phenol is characterized by the molecular formula C6H6O and presents as a white crystalline solid that is volatile and flammable.

Explanation: A phenol molecule is characterized by a hydroxyl group directly bonded to an aromatic ring, not an aliphatic carbon chain.

Explanation: Phenol exhibits a notably higher acidity compared to typical aliphatic alcohols, primarily due to the resonance stabilization of its conjugate base.

Explanation: The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number assigned to phenol is 108-95-2.

Explanation: The preferred IUPAC name is 'Phenol', and the systematic IUPAC name is 'Benzenol'. 'Hydroxybenzene' is also a recognized name but not the primary systematic one.

Explanation: Phenol possesses a relatively high boiling point (181.7 °C), which facilitates its handling in many industrial processes, contrary to the assertion of a low boiling point.

Explanation: Phenol exhibits appreciable solubility in water, with approximately 8.3 grams dissolving per 100 mL at 20 °C, which is more than trace amounts.

Explanation: Phenol's enhanced acidity is primarily attributed to the resonance stabilization of the phenolate anion, not solely the inductive effect of the hydroxyl group.

Explanation: The keto tautomer of phenol, cyclohexadienone, is present in negligible amounts under normal conditions due to the loss of aromaticity.

Explanation: The term 'phenol' is used both for the specific molecule C6H6O and more broadly to classify any organic compound featuring a hydroxyl group directly attached to an aromatic ring.

Explanation: The enhanced acidity of phenol is primarily attributed to the resonance delocalization of the negative charge within the phenolate anion.

Explanation: The keto tautomer of phenol (cyclohexadienone) is highly unstable primarily because its formation necessitates the loss of the aromatic stabilization energy inherent in the phenol structure.

Explanation: Common alternative names for phenol include carbolic acid, benzenol, and phenolic acid. Hydroxybenzene is a valid chemical name but is not typically listed among the most common alternative names.

Explanation: Phenol is described as a white crystalline solid that is volatile and can catch fire.

Explanation: Phenol's enhanced acidity relative to aliphatic alcohols is primarily attributed to the resonance stabilization of the phenolate anion, which delocalizes the negative charge across the aromatic ring.

Explanation: The preferred IUPAC nomenclature for phenol is 'Phenol'.

Explanation: Phenol possesses a molar mass of 94.113 g/mol.

Explanation: Phenol exhibits appreciable solubility in water, dissolving approximately 8.3 grams per 100 mL at 20 °C. Its corresponding sodium salt demonstrates considerably higher water solubility.

Explanation: The keto tautomer of phenol, cyclohexadienone, is highly unfavorable because its formation necessitates the forfeiture of the aromatic stabilization energy inherent in the phenyl ring.

Explanation: The Globally Harmonized System (GHS) hazard pictograms associated with phenol encompass those for corrosion (GHS05), toxicity (skull and crossbones, GHS06), and health hazard (GHS08).

Explanation: The GHS signal word for phenol is 'Danger', signifying severe hazards, not 'Warning'.

Explanation: The NFPA 704 rating for phenol's flammability is 2, indicating it requires moderate heating or relatively high ambient temperatures for ignition, not 0.

Explanation: Phenol exhibits a flash point of 79 °C (174 °F), with its explosive limits in air spanning from 1.8% to 8.6%.

Explanation: The reported oral LD50 values for phenol are 317 mg/kg in rats and 270 mg/kg in mice. The statement that the rat LD50 is significantly higher is considered false based on the provided correct answer.

Explanation: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends a Time-Weighted Average (TWA) exposure limit for phenol of 5 ppm (19 mg/m³).

Explanation: The Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) concentration for phenol is established at 250 ppm, not 50 ppm.

Explanation: Skin contact with phenol can result in severe burns and potential systemic poisoning, not merely mild irritation.

Explanation: Recommended decontamination methods for phenol exposure include washing with polyethylene glycol or isopropyl alcohol, or copious amounts of water; soap and water is not listed as the primary recommendation.

Explanation: Phenol's corrosive action stems from its ability to denature proteins in biological tissues, not from oxidizing metals.

Explanation: The 'skin' notation associated with NIOSH exposure limits for phenol signifies that significant absorption through the skin can occur, contributing to overall systemic exposure, not merely indicating it is only a skin irritant.

Explanation: Ingestion of approximately one gram of phenol is considered a potentially lethal dose for humans.

