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The Red River of the North traverses three U.S. states and one Canadian province.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Red River of the North flows through two U.S. states (Minnesota and North Dakota) and one Canadian province (Manitoba).
The Red River of the North originates at an elevation of 712 feet (217 meters) near Wahpeton, North Dakota.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Red River of the North originates near Wahpeton, North Dakota, at an elevation of 948 feet (289 meters). The 712 feet (217 meters) elevation is at its mouth.
The Red River of the North is approximately 885 kilometers (550 miles) long, with the majority of its length situated within Canada.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the total length is 885 kilometers (550 miles), the majority (635 km or 395 miles) is within the United States, not Canada.
The drainage basin of the Red River of the North encompasses an area exceeding 250,000 square kilometers.
Answer: True
Explanation: The drainage basin of the Red River of the North covers 287,500 square kilometers (111,004 square miles), which is indeed larger than 250,000 square kilometers.
The maximum recorded discharge rate of the Red River of the North at Lockport, Manitoba, exceeds 150,000 cubic feet per second.
Answer: True
Explanation: The maximum recorded discharge at Lockport, Manitoba, is 152,900 cubic feet per second, which is over 150,000 cfs.
The Red River of the North is an integral component of the Mississippi River system, ultimately draining into the Gulf of Mexico.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Red River of the North is part of the Nelson River system, which drains into Hudson Bay, not the Mississippi River system or the Gulf of Mexico.
The Assiniboine River is identified as a principal left tributary of the Red River of the North.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Assiniboine River is explicitly listed as one of the main left tributaries of the Red River of the North.
The total elevation drop of the Red River of the North from its source to Lake Winnipeg is 230 feet (70 meters).
Answer: True
Explanation: The Red River of the North falls a total of 70 meters (230 feet) on its journey to Lake Winnipeg.
Netley Marsh is an expansive deltaic wetland formed by the Red River's mouth, situated to the east of the river as it discharges into Lake Winnipeg.
Answer: False
Explanation: Netley Marsh is located to the west of the Red River as it enters Lake Winnipeg, while Libau Marsh is to the east.
The Red River of the North crosses the Canada–United States border after traversing Emerson, Manitoba.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Red River of the North crosses the Canada–United States border just *before* it reaches the town of Emerson, Manitoba.
The Red River, in conjunction with the Saskatchewan River, encloses the endorheic basin of Devils' Lake and Stump Lake.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Red River, along with the *Assiniboine River*, not the Saskatchewan River, encloses the endorheic basin of Devils' Lake and Stump Lake.
The waters of the Red River of the North ultimately drain into the Arctic Ocean via the Nelson River.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Red River of the North's waters ultimately drain into Hudson Bay via the Nelson River, as stated in the source material. The question's assertion of direct drainage into the Arctic Ocean is not explicitly supported.
The Red River Valley of Southern Manitoba typically experiences a frost-free season of fewer than 100 days annually.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Red River Valley in Southern Manitoba typically experiences a frost-free season lasting between 120 and 140 days per year, which is more than 100 days.
The Red River of the North flows across the ancient lake bed of glacial Lake Agassiz.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Red River of the North indeed flows across the flat lake bed of the ancient glacial Lake Agassiz, a significant geological feature of the region.
The soils of the Red River Valley are predominantly alluvial soils, deposited by the river itself over millennia.
Answer: False
Explanation: The soils of the Red River Valley are lacustrine soils, formed from parent materials that precipitated to the bottom of the ancient glacial Lake Agassiz, not primarily alluvial deposits from the river.
The term 'valley' for the Red River Valley is a geomorphological misnomer because the river itself did not incise the wide floodplain; rather, it is the ancient Lake Agassiz bed.
Answer: True
Explanation: The term 'valley' is considered a misnomer because the wide floodplain is actually the ancient lake bed of Lake Agassiz, which the river flows across, rather than a valley carved by the river.
The Red River of the North exhibits a steep gradient of approximately 1 meter per kilometer from its origin to the international border.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Red River of the North has an exceptionally gentle gradient of about 1 meter per 5 kilometers (or 1 foot per mile) from its origin to the international border.
