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Photosystem I Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge

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Study Guide: Photosystem I: Structure, Function, and Evolution

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Photosystem I: Structure, Function, and Evolution Study Guide

Photosystem I: Overview and Historical Context

Photosystem I is also known as plastocyanin–ferredoxin oxidoreductase, a name that highlights its role in electron transfer.

Answer: True

Explanation: The alternative name for Photosystem I is plastocyanin–ferredoxin oxidoreductase, which accurately describes its function in catalyzing electron transfer.

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Photosystem I is primarily responsible for initiating the photosynthetic electron transport chain.

Answer: False

Explanation: While Photosystem I is crucial, Photosystem II is actually responsible for initiating the photosynthetic electron transport chain, despite PSI being discovered first.

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Louis Duysens was the first to propose the distinct concepts of Photosystems I and II in 1960.

Answer: True

Explanation: Louis Duysens is credited with first proposing the distinct concepts of Photosystems I and II in 1960.

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The Hill-Bendall scheme, describing serial photosynthetic reactions, was assembled by Fay Bendall and Robert Hill in 1960.

Answer: True

Explanation: Fay Bendall and Robert Hill assembled the coherent theory of serial photosynthetic reactions, known as the Hill-Bendall scheme, in 1960.

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Photosystem I's primary function is to transfer electrons from ferredoxin to plastocyanin.

Answer: False

Explanation: Photosystem I's primary function is to catalyze the transfer of electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin, not the other way around.

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What is an alternative name for Photosystem I (PSI)?

Answer: Plastocyanin–ferredoxin oxidoreductase

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Where is Photosystem I primarily located within plant cells?

Answer: Thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts

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Why was this photosystem named Photosystem I?

Answer: It was discovered before Photosystem II.

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Who first proposed the distinct concepts of Photosystems I and II?

Answer: Louis Duysens

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When was the Hill and Bendall hypothesis confirmed by the Duysens and Witt research groups?

Answer: 1961

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Structural Components and Cofactors of PSI

Photosystem I contains fewer cofactors than Photosystem II, making it a simpler complex.

Answer: False

Explanation: Photosystem I is a more complex structure, composed of more than 110 cofactors, which is a significantly greater number than those found in Photosystem II.

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The PsaA and PsaB subunits of Photosystem I are peripheral membrane proteins, not integral to the membrane.

Answer: False

Explanation: PsaA and PsaB are integral membrane proteins, each containing 11 transmembrane segments, making them crucial for the structural integrity of Photosystem I.

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The Fx iron-sulfur cluster is coordinated by six cysteine amino acid residues, three from PsaA and three from PsaB.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Fx iron-sulfur cluster is coordinated by four cysteine amino acid residues, with two provided by each of the PsaA and PsaB subunits.

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A leucine zipper motif in PsaA and PsaB is thought to facilitate the binding of Light-Harvesting Complex II to Photosystem I.

Answer: False

Explanation: The leucine zipper motif in PsaA and PsaB is believed to contribute to the dimerization of these subunits, while PsaI is the subunit that stabilizes the binding of Light-Harvesting Complex II.

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The terminal electron acceptors F_A and F_B are located within the PsaD protein subunit of Photosystem I.

Answer: False

Explanation: The terminal electron acceptors F_A and F_B are located within the PsaC protein subunit, which binds to the PsaA/PsaB core.

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PsaD is a protein subunit essential for the proper assembly of Photosystem I and for binding ferredoxin.

Answer: True

Explanation: PsaD is indeed a protein subunit required for the proper assembly of Photosystem I and plays a role in assisting ferredoxin binding.

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F_a and F_b are iron-sulfur centers originating from the PsaAB subunits, while F_x originates from the PsaC protein subunit.

Answer: False

Explanation: F_a and F_b originate from the PsaC protein subunit, whereas F_x originates from the PsaAB subunits.

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The primary pigment molecules in Photosystem I are chlorophyll *b* and phycobilins.

Answer: False

Explanation: The primary pigment molecules found in Photosystem I are chlorophyll *a* and β-Carotene.

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Photosystem I contains 90 chlorophyll *a* pigment molecules in its antenna system and 5 in the electron transport chain.

Answer: True

Explanation: Photosystem I indeed contains 90 chlorophyll *a* molecules in its antenna system and 5 chlorophyll *a* molecules, along with chlorophyll *a0* and chlorophyll *a'*, in the electron transport chain.

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Calcium ions (Ca2+) and Magnesium ions (Mg2+) are listed as important cofactors in Photosystem I.

Answer: True

Explanation: Calcium ions (Ca2+) and Magnesium ions (Mg2+) are explicitly listed as cofactors in Photosystem I.

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Photosystem I contains only two proteinaceous iron-sulfur reaction centers, Fx and F_a.

Answer: False

Explanation: Photosystem I contains three proteinaceous iron-sulfur reaction centers: Fx, F_a, and F_b.

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The Ycf4 protein domain is located in the stroma and is crucial for the initial light-harvesting steps of Photosystem I.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Ycf4 protein domain is located on the thylakoid membrane and is vital for assisting in the assembly of Photosystem I components, not for initial light-harvesting.

