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In Ancient Greek polytonic orthography, the rough breathing mark primarily indicates the absence of an /h/ sound.
Answer: False
Explanation: The rough breathing mark in Ancient Greek polytonic orthography primarily indicates the *presence* of an /h/ sound, not its absence. The smooth breathing mark indicates its absence.
In Ancient Greek, the rough breathing is known as *spiritus lenis*, while in Latin it is called *dasỳ pneûma*.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Ancient Greek name for the rough breathing is *dasỳ pneûma* or *daseîa*, and its Latin name is *spiritus asper*. *Spiritus lenis* refers to the smooth breathing.
The rough breathing mark is typically placed over an initial vowel or the second vowel of an initial diphthong in Ancient Greek words.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately describes the conventional placement of the rough breathing mark in Ancient Greek orthography.
The fundamental difference between rough breathing and smooth breathing is their placement relative to the vowel.
Answer: False
Explanation: The fundamental difference between rough breathing and smooth breathing is their phonetic function: rough breathing indicates the presence of an /h/ sound, while smooth breathing indicates its absence, not their placement.
The rough breathing belongs to the broader category of Greek diacritics, which are marks added to letters to indicate pronunciation or distinguish meaning.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement correctly categorizes the rough breathing as a Greek diacritic, serving to modify pronunciation or differentiate meaning.
The general description of the rough breathing mark is that it is a basic glyph that stands alone to indicate a specific sound.
Answer: False
Explanation: The rough breathing mark is a *diacritical* glyph, meaning it is *added* to a letter to modify it, rather than being a basic glyph that stands alone.
What is the primary function of the rough breathing mark in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek?
Answer: To indicate the presence of an /h/ sound.
Explanation: The primary function of the rough breathing mark in Ancient Greek polytonic orthography is to denote the presence of an initial /h/ sound.
What is the Latin name for the rough breathing mark?
Answer: Spiritus asper
Explanation: The Latin term for the rough breathing mark is *spiritus asper*.
Where is the rough breathing mark typically placed in Ancient Greek words?
Answer: Over an initial vowel or the second vowel of an initial diphthong.
Explanation: The rough breathing mark is conventionally placed over an initial vowel or the second vowel of an initial diphthong in Ancient Greek words.
What is the fundamental difference between rough breathing and smooth breathing in Ancient Greek?
Answer: Rough breathing indicates an /h/ sound, smooth breathing indicates its absence.
Explanation: The fundamental distinction between rough and smooth breathing marks is that the former indicates the presence of an initial /h/ sound, while the latter signifies its absence.
Which diacritical mark indicates the absence of an /h/ sound in Ancient Greek polytonic orthography?
Answer: The smooth breathing.
Explanation: The smooth breathing mark is the diacritic used in Ancient Greek polytonic orthography to indicate the absence of an initial /h/ sound.
What is the Greek name for the rough breathing mark?
Answer: Dasỳ pneûma
Explanation: The Ancient Greek name for the rough breathing mark is *dasỳ pneûma* or *daseîa*.
What is the general description of the rough breathing mark as a diacritic?
Answer: A glyph added to a letter to modify its pronunciation or distinguish meaning.
Explanation: As a diacritic, the rough breathing mark is a glyph added to a letter to modify its pronunciation or to distinguish its meaning from other words.
The 'See also' section in the article about rough breathing directs readers to related topics such as Greek diacritics, smooth breathing, Ayin, and what other similar linguistic concept?
Answer: ʾOkina
Explanation: The 'See also' section directs readers to related linguistic concepts, including Greek diacritics, smooth breathing, Ayin, and ʾOkina.
The /h/ sound indicated by the rough breathing persisted in the Greek language until the adoption of monotonic orthography in 1982.
Answer: False
Explanation: The /h/ sound represented by the rough breathing disappeared from the Greek language during the Hellenistic period, long before the adoption of monotonic orthography in 1982.
Modern Greek monotonic orthography, in use since 1982, continues to utilize the rough breathing mark for specific phonetic distinctions.
Answer: False
Explanation: Modern Greek monotonic orthography, adopted in 1982, completely eliminated the use of the rough breathing mark; it does not utilize it for any phonetic distinctions.
