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The term 'populism' first appeared in the English language in 1858, used as an antonym for 'aristocratic' in a translation of a work by Alphonse de Lamartine.
Answer: True
Explanation: The term 'populism' was first recorded in English in 1858, appearing as an antonym for 'aristocratic' in a translation of Alphonse de Lamartine's work.
In the early 20th century, 'populism' in France primarily described a political movement advocating for the rights of the working class.
Answer: False
Explanation: In early 20th-century France, 'populism' shifted into the literary realm, describing a genre of novel that sympathetically portrayed the lives of the lower classes, rather than a political movement.
Edward Shils' 1954 article proposed 'populism' to describe broader anti-elite trends in US society, marking a turning point in academic conceptualization.
Answer: True
Explanation: Edward Shils' 1954 article, alongside Hélio Jaguaribe's text, marked a turning point by proposing 'populism' to describe broader anti-elite trends in US society, influencing its academic conceptualization.
Richard Hofstadter and Daniel Bell reinterpreted the legacy of the People's Party in the 1960s by portraying it as an expression of status anxiety and irrationalism.
Answer: True
Explanation: In the 1960s, Richard Hofstadter and Daniel Bell critically reinterpreted the People's Party, portraying its legacy as an expression of status anxiety and irrationalism.
A 1967 conference at the London School of Economics successfully produced a unified theoretical framework for populism.
Answer: False
Explanation: A 1967 conference at the London School of Economics failed to produce a unified theoretical framework for populism due to elusive scholarly consensus on its definition.
The election of Donald Trump and the Brexit vote in 2016 significantly reduced public interest in the concept of populism.
Answer: False
Explanation: The election of Donald Trump and the Brexit vote in 2016 were widely interpreted as expressions of populist sentiment, leading to unprecedented global prominence and renewed public interest in the concept of populism.
Roger Eatwell identifies Boulangism in France and the American People's Party as foundational forms of modern populism.
Answer: True
Explanation: Political historian Roger Eatwell identifies Boulangism in France and the American People's Party as foundational forms of modern populism, making 'people' and 'popular sovereignty' central to their vocabulary.
Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser argue that populism is fundamentally an ancient phenomenon with roots in classical civilizations.
Answer: False
Explanation: Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser argue that populism is fundamentally a modern phenomenon, despite some attempts to identify its manifestations in ancient times.
How is populism generally defined in political and social sciences?
Answer: A contested concept referring to various political stances emphasizing the 'common people' against a perceived elite.
Explanation: Populism is generally defined as a contested concept in political and social sciences, referring to various political stances that emphasize the idea of 'the common people' in opposition to a perceived elite.
How did the term 'populism' evolve in France during the early 20th century?
Answer: It shifted into the literary realm, describing a genre of novel.
Explanation: In early 20th-century France, the term 'populism' evolved to describe a literary genre that sympathetically portrayed the lives of the lower classes.
Which two pivotal publications in 1954 marked a turning point in the academic conceptualization of populism?
Answer: Edward Shils' article and Hélio Jaguaribe's text.
Explanation: Edward Shils' article in the US and Hélio Jaguaribe's text in Brazil, both published in 1954, were pivotal in shaping the academic conceptualization of populism.
What was the outcome of the 1967 conference at the London School of Economics regarding a unified theoretical framework for populism?
Answer: It failed to produce a unified theoretical framework due to elusive scholarly consensus.
Explanation: Despite bringing together leading experts, the 1967 London School of Economics conference failed to establish a unified theoretical framework for populism, highlighting the ongoing challenge of defining the concept.
What is a primary criticism leveled against the frequent conflation of populism with far-right nativism?
Answer: It misrepresents the ethos of historical self-described populists and provides a euphemistic gloss for racist actors.
Explanation: A primary criticism is that conflating populism with far-right nativism misrepresents historical populist movements and can legitimize racist or authoritarian actors by allowing them to claim to represent 'the people.'
According to Roger Eatwell, which two movements are considered foundational forms of modern populism?
Answer: Boulangism in France and the American People's Party.
Explanation: Roger Eatwell identifies Boulangism in France and the American People's Party as foundational forms of modern populism, due to their central focus on 'people' and 'popular sovereignty.'
What is the general consensus among scholars like Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser regarding the modernity of populism?