Through which U.S. states does the Red River of the North flow?
Answer: Minnesota and North Dakota
Explanation: Within the United States, the Red River of the North flows through Minnesota and North Dakota.
At what elevation does the Red River of the North originate near Wahpeton, North Dakota?
Answer: 948 feet (289 meters)
Explanation: The Red River of the North originates near Wahpeton, North Dakota, at an elevation of 948 feet (289 meters).
Into which large, relatively shallow lake does the Red River of the North discharge?
Answer: Lake Winnipeg
Explanation: The Red River of the North empties into Lake Winnipeg, a large, relatively shallow lake in Manitoba, Canada.
What is the approximate total length of the Red River of the North?
Answer: 550 miles (885 kilometers)
Explanation: The Red River of the North is approximately 885 kilometers (550 miles) long.
What is the areal extent of the Red River of the North's drainage basin?
Answer: 111,004 square miles (287,500 square kilometers)
Explanation: The drainage basin of the Red River of the North covers an area of 111,004 square miles (287,500 square kilometers).
What is the average discharge rate of the Red River of the North at Lockport, Manitoba?
Answer: 8,617 cubic feet per second
Explanation: At Lockport, Manitoba, the Red River of the North has an average discharge of 8,617 cubic feet per second (244.0 cubic meters per second).
The Red River of the North is an integral component of which larger river system?
Answer: Nelson River system
Explanation: The Red River of the North is part of the Nelson River system, which ultimately carries its waters to Hudson Bay.
Which of the following is identified as a principal right tributary of the Red River of the North?
Answer: Otter Tail River
Explanation: The Otter Tail River is explicitly listed as one of the main right tributaries of the Red River of the North.
What is the total elevation differential of the Red River of the North from its source to Lake Winnipeg?
Answer: 70 meters (230 feet)
Explanation: The Red River of the North falls a total of 70 meters (230 feet) on its journey to Lake Winnipeg.
What is Netley Marsh?
Answer: A vast deltaic wetland formed by the Red River's mouth
Explanation: Netley Marsh is described as a vast deltaic wetland formed by the mouth of the Red River of the North as it spreads into Lake Winnipeg.
At what geographical point does the Red River of the North intersect the Canada–United States border?
Answer: Just before Emerson, Manitoba
Explanation: The Red River of the North crosses the Canada–United States border just before it reaches the town of Emerson, Manitoba.
What prominent geological feature does the Red River of the North traverse?
Answer: The flat lake bed of the ancient glacial Lake Agassiz
Explanation: The Red River of the North flows across the flat lake bed of the ancient glacial Lake Agassiz.
Why is the term 'valley' considered a geomorphological misnomer for the Red River Valley?
Answer: The wide floodplain is the ancient lake bed of Lake Agassiz, not a river-carved valley.
Explanation: The term 'valley' is a misnomer because the wide floodplain is actually the ancient lake bed of Lake Agassiz, not a river-carved valley.
What is the approximate gradient of the Red River of the North from its origin to the international border?
Answer: 1 meter per 5 kilometers
Explanation: From its origin to the international border, the Red River of the North has a remarkably flat gradient of about 1 meter per 5 kilometers (or 1 foot per mile).
Winnipeg, Manitoba, and Fargo, North Dakota, are among the principal urban centers situated along the Red River of the North.
Answer: True
Explanation: Both Winnipeg, Manitoba, and Fargo, North Dakota, are explicitly listed as significant urban areas located along the Red River of the North.
The Red River of the North has been formally designated a Canadian Heritage River, recognizing its historical and ecological significance.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Red River of the North has indeed received the designation of a Canadian Heritage River, acknowledging its natural, cultural, and recreational significance.
The Red River watershed was historically part of Rupert's Land, a territory granted to French fur trading companies.
Answer: False
Explanation: Rupert's Land, which included the Red River watershed, was granted to the British Hudson's Bay Company, not French fur trading companies.
Prior to British control, the Red River was predominantly utilized as a trade route by Indigenous peoples and Spanish explorers.
Answer: False
Explanation: Before British control, the Red River was extensively used by French and Métis fur traders, not Spanish explorers.
