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The term 'Pretendian' is accurately characterized as a neutral descriptor for individuals exploring their Indigenous heritage.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source material explicitly defines 'Pretendian' as a pejorative colloquialism, not a neutral descriptor, used for individuals engaging in Indigenous identity fraud.
The word 'Pretendian' is etymologically formed by combining the words 'pretend' and 'Indian'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The term 'Pretendian' is a portmanteau, derived from the fusion of the words 'pretend' and 'Indian'.
Indigenous identity fraud involves a non-Indigenous person falsely claiming an Indigenous identity publicly.
Answer: True
Explanation: The definition provided states that Indigenous identity fraud occurs when a non-Indigenous individual falsely and publicly claims an Indigenous identity.
The term 'settler self-indigenization' refers to Indigenous peoples reclaiming their cultural practices.
Answer: False
Explanation: 'Settler self-indigenization' refers to the adoption or claim of Indigenous identities by non-Indigenous individuals, not the reclamation of cultural practices by Indigenous peoples.
The term 'Pretendian' is considered a neutral and widely accepted term within academic discourse on Indigenous identity.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source material explicitly defines 'Pretendian' as a pejorative colloquialism, indicating it is not a neutral or widely accepted academic term.
What is the primary definition of the term 'Pretendian' as delineated within the provided source material?
Answer: An individual who publicly and falsely claims an Indigenous identity.
Explanation: The source material defines 'Pretendian' as a pejorative colloquialism for an individual who engages in Indigenous identity fraud, specifically a non-Indigenous person who falsely and publicly claims an Indigenous identity.
How is the word 'Pretendian' etymologically formed?
Answer: It is a blend of the words 'pretend' and 'Indian'.
Explanation: The term 'Pretendian' is a portmanteau, formed by combining the words 'pretend' and 'Indian'.
What is the definition of 'settler self-indigenization' as discussed in the text?
Answer: The adoption or claim of Indigenous identities by non-Indigenous individuals.
Explanation: 'Settler self-indigenization' refers to the practice where non-Indigenous individuals adopt or claim Indigenous identities for themselves.
What does the term 'settler self-indigenization' specifically refer to?
Answer: The process of settlers adopting Indigenous identities.
Explanation: 'Settler self-indigenization' specifically refers to the process by which settlers, particularly those descended from colonizers, adopt or claim Indigenous identities.
In the United States, Indigenous identity fraud typically involves falsely claiming membership in the U.S. military.
Answer: False
Explanation: The provided text indicates that in the United States, Indigenous identity fraud commonly involves falsely claiming to be Native American, not specifically military membership.
In Canada, Indigenous identity fraud can include falsely claiming to be Inuit.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source material confirms that Indigenous identity fraud in Canada encompasses falsely claiming to be Inuit, as well as First Nations or Métis.
Indigenous identity fraud is considered a minor form of cultural appropriation.
Answer: False
Explanation: The text explicitly categorizes Indigenous identity fraud as an extreme form of cultural appropriation, particularly when the claimant purports to speak for Indigenous communities.
An APTN National News investigation found that 'pretendians' in the film industry contributed to the promotion of stereotypes and 'redface'.
Answer: True
Explanation: An investigation by APTN National News identified that individuals falsely claiming Indigenous identity within the film industry contributed to the perpetuation of stereotypes, typecasting, and the phenomenon known as 'redface'.
False claims of Indigenous identity can strengthen Indigenous sovereignty by increasing visibility.
Answer: False
Explanation: The text argues that false claims of Indigenous identity can undermine Indigenous sovereignty by challenging the right of nations to self-determination and misrepresenting Indigenous perspectives.
The 'redface' phenomenon involves Indigenous individuals adopting non-Indigenous cultural practices.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'redface' phenomenon refers to non-Indigenous individuals falsely adopting or performing an Indigenous identity, not the other way around.
False claims of Indigenous identity can contribute to the erasure of authentic Indigenous peoples and histories.
Answer: True
Explanation: The text suggests that false claims of Indigenous identity can indeed contribute to the erasure of authentic Indigenous peoples and their histories by misrepresenting narratives and diverting attention.
The term 'redface' describes non-Indigenous individuals performing or adopting an Indigenous identity.
Answer: True
Explanation: 'Redface' is defined as the act of non-Indigenous individuals falsely adopting or performing an Indigenous identity, often contributing to stereotypes.
Which of the following best describes how Indigenous identity fraud manifests in Canada, according to the text?
Answer: Individuals falsely claiming to be Métis, First Nations, or Inuit.
Explanation: In Canada, Indigenous identity fraud involves individuals falsely claiming to belong to First Nations, Métis, or Inuit peoples.
According to the provided text, how does Indigenous identity fraud relate to cultural appropriation?