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The PsaC protein subunit serves as the apoprotein for F_a and F_b, which are iron-sulfur centers.

Answer: True

Explanation: The PsaC protein subunit indeed serves as the apoprotein for the F_a and F_b iron-sulfur centers.

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Monogalactosyldiglyceride lipid (MGDG II) is one of the lipid components found in Photosystem I.

Answer: True

Explanation: Monogalactosyldiglyceride lipid (MGDG II) is listed as one of the lipid components found in Photosystem I.

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How many cofactors are present in Photosystem I?

Answer: More than 110

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Which two main subunits of Photosystem I are responsible for binding key electron transfer cofactors like P700 and Fx?

Answer: PsaA and PsaB

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What type of cofactor is Fx in Photosystem I?

Answer: A [4Fe-4S] iron-sulfur cluster

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Which protein subunit serves as the apoprotein for the terminal electron acceptors F_a and F_b?

Answer: PsaC

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What is the role of PsaD in Photosystem I?

Answer: It is required for assembly and assists in binding ferredoxin.

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What are the primary pigment molecules found in Photosystem I?

Answer: Chlorophyll *a* and β-Carotene

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How many β-Carotene molecules are typically found in Photosystem I?

Answer: 22

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How many proteinaceous iron-sulfur reaction centers are found in Photosystem I?

Answer: Three

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The Ycf4 protein domain is vital for Photosystem I because it:

Answer: Assists in assembling the complex's components.

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Which of the following lipid components is found in Photosystem I?

Answer: Monogalactosyldiglyceride lipid (MGDG II)

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Which ions are listed as cofactors in Photosystem I?

Answer: Calcium and Magnesium ions

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What is the primary function of the PsaI protein subunit in Photosystem I?

Answer: To stabilize PsaL and the binding of Light-Harvesting Complex II.

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Which of the following is NOT a lipid component found in Photosystem I?

Answer: Cholesterol

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Light Harvesting and the P700 Reaction Center

The antenna complex of Photosystem I is composed solely of chlorophyll molecules.

Answer: False

Explanation: The antenna complex of Photosystem I is composed of both chlorophyll and carotenoid molecules.

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Antenna molecules in Photosystem I are capable of absorbing only specific wavelengths of light within the visible spectrum.

Answer: False

Explanation: Antenna molecules are capable of absorbing all wavelengths of light that fall within the visible spectrum, allowing for broad light capture.

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The number of chlorophyll molecules associated with a P700 reaction center is fixed at 120 across all species.

Answer: False

Explanation: The number of chlorophyll molecules associated with a P700 reaction center can vary significantly, ranging from as many as 120 to as few as 25, depending on the organism.

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The P700 reaction center is composed of modified chlorophyll *a* molecules that absorb light optimally at 700 nanometers.

Answer: True

Explanation: The P700 reaction center is indeed composed of modified chlorophyll *a* molecules that are optimally designed to absorb light at 700 nanometers.

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The P700 reaction center is referred to as a monomer, consisting of a single chlorophyll molecule.

Answer: False

Explanation: The P700 reaction center is referred to as a dimer, typically composed of two chlorophyll molecules (one chlorophyll *a* and one chlorophyll *a'*).

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The P700* - P700+ pair in Photosystem I has an electric potential of approximately +1.2 volts.

Answer: False

Explanation: The P700* - P700+ pair has an electric potential of approximately -1.2 volts after an electron is elevated to a higher energy level.

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Photoexcitation of pigment molecules in the reaction center directly initiates electron and energy transfer in Photosystem I.

Answer: False

Explanation: Photoexcitation of pigment molecules located in the *antenna complex* of Photosystem I initiates the transfer of electrons and energy, which is then funneled to the reaction center.

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What initiates electron and energy transfer in Photosystem I?

Answer: Photoexcitation of pigment molecules in the antenna complex

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What is the P700 reaction center primarily composed of?

Answer: Modified chlorophyll *a* molecules

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At what wavelength does the P700 reaction center optimally absorb light?

Answer: 700 nanometers

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What is the electric potential of the P700* - P700+ pair after an electron is elevated to a higher energy level?

Answer: -1.2 volts

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What is the proposed composition of the P700 reaction center dimer?

Answer: One chlorophyll *a* and one chlorophyll *a'* molecule

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What is the primary function of the antenna complex in Photosystem I?

Answer: To capture light energy and transmit it to the reaction center.

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What is the approximate number of chlorophylls and carotenoids in the antenna complex of *Synechococcus elongatus*?

Answer: 100 chlorophylls and 20 carotenoids

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Electron Transfer Pathway in Photosystem I

The ultimate products of electron transfer catalyzed by Photosystem I are solely ATP, without any contribution to NADPH production.

Answer: False

Explanation: The electron transfer catalyzed by Photosystem I ultimately leads to the production of NADPH, and the generated proton-motive force also contributes to ATP synthesis.

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Plastocyanin is an integral membrane protein that transfers electrons within Photosystem I.

Answer: False

Explanation: Plastocyanin is described as a soluble protein, meaning it is not embedded in the membrane but moves freely to transfer electrons.