The principal settlement of the Red River Colony ultimately evolved into Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Answer: True
Explanation: The primary settlement established by the Red River Colony along the river eventually grew into Winnipeg, the capital of Manitoba.
The Red River Trails constituted a network of steamboat routes developed in the nineteenth century to facilitate trade along the river.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Red River Trails were a network of oxcart trails, primarily used by the Métis people, to support the fur trade and settlements, not steamboat routes.
The Forks, a historically significant confluence and trading post, is situated in Winnipeg where the Red River and Assiniboine River converge.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Forks is indeed located in Winnipeg at the confluence of the Red River and Assiniboine River, serving as a historical meeting and trading place.
Which Canadian city represents a principal urban area situated along the Red River of the North?
Answer: Winnipeg
Explanation: Winnipeg, Manitoba, is explicitly listed as a significant urban area located along the Red River of the North.
What specific designation has the Red River of the North been accorded in Canada?
Answer: Canadian Heritage River
Explanation: The Red River of the North has been designated a Canadian Heritage River, recognizing its natural, cultural, and recreational significance.
Which company was granted Rupert's Land, a territory that encompassed the Red River watershed?
Answer: Hudson's Bay Company
Explanation: Rupert's Land, including the Red River watershed, was a vast territory granted to the British Hudson's Bay Company.
Which groups extensively utilized the Red River as a trade route prior to British control of French possessions in Canada?
Answer: French and Métis people
Explanation: Before British control, the Red River was extensively used by fur traders, including the French and the Métis people.
What was the principal objective of the Red River Trails?
Answer: To support the fur trade and settlements
Explanation: The Red River Trails were a network of oxcart trails developed to support the fur trade and the settlements along the Red River.
What is the historical and geographical significance of 'The Forks' in Winnipeg?
Answer: It is where the Red River converges with the Assiniboine River.
Explanation: The Forks is a historically significant meeting and trading place located in Winnipeg where the Red River of the North converges with the Assiniboine River.
The Red River's low flow velocity and flat topography contribute to its meandering morphology and susceptibility to 'overland flooding'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The river's slow flow and flat topography mean it lacks the energy to cut a deep channel, leading to meandering and the spreading of high water across the old lakebed, resulting in overland flooding.
Catastrophic floods on the Red River are frequently exacerbated by snowmelt commencing in the north and flowing southward, where it encounters frozen ground.
Answer: False
Explanation: Catastrophic floods are often worsened by snowmelt that begins in the *warmer southern regions* and flows *northward*, where it can be impeded by ice, not the other way around.
The 1950 Red River flood prompted the construction of the Red River Floodway around Winnipeg.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following the devastating 1950 flood, the province of Manitoba constructed the Red River Floodway to divert floodwaters around Winnipeg and prevent future damage.
During the 1997 Red River flood, Winnipeg experienced more extensive destruction than Grand Forks due to a failure of the floodway.
Answer: False
Explanation: Winnipeg was largely protected from widespread destruction during the 1997 flood due to the effective operation of the Red River Floodway, while Grand Forks suffered extensive damage.
The 2011 Red River flood was primarily caused by an unusually dry summer in 2010 followed by a mild winter.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 2011 Red River flood was caused by a wet summer in 2010 and an above-average amount of snowfall throughout the winter, not a dry summer and mild winter.
The 1826 flood registered the highest peak flow rate at Winnipeg among the top ten floods documented in the source material.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 1826 flood recorded the highest peak flow rate at Winnipeg, with an estimated 225,000 cfs, among the top ten floods listed.
The 1997 peak flow rate at Fargo-Moorhead exceeded the 2009 peak flow rate.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 1997 peak flow rate at Fargo-Moorhead was 28,000 cfs, which was lower than the 2009 peak flow rate of 29,500 cfs.
What geomorphological factor contributes to 'overland flooding' in the Red River Valley?
Answer: Flat topography causing high water to spread across the old lakebed
Explanation: The flat topography of the Red River Valley means that during high water events, the water spreads laterally across the ancient lakebed, resulting in 'overland flooding'.
Which of the following represents a significant contributing factor to catastrophic floods on the Red River?