The historical origin of the rough breathing mark can be traced to the right-hand half of the letter H.
Answer: False
Explanation: The rough breathing mark historically originated from the *left-hand* half of the letter H, not the right-hand half.
In some archaic Greek alphabets, the letter H was used to represent the [h] sound, a usage that survives in the Latin letter H.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement correctly identifies Heta as the archaic Greek letter H used for the [h] sound, a phonetic function that is indeed preserved in the Latin letter H.
The image 'Heta uc lc.svg' illustrates the tack-shaped archaic consonantal Heta, which is the historical precursor to the rough breathing mark.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately describes the content of the image 'Heta uc lc.svg' and the historical significance of Heta as the precursor to the rough breathing mark.
Polytonic orthography is a simplified writing system for Modern Greek that uses only a single accent mark.
Answer: False
Explanation: Polytonic orthography is the *traditional* writing system for Ancient Greek, employing *multiple* diacritical marks. Monotonic orthography is the simplified system for Modern Greek.
The Latin letter H directly reflects the usage of Heta in archaic Greek alphabets to represent the [h] sound.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement is correct, as the phonetic function of Heta in archaic Greek alphabets for the [h] sound is directly inherited by the Latin letter H.
When did the /h/ sound, indicated by the rough breathing, disappear from the Greek language?
Answer: During the Hellenistic period.
Explanation: The /h/ sound, which the rough breathing mark represented, ceased to be pronounced in the Greek language during the Hellenistic period.
From which part of the letter H did the rough breathing mark originate?
Answer: The left-hand half.
Explanation: The rough breathing mark originated historically from the left-hand half of the letter H.
What does 'polytonic orthography' signify in the context of Ancient Greek?
Answer: The traditional writing system employing multiple diacritical marks.
Explanation: Polytonic orthography refers to the traditional Ancient Greek writing system that utilizes multiple diacritical marks, including various accents and breathing marks.
In some archaic Greek alphabets, the letter H was used to represent the [h] sound. What was this usage known as?
Answer: Heta
Explanation: In archaic Greek alphabets, the letter H used to represent the [h] sound was known as Heta.
The image 'Heta uc lc.svg' illustrates what historical precursor to the rough breathing mark?
Answer: The tack-shaped archaic consonantal Heta.
Explanation: The image 'Heta uc lc.svg' visually represents the tack-shaped archaic consonantal Heta, which is recognized as the historical precursor to the rough breathing mark.
When was the monotonic orthography, which eliminated the rough breathing, officially adopted for Modern Greek?
Answer: 1982
Explanation: The monotonic orthography, which removed the rough breathing mark, was officially adopted for Modern Greek in 1982.
An initial upsilon or rho in an Ancient Greek word always receives a smooth breathing.
Answer: False
Explanation: An initial upsilon or rho in an Ancient Greek word invariably takes a *rough* breathing, not a smooth breathing.
The Ancient Greek word ὕμνος (*hýmnos*) is an example of an initial upsilon taking a smooth breathing.
Answer: False
Explanation: The word ὕμνος (*hýmnos*) is an example of an initial upsilon taking a *rough* breathing, as all initial upsilons do in Ancient Greek.
When two rhos appear consecutively in the middle of an Ancient Greek word, the rough breathing is typically written on the first of the two rhos.
Answer: False
Explanation: When two rhos appear consecutively in the middle of an Ancient Greek word, the rough breathing is conventionally written on the *second* of the two rhos.
A sequence of two rhos in the middle of an Ancient Greek word, where the second has a rough breathing, is transliterated as *rr* in Latin.
Answer: False
Explanation: A sequence of two rhos in the middle of an Ancient Greek word, where the second has a rough breathing, is transliterated as *rrh* in Latin, not *rr*.
Crasis is a linguistic phenomenon in Ancient Greek where two words contract into one, often merging their vowels.
Answer: True
Explanation: This definition accurately describes crasis as a grammatical process in Ancient Greek involving the contraction and vowel merging of two words.
In crasis, if the second word originally had a rough breathing, the resulting contracted vowel always takes a rough breathing.
Answer: False
Explanation: In crasis, if the second word originally had a rough breathing, the resulting contracted vowel *does not* take a rough breathing itself; instead, a preceding consonant may aspirate, and the vowel receives a coronis.