Explanation: The Globally Harmonized System (GHS) hazard pictograms relevant to phenol include those indicating corrosion (GHS05), toxicity (skull and crossbones, GHS06), and health hazard (GHS08). The 'Flame' pictogram (GHS02) is not listed as associated.

Explanation: The GHS signal word 'Danger' for phenol indicates potential for severe health effects or physical hazards, consistent with its classification as toxic and corrosive.

Explanation: The NFPA 704 hazard rating for phenol's health aspect is 3, indicating that short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury.

Explanation: Phenol's lower and upper explosive limits in air are reported to be between 1.8% and 8.6%.

Explanation: The oral LD50 for phenol is reported as 317 mg/kg in rats and 270 mg/kg in mice, indicating moderate acute toxicity. The statement that the rat LD50 is 317 mg/kg is accurate.

Explanation: The 'skin' notation accompanying NIOSH exposure limits for phenol signifies that significant dermal absorption is possible, contributing substantially to total systemic exposure. Consequently, appropriate skin protection measures are imperative.

Explanation: Skin contact with phenol poses significant health hazards, including severe chemical burns. Furthermore, substantial dermal absorption can lead to systemic poisoning, potentially impacting vital organs such as the liver, heart, and central nervous system.

Explanation: Recommended decontamination protocols for phenol skin exposure involve washing with polyethylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol, or flushing with copious amounts of water. Washing with soap and water is not listed as a primary recommendation.

Explanation: The corrosive action of phenol on skin and mucous membranes is primarily mediated by its capacity to denature proteins.

Explanation: The GHS signal word 'Danger' and hazard statement H314 ('Causes severe skin burns and eye damage') for phenol highlight its severe corrosive effects on skin and eyes.

Explanation: Ingestion of approximately one gram of phenol is considered a potentially lethal dose for humans.

Explanation: While phenol possesses solvent properties, its principal industrial significance lies in its role as a precursor for material synthesis, not as a general cleaning solvent.

Explanation: The global annual production volume for phenol is substantial, estimated at approximately 7 million tonnes.

Explanation: Derivatives of phenol find extensive application in the synthesis of detergents, herbicides, and various pharmaceutical compounds.

Explanation: The cumene process, also known as the Hock process, is the predominant method employed for the industrial production of phenol globally.

Explanation: The cumene process yields both phenol and acetone as significant co-products, making the demand for both chemicals crucial for economic viability.

Explanation: An established historical method for phenol synthesis involved the alkali fusion of benzenesulfonic acid, producing sodium phenoxide, which was subsequently acidified to yield phenol.

Explanation: While phenol can be produced from chlorobenzene via hydrolysis, these methods are generally less economically favored compared to the cumene process due to factors like cost and byproduct management.

Explanation: Bisphenol-A, a precursor for polycarbonates, is synthesized from phenol and acetone, not formaldehyde.

Explanation: Bakelite is a well-known example of a phenolic resin, synthesized through the condensation reaction of phenol with formaldehyde.

Explanation: In the phenol-chloroform extraction technique, phenol is utilized for the isolation of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA), not primarily proteins.

Explanation: Nitrogen-blanketing is employed during the shipment of phenol, particularly in its molten state, to inhibit oxidation and prevent discoloration.

Explanation: While phenol derivatives are used in dyes, the majority of phenol production is directed towards the synthesis of plastics and resins, not primarily dyes and pigments.

Explanation: The principal applications of phenol, accounting for approximately two-thirds of its global production, involve its transformation into precursors for plastics, including bisphenol-A for polycarbonates and epoxy resins, and formaldehyde for phenolic resins.

Explanation: Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a critical precursor for polycarbonates and epoxy resins, synthesized via the condensation reaction between phenol and acetone.

Explanation: The cumene process, also referred to as the Hock process, is the predominant industrial method for phenol production, accounting for approximately 95% of global output.

Explanation: The cumene process yields both phenol and acetone as significant co-products; economic viability necessitates concurrent demand for both substances.

Explanation: Phenolic resins are polymers formed by the condensation of phenol (or related phenolic compounds) with formaldehyde. Bakelite stands as a historically significant example of such a resin.

Explanation: In the phenol-chloroform extraction technique, phenol serves as a key component for isolating nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) from biological samples.

Explanation: The cumene process is the dominant method for phenol production and yields both phenol and acetone as co-products. Its industrial production continues due to its essential role in manufacturing various materials.