Answer: Heavy snows or rains when the soil is saturated or frozen
Explanation: Catastrophic floods on the Red River are caused by heavy snows or rains, especially when the soil is saturated or frozen.
What was Manitoba's principal response to the catastrophic 1950 Red River flood?
Answer: Constructing the Red River Floodway
Explanation: Following the devastating 1950 flood, the province of Manitoba constructed the Red River Floodway to divert floodwaters around Winnipeg.
Which two urban centers sustained the most extensive damage during the 1997 Red River flood?
Answer: Grand Forks, North Dakota and East Grand Forks, Minnesota
Explanation: The cities of Grand Forks, North Dakota, and East Grand Forks, Minnesota, suffered the most extensive damage during the 1997 Red River flood.
What was the recorded water level of the Red River at Fargo-Moorhead during the 2023 spring flood, as indicated in the source material?
Answer: 29.5 feet (9.0 meters)
Explanation: During the 2023 spring flood, the Red River in Fargo-Moorhead reached a water level of 29.5 feet (9.0 meters).
What was the estimated financial cost of damages resulting from the 1950 Red River flood in Winnipeg?
Answer: Between $900 million and $1 billion
Explanation: Damages from the 1950 Red River flood in Winnipeg were estimated to be between $900 million and $1 billion.
How many times was the Red River Floodway deployed for flood control within its initial 37 years of operation?
Answer: At least 20 times
Explanation: The Red River Floodway has been utilized for flood control at least 20 times in its first 37 years of operation.
What specific flood protection measure was implemented in Grand Forks and East Grand Forks subsequent to the 1997 flood?
Answer: Clearing river floodplains and establishing the Greater Grand Forks Greenway
Explanation: After the 1997 flood, Grand Forks and East Grand Forks cleared river floodplains and established the Greater Grand Forks Greenway, along with a dike system and removable flood wall.
What was the highest recorded water level of the Red River at Fargo during the 2009 flood?
Answer: Its highest level in recorded history
Explanation: By March 27, 2009, the Red River at Fargo had reached its highest level in recorded history during the 2009 flood.
What was the peak flow rate recorded at Emerson/Pembina during the 1950 flood?
Answer: 95,500 cfs
Explanation: The peak flow rate at Emerson/Pembina during the 1950 flood was 95,500 cfs.
Which year registered the highest peak flow rate at Winnipeg among the top ten floods documented?
Answer: 1826
Explanation: Among the top ten floods listed, the year 1826 recorded the highest peak flow rate at Winnipeg, with an estimated 225,000 cfs.
What was the peak flow rate recorded at Wahpeton-Breckenridge during the 2011 flood?
Answer: 10,240 cfs
Explanation: During the 2011 flood, the peak flow rate at Wahpeton-Breckenridge was 10,240 cfs.
What was the peak flow rate recorded at Grand Forks-East Grand Forks during the 1852 flood?
Answer: 95,000 cfs
Explanation: The peak flow rate at Grand Forks-East Grand Forks during the 1852 flood was 95,000 cfs.
What was the peak flow rate recorded at Winnipeg during the 1997 flood?
Answer: 163,000 cfs
Explanation: The peak flow rate at Winnipeg during the 1997 flood was 163,000 cfs.
What was the peak flow rate recorded at Emerson/Pembina during the 2009 flood?
Answer: 87,900 cfs
Explanation: During the 2009 flood, the peak flow rate at Emerson/Pembina was 87,900 cfs.
What was the peak flow rate recorded at Fargo-Moorhead during the 2011 flood?
Answer: 26,200 cfs
Explanation: The peak flow rate at Fargo-Moorhead during the 2011 flood was 26,200 cfs.
The Red River of the North is primarily distinguished from other rivers of the same name by its unique reddish water color.
Answer: False
Explanation: The distinction 'of the North' is used to differentiate it from another Red River in the southern part of the continent, not its water color.
Which of the following is NOT an alternative designation for the Red River of the North?
Answer: rivière Rouge du Sud
Explanation: The alternative names for the Red River of the North include 'Red River', 'rivière Rouge', and 'rivière Rouge du Nord'. 'Rivière Rouge du Sud' is not listed as an alternative name.