Answer: It is seen as an extreme form of cultural appropriation, especially when the claimant speaks for communities.
Explanation: Indigenous identity fraud is characterized as an extreme form of cultural appropriation, particularly when the individual falsely claiming identity also purports to speak for Indigenous communities.
What negative impacts did 'pretendians' have in the film industry, as found by an APTN National News investigation?
Answer: They contributed to the promotion of stereotypes, typecasting, and 'redface'.
Explanation: An APTN National News investigation revealed that 'pretendians' in the film industry contributed to the perpetuation of stereotypes, typecasting, and the practice known as 'redface'.
How can the actions of individuals falsely claiming Indigenous identity impact Indigenous sovereignty?
Answer: They undermine sovereignty by challenging the right of nations to self-determination.
Explanation: False claims of Indigenous identity can undermine Indigenous sovereignty by challenging the inherent right of Indigenous nations to self-determination and misrepresenting their collective identity.
What does the term 'redface' refer to in the context of Indigenous identity fraud?
Answer: Non-Indigenous individuals falsely adopting or performing an Indigenous identity.
Explanation: 'Redface' refers to the practice where non-Indigenous individuals falsely adopt or perform an Indigenous identity, often contributing to harmful stereotypes.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential motivation for individuals engaging in Indigenous identity fraud?
Answer: Preserving endangered Indigenous languages.
Explanation: The text mentions motivations such as financial benefits, social or spiritual capital, and professional or personal advancement for engaging in Indigenous identity fraud. Preserving endangered Indigenous languages is not listed as a motivation.
According to the source, how might the actions of 'pretendians' negatively affect the authentic representation of Indigenous peoples?
Answer: By reinforcing stereotypes and potentially misrepresenting Indigenous perspectives.
Explanation: The actions of 'pretendians' can negatively affect authentic representation by reinforcing stereotypes, misrepresenting Indigenous perspectives, and potentially diverting opportunities from genuine community members.
Jacqueline Keeler, a Navajo journalist, initiated the 'Alleged Pretendians List' to investigate 'settler self-indigenization'.
Answer: True
Explanation: Navajo journalist Jacqueline Keeler commenced her investigation into 'settler self-indigenization,' the practice of non-Indigenous individuals claiming Indigenous identities, which led to the creation of the 'Alleged Pretendians List'.
Jacqueline Keeler specified that her list targets public figures who are monetizing their claimed tribal identity.
Answer: True
Explanation: Jacqueline Keeler clarified that the 'Alleged Pretendians List' specifically focuses on public figures who profit from their claimed tribal identities and speak for Native tribes, distinguishing them from private individuals.
Artist Nadema Agard supported Jacqueline Keeler's 'Alleged Pretendians List,' calling it a necessary tool for accountability.
Answer: False
Explanation: Artist Nadema Agard criticized Jacqueline Keeler's list, characterizing it as a 'witch hunt'.
Chief Ben Barnes of the Shawnee Tribe expressed strong support for Jacqueline Keeler's work on the 'Alleged Pretendians List'.
Answer: True
Explanation: Chief Ben Barnes of the Shawnee Tribe indicated that Jacqueline Keeler's work received substantial support within Native communities.
Skeptics of the 'Alleged Pretendians List' argued that tribes alone should determine their membership criteria.
Answer: True
Explanation: A key argument from skeptics of the list was that Indigenous tribes possess the inherent right to determine their own membership and citizenship criteria.
Lakota journalist Alexandra Watson consented to her work being included in the 'Alleged Pretendians List'.
Answer: False
Explanation: Alexandra Watson stated that her article was used without her consent and that her writing should not be interpreted as an endorsement of the list.
Angelina Newsom criticized Keeler for questioning the tribal enrollment of federally recognized members.
Answer: True
Explanation: Angelina Newsom criticized Jacqueline Keeler's methods, specifically for questioning the tribal enrollment of federally recognized members and for utilizing platforms like Ancestry.com.
Skeptics accused Jacqueline Keeler of weaponizing concepts like lateral violence and colonial trauma.
Answer: True
Explanation: Skeptics of the 'Alleged Pretendians List' accused Jacqueline Keeler of employing concepts such as lateral violence and colonial trauma against individuals, particularly those with whom she had prior disputes.
Angelina Newsom expressed concern that the list might negatively impact actual Native relatives of those listed.
Answer: True
Explanation: Angelina Newsom voiced concern that the publication of information on the list could adversely affect actual Native individuals listed as relatives or in-laws of those being scrutinized.
The 'Alleged Pretendians List' focuses on public figures who profit from their claimed Indigenous identities.
Answer: True
Explanation: Jacqueline Keeler clarified that the 'Alleged Pretendians List' specifically targets public figures who are monetizing and profiting from their claimed tribal identities.