Answer: Populism is fundamentally a modern phenomenon.
Explanation: Scholars like Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser generally agree that populism is fundamentally a modern phenomenon, despite some attempts to trace its roots to ancient times.
The ideational approach defines populism as a 'thin-centred ideology' that divides society into 'the pure people' and 'the corrupt elite.'
Answer: True
Explanation: The ideational approach defines populism as a 'thin-centred ideology' characterized by the division of society into two antagonistic groups: 'the pure people' and 'the corrupt elite.'
Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser argue that populism is primarily programmatic rather than moralistic.
Answer: False
Explanation: Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser argue that populism is moralistic rather than programmatic, promoting a binary worldview that resists compromise.
According to the ideational approach, 'the elite' is always defined solely in economic terms.
Answer: False
Explanation: In the ideational approach, 'the elite' is portrayed as a homogeneous, corrupt force that can be defined economically, politically, culturally, or even ethnically, not solely in economic terms.
A criticism of the ideational definition of populism is that it proceeds deductively, imposing rigid assumptions that may not hold empirically.
Answer: True
Explanation: A key criticism of the ideational definition is its deductive nature, which imposes rigid assumptions like moral dualism and the homogeneity of 'the people' that may not be empirically verifiable.
Seymour Martin Lipset argued that fascism primarily draws from the poor, while populism finds its main social base among the middle classes.
Answer: False
Explanation: Seymour Martin Lipset argued the opposite: fascism primarily draws from the middle classes, whereas populism finds its main social base among the poor.
From a Marxist perspective, populism arises when the bourgeoisie has lost its hegemonic capacity and the proletariat has already seized power.
Answer: False
Explanation: From a Marxist perspective, populism arises in moments of equilibrium between antagonistic classes, when the bourgeoisie has lost its hegemonic capacity but the proletariat has *not yet* seized power.
The discursive approach to populism, associated with Ernesto Laclau, views political subjects like 'the people' as fixed and inherent entities.
Answer: False
Explanation: The discursive approach, associated with Ernesto Laclau, views political subjects like 'the people' as radically contingent discursive constructions, not fixed and inherent entities.
The performative/socio-cultural approach defines populism as a fixed ideology rather than a political style.
Answer: False
Explanation: The performative/socio-cultural approach views populism as a political style, focusing on symbolically mediated performances, rather than a fixed ideology.
A criticism of the strategic approach to populism is that its focus on leadership overlooks the existence of populist parties or social movements.
Answer: True
Explanation: A common criticism of the strategic approach is that its exclusive focus on leadership fails to account for the existence of populist parties or social movements, which are also significant manifestations of populism.
The economic definition of populism refers to a pattern of responsible economic policymaking that avoids inflationary crises.
Answer: False
Explanation: The economic definition of populism refers to a pattern of irresponsible economic policymaking, often involving expansive public spending that leads to inflationary crises.
According to the ideational approach, how does populism view politics?
Answer: As an expression of the general will (volonté générale) of the people.
Explanation: The ideational approach views politics as an expression of the general will (*volonté générale*) of 'the pure people,' in opposition to 'the corrupt elite.'
How do ideational scholars like Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser characterize populism's nature regarding programs and morality?
Answer: It is moralistic rather than programmatic, promoting a binary worldview.
Explanation: Ideational scholars like Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser characterize populism as moralistic rather than programmatic, emphasizing a binary worldview that resists compromise.
What distinction did Seymour Martin Lipset draw between fascism and populism in his class-based analysis?
Answer: Fascism primarily draws from the middle classes, whereas populism finds its main social base among the poor.
Explanation: Seymour Martin Lipset distinguished that fascism primarily draws its social base from the middle classes, while populism finds its main support among the poor.
From a Marxist perspective, when does populism arise?
Answer: In moments of equilibrium between antagonistic classes, when the bourgeoisie has lost its hegemonic capacity but the proletariat has not yet seized power.
Explanation: From a Marxist perspective, populism emerges during periods of class equilibrium, where the bourgeoisie's hegemonic capacity is diminished, but the proletariat has not yet achieved power.
What is the central idea of the discursive approach to populism, as developed by Ernesto Laclau?
Answer: Populism is a discursive logic where unmet demands coalesce around a symbol in opposition to an elite.