During crasis, if the second word had a rough breathing, a preceding π (pi) would change to φ (phi), τ (tau) to θ (theta), and κ (kappa) to χ (chi).
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement correctly describes the phonetic aspiration of preceding consonants during crasis when the second word originally had a rough breathing.
The contracted vowel in crasis, when the second word had a rough breathing, takes a smooth breathing mark.
Answer: False
Explanation: The contracted vowel in crasis, when the second word had a rough breathing, takes an apostrophe or a coronis, which is graphically identical to the smooth breathing, but is not itself a smooth breathing mark.
The phonetic change from crasis, such as consonant aspiration, has been preserved in Modern Greek neologisms due to the influence of Katharevousa.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement is correct; the archaizing influence of Katharevousa has indeed led to the preservation of crasis-related phonetic changes, such as consonant aspiration, in Modern Greek neologisms.
In the ancient Laconian dialect, a medial intervocalic sigma (σ) was replaced by a smooth breathing.
Answer: False
Explanation: In the ancient Laconian dialect, a medial intervocalic sigma (σ) was replaced by a *rough* breathing, not a smooth breathing.
Which of the following is an example of an Ancient Greek word beginning with upsilon that takes a rough breathing?
Answer: ὕμνος (hýmnos)
Explanation: The word ὕμνος (*hýmnos*) is an example of an Ancient Greek word where the initial upsilon correctly receives a rough breathing.
What is crasis in the context of Ancient Greek grammar?
Answer: The contraction of two words into a single word, often merging their vowels.
Explanation: Crasis is a linguistic phenomenon in Ancient Greek where two words contract into one, typically involving the merging of their vowels.
In the ancient Laconian dialect, what would replace a medial intervocalic sigma (σ)?
Answer: A rough breathing.
Explanation: In the ancient Laconian dialect, a medial intervocalic sigma (σ) was replaced by a rough breathing.
Which two specific Greek letters, when appearing at the beginning of a word, always receive a rough breathing?
Answer: Upsilon and Rho.
Explanation: In Ancient Greek, an initial upsilon (υ) or rho (ρ) invariably receives a rough breathing mark.
If the second word in a crasis contraction originally had a rough breathing, what happens to the resulting contracted vowel?
Answer: It does not take a rough breathing itself.
Explanation: In crasis, if the second word originally had a rough breathing, the resulting contracted vowel does not receive a rough breathing mark; instead, other phonetic changes or diacritics may occur.
In crasis, if the second word had a rough breathing, what phonetic change occurs to a preceding τ (tau)?
Answer: It becomes θ (theta).
Explanation: During crasis, if the second word had a rough breathing, a preceding τ (tau) undergoes aspiration and changes to θ (theta).
What diacritical mark is placed on the contracted vowel in crasis when the second word had a rough breathing?
Answer: An apostrophe or a coronis.
Explanation: When the second word in a crasis contraction had a rough breathing, the resulting contracted vowel is marked with an apostrophe or a coronis.
How is the sequence of two rhos (ρρ) in the middle of an Ancient Greek word, where the second has a rough breathing, transliterated into Latin?
Answer: *rrh*
Explanation: A sequence of two rhos in the middle of an Ancient Greek word, with the second carrying a rough breathing, is transliterated as *rrh* in Latin.
Which of the following is an example of an Ancient Greek word beginning with rho that takes a rough breathing?
Answer: ῥυθμός (rhythmós)
Explanation: The word ῥυθμός (*rhythmós*) serves as an example of an Ancient Greek word where the initial rho correctly receives a rough breathing.
The Unicode code point U+0314 COMBINING REVERSED COMMA ABOVE is intended exclusively for use with Greek alphabetic scripts.
Answer: False
Explanation: U+0314 COMBINING REVERSED COMMA ABOVE is intended for general use across *all* alphabetic scripts, including both Greek and Latin, not exclusively Greek.
U+1FFE GREEK DASIA is suitable for transliterating Armenian and Semitic scripts into Latin because it is a general combining mark.
Answer: False
Explanation: U+1FFE GREEK DASIA is *not* suitable for transliterating Armenian and Semitic scripts into Latin because it was specifically designed for compatibility with older Greek encodings, not as a general combining mark.