Jacqueline Keeler's investigation into 'settler self-indigenization' aimed to document instances of non-Indigenous people adopting Indigenous identities.
Answer: True
Explanation: Jacqueline Keeler's investigation focused on 'settler self-indigenization,' which involves documenting cases where non-Indigenous individuals adopt or claim Indigenous identities.
Jacqueline Keeler's 'Alleged Pretendians List' was initially published as a public Google spreadsheet.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Alleged Pretendians List,' initiated by Jacqueline Keeler, was initially self-published as a public Google spreadsheet in 2021.
Skeptics of the list argued that Keeler was motivated by a desire to promote inter-tribal understanding.
Answer: False
Explanation: Skeptics accused Keeler of exploiting the issue for personal gain and weaponizing certain concepts, rather than promoting inter-tribal understanding.
Angelina Newsom argued that tribes themselves should be responsible for investigating citizenship claims.
Answer: True
Explanation: Angelina Newsom advocated that the responsibility for investigating Indigenous citizenship claims should primarily lie with the tribes themselves.
What specific criterion did Jacqueline Keeler emphasize for including individuals on the 'Alleged Pretendians List'?
Answer: Public figures who are monetizing and profiting from their claimed tribal identity.
Explanation: Jacqueline Keeler emphasized that the list targets public figures who monetize and profit from their claimed tribal identities and speak for Native tribes.
What criticism did artist Nadema Agard direct at Jacqueline Keeler regarding the 'Alleged Pretendians List'?
Answer: She called the list a 'witch hunt'.
Explanation: Artist Nadema Agard criticized Jacqueline Keeler's 'Alleged Pretendians List,' describing it as a 'witch hunt'.
Which academic reviewed Jacqueline Keeler's documentation on Sacheen Littlefeather and found her research to be sound?
Answer: Dina Gilio-Whitaker
Explanation: Academic Dina Gilio-Whitaker reviewed Jacqueline Keeler's documentation concerning Sacheen Littlefeather and concluded that Keeler's research was sound.
What specific concern did Lakota journalist Alexandra Watson voice about her work's inclusion in the 'Alleged Pretendians List'?
Answer: Her article was used without her consent.
Explanation: Lakota journalist Alexandra Watson stated that her article was included in the 'Alleged Pretendians List' without her consent and that her writing should not be interpreted as an endorsement of the list.
What criticism did Northern Cheyenne journalist Angelina Newsom level against Jacqueline Keeler's research methods?
Answer: Keeler questioned the tribal enrollment of federally recognized members and used Ancestry.com.
Explanation: Angelina Newsom criticized Keeler for questioning the tribal enrollment of federally recognized members and for relying partly on Ancestry.com records in her research.
Besides Chief Ben Barnes, what other form of validation did Jacqueline Keeler's research receive?
Answer: Validation from academic Dina Gilio-Whitaker regarding her documentation.
Explanation: In addition to support from Native leaders like Chief Ben Barnes, Jacqueline Keeler's research received validation from academic Dina Gilio-Whitaker, who found her documentation sound.
What distinction does Jacqueline Keeler make regarding individuals on her 'Alleged Pretendians List'?
Answer: She focuses on public figures profiting from claims, differentiating them from private citizens ('wannabes').
Explanation: Jacqueline Keeler clarified that the list targets public figures who profit from their claimed identities and speak for Native tribes, distinguishing them from private individuals perceived as 'wannabes'.
What potential negative consequence did Angelina Newsom highlight regarding the 'Alleged Pretendians List'?
Answer: It might negatively impact actual Native relatives of those listed.
Explanation: Angelina Newsom expressed concern that the publication of information on the 'Alleged Pretendians List' could negatively affect actual Native relatives of the individuals listed.
What did Angelina Newsom argue should be the primary responsibility for investigating Indigenous citizenship claims?
Answer: The tribes themselves.
Explanation: Angelina Newsom contended that the primary responsibility for investigating Indigenous citizenship claims should rest with the tribes themselves.
Rebecca Nagle argues that 'pretendians' strengthen tribal sovereignty by validating individual identity claims.
Answer: False
Explanation: Rebecca Nagle posits that 'pretendians' actually undermine tribal sovereignty by promoting the notion that Native identity is an individualistic construct, thereby challenging the collective right of Indigenous nations to self-determination.
U.S. Poet Laureate Joy Harjo views the rise of 'pretendians' as potentially beneficial individualistic, capitalist endeavors.
Answer: False
Explanation: Joy Harjo characterizes such claims as potentially individualistic, capitalist endeavors that resemble colonial offenses, rather than beneficial pursuits.