Explanation: Nitrogen-blanketing is employed during the transport of phenol, particularly when shipped in a molten state, to prevent oxidation and subsequent discoloration.

Explanation: Bakelite is a historically significant example of a phenolic resin, synthesized through the condensation reaction of phenol with formaldehyde.

Explanation: Phenol reacts with iron(III) chloride to yield intensely colored solutions, typically violet, blue, or green, due to the formation of phenoxide complexes.

Explanation: Phenol occurs naturally as a metabolic product in human urine, and has also been detected in the temporal gland secretions of male elephants and in castoreum.

Explanation: Phenol is recognized as a flavor component in certain alcoholic beverages, notably Islay Scotch whisky, but not typically Chardonnay wine.

Explanation: The bacterium *Rhodococcus phenolicus* is capable of degrading phenol, utilizing it as its sole carbon source.

Explanation: Phenol was first isolated and described by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge in 1834, not Louis Pasteur.

Explanation: Sir Joseph Lister is recognized as the pioneer who introduced the application of phenol as a surgical antiseptic.

Explanation: Lister's introduction of antiseptic surgery utilizing phenol led to a dramatic decrease, not an increase, in patient mortality rates.

Explanation: Phenol was employed by Nazi Germany during World War II as a means of individual execution, notably in programs targeting disabled individuals and in concentration camps.

Explanation: Phenol injections are utilized in medical contexts for chemical denervation of nerves, serving to alleviate pain.

Explanation: Recent clinical studies (2023-2025) indicate that phenol injections into sensory knee nerves can be effective for managing pain associated with chronic osteoarthritis.

Explanation: In otological procedures, concentrated phenol is applied topically as a local anesthetic.

Explanation: Phenol is a recognized contributor to the distinctive flavor and aroma profile of Islay Scotch whisky.

Explanation: The reaction of phenol with diazomethane in the presence of boron trifluoride (BF3) yields anisole as the principal product.

Explanation: Phenol reacts with dilute nitric acid to form 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol. Picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol) is formed with concentrated nitric acid.

Explanation: Sir Joseph Lister's pioneering application of phenol as a surgical antiseptic resulted in a significant reduction in surgical infection rates.

Explanation: The 'carbolic smoke ball' was an ineffective device marketed in the 19th century, notable for the legal case *Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company*, rather than a successful medical device.

Explanation: Phenol is employed in the procedure known as chemical matrixectomy for the permanent treatment of ingrown toenails, by ablating the nail matrix tissue.

Explanation: Phenol's chemical denervation effect functions by denaturing nerve proteins and disrupting nerve fat and myelin, thereby blocking signal transmission, not by stimulating nerve growth.

Explanation: Phenol was discovered in 1834 by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, who isolated it from coal tar. Runge initially designated it 'Karbolsäure', which translates to carbolic acid.

Explanation: Sir Joseph Lister pioneered the surgical application of phenol as an antiseptic. This innovation was inspired by Louis Pasteur's research on sterilization and observations regarding carbolic acid's efficacy in mitigating odors from sewage treatment.

Explanation: Prior to Lister's introduction of antiseptic surgical practices, patient mortality rates approached 50%. Following the implementation of phenol-based antisepsis, these rates decreased substantially to approximately 15%, representing a significant advancement in surgical outcomes.

Explanation: The chemical denervation effect of phenol on nerves involves the denaturation of nerve proteins and reduction of nerve lipids (fat and myelin), thereby interrupting sensory signal transmission and providing analgesia.

Explanation: In otology, concentrated liquid phenol is applied topically to serve as a local anesthetic during procedures like myringotomy and tympanotomy tube insertion, offering an alternative to general anesthesia.

Explanation: During World War II, Nazi Germany utilized phenol for individual executions, notably within the Aktion T4 program targeting disabled individuals and in concentration camps such as Auschwitz.

Explanation: Phenol occurs naturally as a metabolic product in human urine, and has also been detected in the temporal gland secretions of male elephants and in castoreum.

Explanation: Phenol functions as a chemical denervation agent in analgesia treatments by interrupting sensory nerve transmission through protein denaturation and disruption of nerve lipids, thereby blocking pain signals.

Explanation: Phenol reacts with dilute nitric acid to yield a mixture of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol. Under conditions involving concentrated nitric acid, further nitration occurs, leading to the formation of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid).