Enter a player name to begin or load your saved progress.
The Puinave language is primarily identified by which alternative appellation?
Answer: False
Explanation: The primary designation for the language is Puinave; however, it is also widely known by the name Waipunavi.
Around 3,000 individuals were identified as native Puinave speakers between 2001 and 2008, out of an estimated total ethnic population of 7,000.
Answer: True
Explanation: Data from the period 2001-2008 indicates an estimated Puinave ethnic population of 7,000, with approximately 3,000 identified as native speakers.
Camaku del Guaviare and Camaku del Inírid a are alternative names for the Puinave language.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Puinave language is also known by the alternative names Camaku del Guaviare and Camaku del Inírid a.
What are the primary and alternative names for the Puinave language mentioned in the source?
Answer: Primarily Puinave, alternatively known as Waipunavi, Wanse, Camaku del Guaviare, and Camaku del Inírid a.
Explanation: The primary designation for the language is Puinave, with Waipunavi and Wanse being common alternative names. Further alternative designations include Camaku del Guaviare and Camaku del Inírid a.
Based on data from around 2007, what was the estimated number of native Puinave speakers?
Answer: Between 3,000 and 4,000 speakers.
Explanation: Data from the period 2001-2008 indicates that approximately 3,000 individuals were identified as native Puinave speakers, out of an estimated total ethnic population of 7,000.
Which of the following is an alternative name for the Puinave language mentioned in the source?
Answer: Camaku del Guaviare
Explanation: Camaku del Guaviare is cited as an alternative name for the Puinave language.
The Puinave language is spoken exclusively in Colombia.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Puinave language is indigenous to both Colombia and Venezuela, with communities located along the Inírid a River and the Orinoco River border region.
In Venezuela, Spanish is the official language, and Puinave is listed under 'Other' indigenous languages.
Answer: True
Explanation: Within Venezuela, Spanish serves as the official language, and Puinave is categorized under 'Other' indigenous languages in relevant classifications.
According to the provided text, where is the Puinave language primarily spoken?
Answer: Indigenous to Colombia and Venezuela, specifically along the Inírid a and Orinoco Rivers.
Explanation: The Puinave language is indigenous to Colombia and Venezuela, with significant populations residing along the Inírid a and Orinoco Rivers.
In the context of the 'Languages of Venezuela' navbox, how is Puinave categorized?
Answer: Under 'Other' indigenous languages.
Explanation: Within the 'Languages of Venezuela' navigation box, Puinave is listed under the category of 'Other' indigenous languages.
How many communities are mentioned as having Puinave people along the Inírid a River in Colombia?
Answer: 32 communities
Explanation: Along the Inírid a River in Colombia, there are 32 communities identified as having Puinave people.
Puinave is classified as a language isolate because it is related to several other living languages in the region.
Answer: False
Explanation: Puinave is classified as a language isolate, meaning it is not known to be related to any other living language; the statement that it is related to other languages contradicts its classification as an isolate.
John Alden Mason's 1950 work identified three main varieties of the Puinave language.
Answer: False
Explanation: John Alden Mason's 1950 work identified two main varieties of the Puinave language: Puinave (Epined) and Macú, with further subdivisions within each.
The Macro-Puinavean proposals suggest a strong, evidence-based link between Puinave and several other well-documented languages.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Macro-Puinavean proposals suggest potential links, but the source indicates that substantial evidence has not been presented to support these connections, particularly with well-documented languages.
Puinave is classified as part of the Arawakan language family in the 'Indigenous language families and isolates of South America' navbox.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Indigenous language families and isolates of South America' navbox lists Puinave as a language isolate, not as part of the Arawakan family.
The term 'Maku,' meaning 'babble,' was used by Arawakan speakers to refer to Puinave and other related languages, potentially influencing classification proposals.
Answer: True
Explanation: The term 'Maku,' signifying 'babble,' was indeed used by Arawakan speakers to denote Puinave and related languages, a practice that may have contributed to the formation of broader classification proposals.
What is the linguistic classification of the Puinave language according to the source?
Answer: It is generally classified as a language isolate, unrelated to any other known living language.
Explanation: Puinave is widely considered a language isolate, indicating no demonstrable genetic relationship with any other known language.
How did John Alden Mason (1950) categorize the main varieties of the Puinave language?
Answer: Puinave (Epined) and Macú, with further subdivisions.
Explanation: John Alden Mason's 1950 classification identified two primary varieties: Puinave (also termed Epined) and Macú, each with subsequent subdivisions.
What is the primary reason cited for the historical Macro-Puinavean proposals linking Puinave to other languages?
Answer: The collective term 'Maku' ('babble') used by Arawakan speakers for these languages.
Explanation: The historical Macro-Puinavean proposals were often motivated by the collective term 'Maku' ('babble'), used by Arawakan speakers to refer to Puinave and related languages, rather than by robust linguistic evidence.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a sub-variety within the Macú variety of Puinave according to John Alden Mason?
Answer: Bravos
Explanation: According to John Alden Mason's 1950 work, Bravos is listed as a sub-variety of the Puinave (Epined) dialect, not the Macú variety.
The classification section mentions that Puinave is sometimes grouped under 'Macro-Puinavean' proposals. What does the source say about the evidence for these proposals?
Answer: No substantial evidence has been presented to support these connections.
Explanation: The source explicitly states that no substantial evidence has been presented to support the 'Macro-Puinavean' proposals linking Puinave to other languages.
What is the primary characteristic of a language classified as an 'isolate'?
Answer: It has no known genetic relationship to any other language.
Explanation: A language classified as an 'isolate' is characterized by having no known genetic relationship to any other language.
What does the source suggest about the motivation behind the collective term 'Maku' used by Arawakans?
Answer: It meant 'babble' and was applied to various languages in the region.
Explanation: The term 'Maku,' meaning 'babble,' was used by Arawakans to refer to Puinave and other languages in the region, potentially influencing classification proposals.
The Puinave consonant inventory includes plosives like 'p', 't', 'k', and the glottal stop 'ʔ', along with nasals 'm', 'n', and fricatives 's', 'h'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Puinave consonant system comprises plosives (p, t, k, ʔ), nasals (m, n), and fricatives (s, h), among other sounds.
Puinave has a simple vowel system consisting only of the vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/.
Answer: False
Explanation: Puinave possesses a more complex vowel system than just /a/, /i/, and /u/, including mid vowels and nasalized variants.
The symbol 'ʔ' in the Puinave consonant inventory represents a voiced bilabial fricative.
Answer: False
Explanation: The symbol 'ʔ' represents a glottal stop, not a voiced bilabial fricative.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a consonant phoneme in the Puinave language?
Answer: Affricate (tʃ)
Explanation: The Puinave consonant inventory includes plosives, nasals, fricatives, and glides, but an affricate like /tʃ/ is not listed among the phonemes.
What does the notation 'ʔ' represent in the Puinave consonant inventory?
Answer: A glottal stop.
Explanation: The IPA notation 'ʔ' represents a glottal stop, a consonant sound produced by briefly closing the vocal cords.
Which of the following is a nasalized vowel phoneme mentioned for Puinave?
Answer: /ã/
Explanation: The Puinave language includes nasalized vowel phonemes, such as /ã/.
In Puinave, a syllable can optionally start with a consonant, must contain a vowel, and may optionally end with a consonant, represented as (C)V(C).
Answer: True
Explanation: The basic syllable structure in Puinave follows the pattern (C)V(C), allowing for optional initial and final consonants around a mandatory vowel.
Nasal syllabic nuclei in Puinave cause nasal phonemes like /m/ and /n/ to become oral plosives [b] and [d] when preceding oral vowels.
Answer: True
Explanation: The presence of nasal syllabic nuclei can trigger allophonic changes, such as nasal phonemes /m/ and /n/ realizing as oral plosives [b] and [d] when they precede oral vowels.
The high back vowel /u/ in Puinave is always pronounced as [u], regardless of its position in the syllable.
Answer: False
Explanation: The high back vowel /u/ in Puinave is realized as a glide [w] when it appears in coda or onset positions, rather than always being pronounced as [u].
Glides in Puinave remain unchanged when they precede or follow nasalized vowels.
Answer: False
Explanation: Glides in Puinave undergo nasalization when they are adjacent to a nasalized vowel nucleus.
The high front vowel /i/ in Puinave is realized as a glide [j] when it appears in the onset position of a syllable.
Answer: False
Explanation: In Puinave, the high front vowel /i/ is realized as a palatal stop [ɟ] or [ɲ] when it appears in the onset position of a syllable, not as a glide [j].
How does the high front vowel /i/ in Puinave typically realize when it appears at the beginning (onset) of a syllable?
Answer: As a palatal stop [ɟ] or [ɲ].
Explanation: When the high front vowel /i/ appears in the onset position of a Puinave syllable, it is realized as a palatal stop, with its specific articulation influenced by the nasality of the subsequent vowel nucleus.
What phonetic change occurs to glides in Puinave when they are adjacent to a nasalized vowel nucleus?
Answer: They undergo nasalization.
Explanation: Glides in Puinave undergo nasalization when they are adjacent to a nasalized vowel nucleus.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the realization of the high back vowel /u/ in Puinave syllables?
Answer: It becomes a glide [w] when in the coda or onset position.
Explanation: The high back vowel /u/ in Puinave is realized as the glide [w] when it appears in either the coda or onset position of a syllable.
What is the basic syllable structure of the Puinave language?
Answer: (C)V(C) (Optional Consonant - Vowel - Optional Consonant)
Explanation: The fundamental syllable structure in Puinave is (C)V(C), allowing for optional initial and final consonants surrounding a mandatory vowel.
How are the nasal phonemes /m/ and /n/ realized in Puinave when they appear at the beginning of a syllable with an oral vowel nucleus?
Answer: They become oral plosives [b] and [d].