Kim TallBear connects the phenomenon of 'pretendianism' primarily to issues of cultural exchange and understanding.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kim TallBear connects 'pretendianism' to systemic issues of white supremacy and the erasure of Indigenous peoples, rather than solely cultural exchange.
Kim TallBear differentiates 'pretendians' from disconnected descendants by highlighting the latter's verifiable heritage, often impacted by historical trauma.
Answer: True
Explanation: Kim TallBear distinguishes 'pretendians' from disconnected descendants by emphasizing that the latter possess verifiable heritage, often affected by historical trauma such as forced assimilation policies.
Joy Harjo suggests that false Indigenous identity claims are often rooted in genuine historical connections.
Answer: False
Explanation: Joy Harjo indicates that such claims, particularly those based solely on DNA tests without cultural connection, may resemble colonial offenses and capitalist endeavors, rather than being rooted in genuine historical connections.
According to Joy Harjo, DNA tests have simplified the process of verifying Indigenous identity.
Answer: False
Explanation: Joy Harjo noted that DNA tests are creating complications, particularly for individuals with DNA matches but lacking cultural connection or tribal affiliation.
Kim TallBear argues that 'pretendianism' is primarily a social issue unrelated to systemic power structures.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kim TallBear connects 'pretendianism' to systemic issues of white supremacy and the erasure of Indigenous peoples, indicating it is deeply intertwined with power structures.
Rebecca Nagle believes that individual claims of Native identity strengthen tribal sovereignty.
Answer: False
Explanation: Rebecca Nagle argues that 'pretendians' undermine tribal sovereignty by promoting the idea that identity is solely individual, thereby challenging collective self-determination.
Kim TallBear suggests that 'pretendianism' is a phenomenon primarily driven by a lack of access to genealogical records.
Answer: False
Explanation: Kim TallBear connects 'pretendianism' to white supremacy and the erasure of Indigenous peoples, indicating it is driven by systemic issues rather than solely a lack of genealogical access.
Joy Harjo views claims of Native identity based solely on DNA tests, without cultural connection, as potentially harmful colonial offenses.
Answer: True
Explanation: Joy Harjo suggests that claims of Native identity based solely on DNA tests, without cultural understanding or tribal participation, can resemble colonial offenses and individualistic capitalist endeavors.
What is Rebecca Nagle's main argument regarding how 'pretendians' affect Indigenous rights?
Answer: Pretendians perpetuate the myth that identity is individual-based, undermining tribal sovereignty and self-determination.
Explanation: Rebecca Nagle argues that 'pretendians' undermine tribal sovereignty and Native self-determination by fostering the misconception that Indigenous identity is solely an individual matter, rather than a collective right of nations.
How does U.S. Poet Laureate Joy Harjo characterize the motivations behind some non-Indigenous individuals assuming Native identities?
Answer: As individualistic, capitalist endeavors resembling colonial offenses.
Explanation: Joy Harjo characterizes some non-Indigenous assumptions of Native identities as individualistic, capitalist endeavors that echo colonial offenses, particularly when lacking cultural understanding or tribal participation.
How does Kim TallBear connect the phenomenon of 'pretendianism' to broader societal issues?
Answer: She connects it to white supremacy and the erasure of Indigenous peoples.
Explanation: Kim TallBear connects the financial benefits derived from 'pretendianism' by white individuals to the systemic issues of white supremacy and the ongoing erasure of Indigenous peoples and their authentic identities.
According to Joy Harjo, what makes some claims of Native identity resemble 'colonial offenses'?
Answer: When they are made without cultural understanding or tribal participation, potentially for individual gain.
Explanation: Joy Harjo suggests that claims of Native identity made without cultural understanding or tribal participation, particularly when pursued for individual gain, resemble colonial offenses due to their exploitative nature.
What role do DNA tests play in the issues surrounding Indigenous identity claims, according to Joy Harjo?
Answer: They create complications, especially for those with DNA matches but no cultural connection.
Explanation: Joy Harjo noted that DNA tests introduce complications, particularly for individuals who discover Native DNA but lack cultural connection or tribal affiliation, potentially leading to unfounded identity claims.
How does Kim TallBear link the financial benefits of 'pretendianism' to systemic issues?
Answer: She connects it to white supremacy and the erasure of Indigenous peoples.
Explanation: Kim TallBear links the financial benefits derived from 'pretendianism,' often realized by white individuals, to the systemic issues of white supremacy and the erasure of Indigenous peoples.
What is the relationship between 'pretendianism' and white supremacy according to Kim TallBear?
Answer: She links the financial benefits derived from pretendianism by white individuals to white supremacy and erasure.
Explanation: Kim TallBear posits a connection between 'pretendianism' and white supremacy, noting how white individuals often financially benefit from false claims, which contributes to the erasure of Indigenous peoples.