Explanation: Ernesto Laclau's discursive approach posits populism as a discursive logic where various unmet demands are articulated and unified around a symbolic representation, often a charismatic leader, in opposition to a perceived elite.
What is the primary focus of the performative/socio-cultural approach to populism?
Answer: Its manifestation as a political style, focusing on symbolically mediated performances.
Explanation: The performative/socio-cultural approach focuses on populism as a political style, analyzing how leaders communicate and present themselves through various symbolically mediated performances, rather than as a fixed ideology.
What is the definition of populism according to the strategic approach?
Answer: A political strategy where a charismatic leader seeks to govern based on a direct, unmediated connection with unorganized followers.
Explanation: The strategic approach defines populism as a political strategy centered on a charismatic leader who seeks to establish a direct, unmediated connection with a large base of unorganized followers.
How does the economic definition of populism characterize economic policymaking?
Answer: As a pattern of irresponsible economic policymaking, often leading to inflationary crises.
Explanation: The economic definition of populism characterizes it as a pattern of irresponsible economic policymaking, typically involving expansive public spending financed by foreign loans, which often results in inflationary crises.
The 'cultural backlash thesis' attributes the rise of far-right populism to a reaction against increasing postmaterialism, such as feminism and multiculturalism.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'cultural backlash thesis' explains the rise of far-right populism as a reaction to the increasing prominence of postmaterialism, including feminism and multiculturalism, which challenges established social norms.
What is the 'economic grievance thesis' as a possible cause of populism?
Answer: It argues that economic factors contribute to a 'left-behind' precariat inclined to support populism.
Explanation: The 'economic grievance thesis' posits that economic factors, such as low job security, high inequality, and wage stagnation, create a 'left-behind' precariat that is more susceptible to populist appeals.
What is the 'modernization losers theory' regarding the emergence of populism?
Answer: It suggests that populism arises from deep-seated cultural anxieties in the face of modern economic and social transformations.
Explanation: The 'modernization losers theory' suggests that populism arises from deep-seated cultural anxieties experienced by segments of the population facing modern economic and social transformations, leading to a partial rejection of modern capitalism and urbanization.
How do scholars connect populism to the concept of 'post-democracy'?
Answer: Populism is presented as a response or symptom of 'post-democracy,' where formal democratic institutions are dominated by elites and market forces.
Explanation: Scholars connect populism to 'post-democracy' by viewing it as a response or symptom of a condition where formal democratic institutions are increasingly dominated by elites, technocratic decision-making, and market forces, leading to a narrowing of political choice.
What role do social media platforms play in the rise of populism in the digital era?
Answer: They bypass traditional gatekeeping, foster direct authority, and amplify populist messages.
Explanation: In the digital era, social media platforms play a significant role in the rise of populism by bypassing traditional gatekeeping, fostering direct authority for leaders, and amplifying populist messages through fragmented and conflict-driven narratives.
Populist leaders often perform 'outsiderness' by adopting polished, technocratic language to differentiate themselves from 'suited elites.'
Answer: False
Explanation: Populist leaders often perform 'outsiderness' by rejecting polished, technocratic language in favor of simplicity, directness, or even vulgarity, to differentiate themselves from 'suited elites' and project authenticity.
Populist political parties typically adopt bottom-up structures that distribute decision-making authority widely among members.
Answer: False
Explanation: Populist political parties typically adopt top-down structures that concentrate decision-making and symbolic authority in a single charismatic leader, rather than distributing it widely.
What are 'rhetorical transgressions' in the context of populist leadership?
Answer: Rejecting polished language in favor of simplicity, directness, or vulgarity.
Explanation: Rhetorical transgressions by populist leaders involve rejecting the polished, technocratic language of establishment politicians in favor of simplicity, directness, or even vulgarity, to align with an emphasis on authenticity.
Which of the following is an example of a populist political party that evolved from grassroots anti-austerity mobilizations?
Answer: Greece's SYRIZA.
Explanation: Greece's SYRIZA is an example of a populist political party that evolved from grassroots anti-austerity mobilizations, illustrating the fluid boundaries between social movements and political parties.
What common characteristic defined the wave of mass protests following the 2008 financial crisis, often characterized as populist phenomena?
Answer: A rejection of established political elites and an emphasis on the moral authority of 'the people.'