Explanation: When Puinave nasal phonemes /m/ and /n/ initiate a syllable with an oral vowel nucleus, they are realized as the oral plosives [b] and [d], respectively.
Puinave distinguishes four surface tones: high, low, high-low contour, and low-high contour.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Puinave language features four distinct surface tones: high, low, high-low contour, and low-high contour.
The high tone (H) in Puinave is primarily associated with increased duration and intensity, similar to English.
Answer: False
Explanation: In Puinave, the high tone (H) is associated with prominence, perceived more as emphasis rather than increased duration or intensity, unlike in English.
According to the source, how is the prominence associated with the high tone (H) in Puinave perceived?
Answer: More in terms of emphasis rather than duration or intensity.
Explanation: In Puinave, the high tone (H) is associated with prominence, perceived more as emphasis rather than through typical correlates like increased duration or intensity.
Detailed descriptions of Puinave morphology and syntax are found in Jesús Mario Girón's work published in 'The Linguistics of Endangered Languages'.
Answer: True
Explanation: Comprehensive descriptions of Puinave morphology and syntax are indeed available in Jesús Mario Girón's contributions to 'The Linguistics of Endangered Languages'.
The bibliography mentions a 2008 dictionary of Puinave compiled by J. M. Girón.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the bibliography lists a 2008 dictionary, it was compiled by E. Bautista Sánchez, not J. M. Girón.
Ethnologue (18th edition, 2015) and John Alden Mason's 1950 chapter are cited as sources for Puinave language information.
Answer: True
Explanation: Both Ethnologue (18th edition, 2015) and John Alden Mason's 1950 chapter are cited as authoritative sources for information regarding the Puinave language.
An online Puinave dictionary is available through the Global Lexicostatistical Database (GLD).
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates an online Puinave dictionary is available through the Intercontinental Dictionary Series (IDS), not the Global Lexicostatistical Database (GLD).
The ISO 639-3 code for the Puinave language is 'puv'.
Answer: False
Explanation: The correct ISO 639-3 code for the Puinave language is 'pui', not 'puv'.
The Glottolog code for Puinave is 'puin1248'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Glottolog database assigns the code 'puin1248' to the Puinave language.
The 'ELP' designation indicates that Puinave is listed in the Endangered Languages Project.
Answer: True
Explanation: The designation 'ELP' signifies that Puinave is cataloged within the Endangered Languages Project.
Jesús Mario Girón's ongoing research is focused on the historical migration patterns of the Puinave people.
Answer: False
Explanation: Jesús Mario Girón's research, as indicated, focuses on the morphology and syntax of the Puinave language, not historical migration patterns.
The asterisk (*) symbol next to language names in the navboxes signifies that the language is considered moribund.
Answer: True
Explanation: In the context of language listings within navigation boxes, an asterisk (*) typically denotes that a language is considered moribund, indicating a risk of extinction.
Where can detailed linguistic descriptions of Puinave morphology and syntax be found?
Answer: In Jesús Mario Girón's work published in 'The Linguistics of Endangered Languages'.
Explanation: Comprehensive descriptions of Puinave morphology and syntax are available in Jesús Mario Girón's contributions to 'The Linguistics of Endangered Languages'.
Which publication from the bibliography is a dictionary of Puinave-Spanish?
Answer: 'Diccionario puinave-español y la oración gramatical' by E. Bautista Sánchez.
Explanation: The publication 'Diccionario puinave-español y la oración gramatical' by E. Bautista Sánchez is listed as a dictionary of Puinave-Spanish.
What does the ISO 639-3 code 'pui' represent?
Answer: The ISO 639-3 code assigned to the Puinave language.
Explanation: The ISO 639-3 code 'pui' is the standardized three-letter identifier assigned to the Puinave language.
What does the Glottolog code 'puin1248' signify?
Answer: The specific entry code for Puinave in the Glottolog database.
Explanation: The code 'puin1248' serves as the unique identifier for the Puinave language within the Glottolog database.
The source mentions that Puinave is listed in the Endangered Languages Project (ELP). What does this designation imply?
Answer: That the language is considered to be at risk of extinction.
Explanation: Listing in the Endangered Languages Project (ELP) implies that the language is considered to be at risk of extinction.
What is the significance of the dagger symbol (†) in the context of language lists mentioned in the source?
Answer: It signifies that the language is extinct.
Explanation: The dagger symbol (†) is used in the language lists to denote that a language is extinct, meaning it is no longer spoken by anyone.
Which research area is Jesús Mario Girón known for contributing to regarding the Puinave language?
Answer: Morphology and the function of nominalized constructions.
Explanation: Jesús Mario Girón's research contributions concerning the Puinave language are primarily focused on its morphology and the function of nominalized constructions.
What external resource provides an online Puinave dictionary according to the text?
Answer: The Intercontinental Dictionary Series (IDS)
Explanation: The text indicates that an online Puinave dictionary is accessible through the Intercontinental Dictionary Series (IDS).