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QK-A and QK-B are late electron acceptors in Photosystem I, functioning after the iron-sulfur clusters.

Answer: False

Explanation: QK-A and QK-B are identified as early electron acceptors in Photosystem I, specifically vitamin K1 phylloquinone, functioning before the iron-sulfur clusters.

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Modified chlorophyll A0 and A1 act as early electron donors in Photosystem I.

Answer: False

Explanation: Modified chlorophyll A0 and A1 act as early electron *acceptors* in Photosystem I, not donors.

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In the electron transfer pathway, A0 accepts electrons from P700* and passes them directly to Fx.

Answer: False

Explanation: A0 accepts electrons from P700* and then passes them to A1, which then transfers the electron to a quinone, not directly to Fx.

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Phylloquinone, also known as vitamin K1, serves as an early electron acceptor in Photosystem I, following A1.

Answer: True

Explanation: Phylloquinone, also known as vitamin K1, is indeed the next early electron acceptor in Photosystem I, following A1 in the electron transfer sequence.

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The reduction of Fx is considered the rate-limiting step in the electron transport chain involving phylloquinone.

Answer: True

Explanation: The reduction of Fx, which occurs after phylloquinone transfers its electron, is considered the rate-limiting step in this part of the electron transport chain.

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Ferredoxin's primary function is to directly reduce NADP+ to NADPH without the involvement of another enzyme.

Answer: False

Explanation: Ferredoxin's primary function is to carry an electron from the iron-sulfur complex to the enzyme ferredoxin–NADP+ reductase, which then reduces NADP+ to NADPH.

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Ferredoxin–NADP+ reductase (FNR) can accept electrons from NADPH, indicating a potential for reversible electron transfer.

Answer: True

Explanation: Ferredoxin–NADP+ reductase (FNR) can indeed accept an electron from NADPH, suggesting a potential for reversible electron transfer in the cell.

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Plastocyanin transfers electrons from the cytochrome b6f complex directly to the A0 electron acceptor of Photosystem I.

Answer: False

Explanation: Plastocyanin transfers electrons from the cytochrome b6f complex to the P700 cofactor of Photosystem I, specifically to P700+.

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Different species consistently show the same preference for electron transfer branches involving A0 and A1.

Answer: False

Explanation: Different species exhibit varying preferences for either the A or B electron transfer branch involving A0 and A1, indicating diversity in their electron transport mechanisms.

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Which of the following are the ultimate products of the electron transfer catalyzed by Photosystem I?

Answer: NADPH and ATP

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Which of the following is described as a soluble protein in the context of Photosystem I components?

Answer: Plastocyanin

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What are QK-A and QK-B identified as in Photosystem I?

Answer: Vitamin K1 phylloquinone, acting as early electron acceptors

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Which enzyme is responsible for transferring electrons from reduced ferredoxin to NADP+ to produce NADPH?

Answer: Ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR)

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What is phylloquinone also known as?

Answer: Vitamin K1

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Which step is considered rate-limiting in the electron transport chain involving phylloquinone?

Answer: The reduction of Fx

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What is the primary function of ferredoxin (Fd) in the electron transport chain of Photosystem I?

Answer: To reduce NADP+ to NADPH

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What is the function of plastocyanin in Photosystem I?

Answer: It transfers electrons from the cytochrome b6f complex to P700+.

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In the electron transfer pathway involving A0 and A1, where does A1 pass its electron next?

Answer: To the quinone on the same side

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In the proposed model for electron transfer among the iron-sulfur complexes, what is the correct sequence?

Answer: Fx -> F_a -> F_b -> ferredoxin

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What is the role of modified chlorophyll A0 and A1 in Photosystem I?

Answer: They act as early electron acceptors.

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How does ferredoxin interact with thylakoid membranes?

Answer: Thylakoid membranes possess specific binding sites for ferredoxin's functions.

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Evolutionary Origins of Photosystem I

Photosystem I is believed to have evolved from the photosystems found in purple non-sulfur bacteria.

Answer: False

Explanation: Molecular data suggest that Photosystem I likely evolved from the photosystems found in green sulfur bacteria.

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One similarity between PSI and green sulfur bacteria photosystems is that their redox centers are constructed upon a protein subunit dimer.

Answer: True

Explanation: A shared feature between PSI and green sulfur bacteria photosystems is that their redox centers are indeed constructed upon a protein subunit dimer.

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The presence of all the same cofactors of the electron transport chain in PSI and green sulfur bacteria photosystems strongly suggests a common ancestral origin.

Answer: True

Explanation: The extensive similarities, including the presence of identical cofactors in the electron transport chain, strongly indicate a common ancestral origin for Photosystem I and the photosystem of green sulfur bacteria.

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From which organisms did Photosystem I likely evolve?

Answer: Green sulfur bacteria

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Which of the following is a shared feature between Photosystem I and the photosystems of green sulfur bacteria?

Answer: Their electron-accepting reaction centers include iron–sulfur proteins.

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What do the similarities between Photosystem I and the photosystem of green sulfur bacteria strongly suggest?

Answer: They evolved from a common ancestral photosystem.

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