Explanation: The wave of mass protests following the 2008 financial crisis, often characterized as populist, shared a common rejection of established political elites and an emphasis on the moral authority of 'the people,' demanding more inclusive and participatory forms of democracy.
The Russian *narodniki* movement was a right-leaning agrarian movement that aimed to transfer political power to urban workers.
Answer: False
Explanation: The *narodniki* movement was a left-leaning agrarian movement that aimed to transfer political power to peasant communes, not urban workers, and was not right-leaning.
The U.S. People's Party, active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, was known for its conservative stance on women's and minority rights.
Answer: False
Explanation: The U.S. People's Party was notably progressive on women's and minority rights for its era, not conservative.
The Occupy Wall Street movement influenced Bernie Sanders' 2016 presidential campaign by shaping its language and priorities, particularly on economic inequality.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Occupy Wall Street movement significantly influenced Bernie Sanders' 2016 presidential campaign, particularly in shaping its language and priorities concerning economic inequality and corporate power.
The *völkisch* movement in German-speaking Europe focused on exalting the German people and launched anti-elitist attacks on capitalism and Jews.
Answer: True
Explanation: The *völkisch* movement in German-speaking Europe focused on exalting the German people and launched anti-elitist attacks on capitalism and Jews, characteristic of its populist nature.
Populism was largely absent from Europe after 1945 due to the widespread adoption of populist ideologies across the continent.
Answer: False
Explanation: Populism was largely absent from Europe after 1945 due to the domination of Marxism–Leninism in Eastern Europe and a desire for moderation in Western Europe, not due to widespread adoption of populist ideologies.
Following the fall of the Soviet Union, populist parties in Central and Eastern Europe campaigned by portraying themselves as representatives of 'the people' against the old Marxist–Leninist elites.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following the fall of the Soviet Union, populist parties in Central and Eastern Europe campaigned by portraying themselves as representatives of 'the people' against the old Marxist–Leninist elites, as exemplified by the Czech Civic Forum.
The populist radical right in 21st-century Europe combined populism with libertarianism and globalism.
Answer: False
Explanation: The populist radical right in 21st-century Europe combined populism with authoritarianism and nativism, not libertarianism and globalism.
The Great Recession led to the emergence of right-wing populist groups in Europe, such as the Syriza party in Greece.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Great Recession led to the emergence of *left-wing* populist groups in Europe, such as the Syriza party in Greece and Podemos in Spain, which expressed Eurosceptic and anti-austerity sentiments.
'Prairie populism' in North America defined 'the people' as urban factory workers and 'the elite' as small farmers.
Answer: False
Explanation: 'Prairie populism' in North America defined 'the people' as small, independent farmers and 'the elite' as bankers and politicians of the northeast, not urban factory workers and small farmers respectively.
The U.S. People's Party platform included radical proposals such as the nationalization of railways and the banning of strikebreakers.
Answer: True
Explanation: The U.S. People's Party platform included radical proposals such as the nationalization of railways, the banning of strikebreakers, and the introduction of referendums.
By the mid-20th century, U.S. populism shifted from a largely reactionary stance to a progressive one.
Answer: False
Explanation: By the mid-20th century, U.S. populism shifted from a largely progressive stance to a largely reactionary one, becoming intertwined with anti-communist politics.
The Occupy movement and the Tea Party movement both emerged in the U.S. in the first decade of the 21st century in response to the Great Recession.
Answer: True
Explanation: Both the Occupy movement and the Tea Party movement emerged in the U.S. in the first decade of the 21st century as responses to the Great Recession.
Bernie Sanders and Donald Trump shared common anti-establishment platforms in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, including criticism of free trade deals.
Answer: True
Explanation: In the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Bernie Sanders and Donald Trump both ran on anti-establishment platforms that included criticism of free trade deals, despite their significant differences on other issues.
Populism has been particularly prevalent in Latin American politics due to a long tradition of authoritarian governance and low socio-economic inequality.
Answer: False
Explanation: Populism has been particularly prevalent in Latin American politics due to a long tradition of democratic governance and free elections, coupled with *high* rates of socio-economic inequality, not low inequality or authoritarian governance.
The first wave of Latin American populism (Great Depression to 1960s) saw leaders like Getúlio Vargas and Juan Perón rely on the *Americanismo* ideology.
Answer: True
Explanation: Leaders of the first wave of Latin American populism, such as Getúlio Vargas and Juan Perón, relied on the *Americanismo* ideology, which promoted a common Latin American identity and denounced imperialist interference.
The second wave of Latin American populism in the early 1990s, 'neoliberal populism,' emphasized *Americanismo* and anti-imperialism.
Answer: False
Explanation: The second wave of Latin American populism, 'neoliberal populism,' saw leaders pursue neoliberal economic strategies and did *not* emphasize *Americanismo* or anti-imperialism.
The third wave of Latin American populism (late 1990s-21st century) explicitly combined *Americanismo* and anti-imperialism with a socialist program.
Answer: True
Explanation: The third wave of Latin American populism, overlapping with the 'pink tide,' explicitly combined *Americanismo* and anti-imperialism with a socialist program, opposing the free market.
Populism became a pervasive trend in New Zealand politics after the introduction of the mixed-member proportional voting system in 1996.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following the introduction of the mixed-member proportional voting system in 1996, populism became a pervasive trend in New Zealand politics, with parties like New Zealand First maintaining populist platforms.
Populism first became apparent in Africa in the 1980s, associated with civilian leaders who came to power through democratic elections.
Answer: False
Explanation: Populism first became apparent in Africa in the 1980s, associated with military leaders who came to power through coups, not civilian leaders through democratic elections.
India's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is an example of a right-wing populist group that is not solely reliant on the personality of its leader.
Answer: True
Explanation: India's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) exemplifies a right-wing populist position that has demonstrated its ability to survive as a powerful electoral vehicle under several leaders, not solely reliant on one personality.
Which historical movement in the Russian Empire, active in the 1860s and 1870s, is often translated as 'populists'?
Answer: The *narodniki* movement
Explanation: The *narodniki* movement, active in the Russian Empire during the 1860s and 1870s, is often translated as 'populists' and was a left-leaning agrarian movement.
What was a key characteristic of the U.S. People's Party regarding social rights for its era?
Answer: It was relatively progressive on women's and minority rights.
Explanation: The U.S. People's Party was notably progressive on women's and minority rights for its era, distinguishing it from many contemporary movements.
Why was populism largely absent from Europe after 1945?
Answer: Due to the domination of Marxism–Leninism in Eastern Europe and a desire for moderation in Western Europe.
Explanation: Populism was largely absent from Europe after 1945 due to the ideological dominance of Marxism–Leninism in Eastern Europe and a prevailing desire for political moderation in Western Europe.
What characterized the populist radical right in 21st-century Europe?
Answer: A combination of populism with authoritarianism and nativism.
Explanation: The populist radical right in 21st-century Europe was characterized by a combination of populism with authoritarianism and nativism, as seen in parties like Austria's FPÖ and France's FN.
What was 'prairie populism' in North America during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
Answer: A widespread populist sentiment combining populism with agrarianism, defining 'the people' as small farmers.
Explanation: 'Prairie populism' in North America was a widespread sentiment that combined populism with agrarianism, defining 'the people' as small, independent farmers and 'the elite' as bankers and politicians.
Which of the following was a radical proposal included in the platform of the U.S. People's Party?
Answer: Nationalization of railways.
Explanation: The U.S. People's Party platform included radical proposals such as the nationalization of railways, the banning of strikebreakers, and the introduction of referendums.
How did U.S. populism shift in stance by the mid-20th century?
Answer: From a largely progressive stance to a largely reactionary one.
Explanation: By the mid-20th century, U.S. populism shifted from a largely progressive stance to a largely reactionary one, becoming closely associated with anti-communist politics.
What was a key difference in the populist approaches of the Occupy movement and the Tea Party movement?
Answer: Occupy defined 'the people' as 'the 99%' and challenged both economic and political elites, while the Tea Party's 'elite' was more party partisan.
Explanation: The Occupy movement defined 'the people' broadly as 'the 99%' and challenged both economic and political elites, whereas the Tea Party's populism was rooted in Producerism and its 'elite' was more party partisan, primarily targeting the Democratic administration.
Why has populism been particularly prevalent and enduring in Latin American politics since the 1930s and 1940s?
Answer: Due to a long tradition of democratic governance and free elections, coupled with high rates of socio-economic inequality.
Explanation: Populism has been prevalent in Latin American politics due to a combination of a long tradition of democratic governance and free elections, alongside high rates of socio-economic inequality, which provides fertile ground for populist appeals.
What characterized the second wave of Latin American populism in the early 1990s?
Answer: Leaders pursuing neoliberal economic strategies recommended by the IMF, without emphasizing *Americanismo*.
Explanation: The second wave of Latin American populism, or 'neoliberal populism,' was characterized by leaders who, once in power, pursued neoliberal economic strategies recommended by the IMF, notably without emphasizing *Americanismo* or anti-imperialism.
How has populism manifested in New Zealand politics since the introduction of the mixed-member proportional voting system in 1996?
Answer: It has become a pervasive trend, with parties like New Zealand First maintaining populist platforms.
Explanation: Since the introduction of the mixed-member proportional voting system in 1996, populism has become a pervasive trend in New Zealand politics, with parties like New Zealand First consistently maintaining populist platforms.
When did populism first become apparent in Africa, and what type of leaders were initially associated with it?
Answer: In the 1980s, associated with military leaders who came to power through coups.
Explanation: Populism first became apparent in Africa during the 1980s, associated with military leaders who seized power through coups, such as Jerry Rawlings in Ghana and Thomas Sankara in Burkina Faso.
Which political leaders in North Africa were associated with populist approaches in the 20th century?
Answer: Gamal Abdel Nasser and Muammar Gaddafi.
Explanation: In 20th-century North Africa, political leaders such as Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser and Libya's Muammar Gaddafi were associated with populist approaches.
What was the context for the emergence of populist politicians in Southeast Asia?
Answer: The 1997 Asian financial crisis.
Explanation: Populist politicians emerged in Southeast Asia in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, with several populist governments taking power in countries like the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand.
How does India's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) exemplify a right-wing populist position that is not solely reliant on a leader's personality?
Answer: It was not wholly reliant on the personality of its leader, demonstrating its ability to survive as a powerful electoral vehicle under several leaders.
Explanation: India's BJP exemplifies a right-wing populist position that is not solely reliant on a leader's personality, as it has demonstrated its ability to thrive as a powerful electoral vehicle under multiple leaders.
Ideational scholars suggest that populism, once in power, generally enhances pluralism and strengthens democratic institutions.
Answer: False
Explanation: Ideational scholars argue that populism, once in power, generally becomes detrimental to pluralism by undermining institutions like the judiciary and media, rather than strengthening them.
The 'cordon sanitaire' strategy involves mainstream parties actively forming coalitions with populist actors to integrate them into the political system.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'cordon sanitaire' strategy involves mainstream parties *refusing* to cooperate or form coalitions with populist or extremist actors, aiming to prevent their institutional legitimation.
Militant democracy suggests that liberal democracies should never take restrictive measures, even against actors who exploit democratic procedures.
Answer: False
Explanation: Militant democracy suggests that liberal democracies must sometimes take exceptional restrictive measures to defend themselves against actors who exploit democratic procedures to undermine democratic substance.
Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser advise mainstream parties to disqualify populists as 'irrational' to effectively counter their influence.
Answer: False
Explanation: Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser caution against disqualifying populists as 'irrational,' arguing that such strategies often reinforce populist binary logic and play into their hands.
What is a potential negative consequence of populism once it gains power, according to ideational scholars?
Answer: It generally becomes detrimental to pluralism by undermining institutions.
Explanation: According to ideational scholars, once in power, populism generally becomes detrimental to pluralism by undermining democratic institutions such as the judiciary and media, potentially leading to democratic backsliding.
What is the 'cordon sanitaire' strategy adopted by some European countries in response to populism?
Answer: Mainstream parties refusing to cooperate or form coalitions with populist or extremist actors.
Explanation: The 'cordon sanitaire' strategy involves mainstream parties refusing to cooperate or form coalitions with populist or extremist actors, aiming to prevent their institutional legitimation and contain their influence.
What caution do Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser offer regarding mainstream responses to populism?
Answer: They caution against disqualifying populists as 'irrational,' arguing it reinforces populist binary logic.
Explanation: Mudde and Rovira Kaltwasser caution against dismissing populists as 'irrational,' arguing that such a response can inadvertently reinforce the populist binary logic of 'the pure people' versus 'the corrupt elite.'