Unicode includes precomposite characters for rough breathing combined with Greek letters, including those with pitch accents or iota subscripts.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement is correct; Unicode's polytonic Greek range provides precomposite characters for various combinations of rough breathing with Greek vowels and diacritics.
The Unicode code point for GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA is U+0391.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement correctly identifies U+0391 as the Unicode code point for GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA.
What is the Unicode code point for GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA?
Answer: U+0391
Explanation: The Unicode code point for GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA is U+0391.
What is the Unicode code point for MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING?
Answer: U+02BF
Explanation: The Unicode code point for MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING is U+02BF.
What is the Unicode code point assigned to the rough breathing mark for general use in alphabetic scripts?
Answer: U+0314
Explanation: U+0314 COMBINING REVERSED COMMA ABOVE is the Unicode code point assigned for the rough breathing mark for general use across alphabetic scripts.
Which Unicode character is specifically encoded for compatibility with legacy 8-bit encodings of the Greek script and is typically used before Greek capital letters?
Answer: U+1FFE GREEK DASIA
Explanation: U+1FFE GREEK DASIA is the Unicode character specifically encoded for compatibility with legacy 8-bit Greek encodings and is typically used before Greek capital letters.
What is the Unicode code point for LATIN SMALL LETTER T?
Answer: U+0074
Explanation: The Unicode code point for LATIN SMALL LETTER T is U+0074.
Which of the following Unicode characters is *not* suitable for transliterating Armenian and Semitic scripts into Latin, due to its specific design for Greek encodings?
Answer: U+1FFE GREEK DASIA
Explanation: U+1FFE GREEK DASIA is specifically designed for compatibility with older Greek encodings and is therefore not suitable for general transliteration of Armenian and Semitic scripts into Latin.
U+02BD MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED COMMA is designed to bind typographically with the letter encoded immediately before it to its left.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately describes the typographical design and function of U+02BD MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED COMMA.
The rough breathing mark was never used in the Early Cyrillic alphabet.
Answer: False
Explanation: The rough breathing mark *was* used in the Early Cyrillic alphabet, specifically when writing the Old Church Slavonic language.
In the Latin transcription of Semitic languages, only U+02BD MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED COMMA is used to represent the letter 'ayin'.
Answer: False
Explanation: In the Latin transcription of Semitic languages, *both* U+02BD MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED COMMA and U+02BF MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING are used to represent the letter 'ayin'.
In the Wade–Giles system for romanizing Mandarin Chinese, U+02BB MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA is used for a sound similar to the rough breathing.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement is correct; U+02BB MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA, or similar characters, were employed in Wade–Giles romanization to represent a sound comparable to the rough breathing.
The Unicode character U+02BD MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED COMMA is used for a space followed by a combining rough breathing in the modern Latin transcription of Armenian.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately describes a specific application of U+02BD MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED COMMA in the modern Latin transcription of Armenian.
The Unicode encoding for the rough breathing in Early Cyrillic is U+0485 COMBINING CYRILLIC DASIA PNEUMATA.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement correctly identifies U+0485 COMBINING CYRILLIC DASIA PNEUMATA as the Unicode encoding for the rough breathing in Early Cyrillic.
The left half ring (U+02BF) cannot be used for the Latin transcription of Armenian because Armenian aspiration is phonetically distinct from Semitic 'ayin'.
Answer: False
Explanation: The left half ring (U+02BF) *can* be used for the Latin transcription of Armenian, despite phonetic differences between Armenian aspiration and Semitic 'ayin'.
Was the rough breathing mark used in the Early Cyrillic alphabet?
Answer: Yes, when writing the Old Church Slavonic language.
Explanation: The rough breathing mark was indeed used in the Early Cyrillic alphabet, specifically in the transcription of Old Church Slavonic.
In the Latin transcription of Semitic languages, which two Unicode characters are used to represent the letter 'ayin'?
Answer: U+02BD and U+02BF.
Explanation: In the Latin transcription of Semitic languages, both U+02BD MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED COMMA and U+02BF MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING are employed to represent the letter 'ayin'.
Which Unicode character represents the rough breathing in the context of Early Cyrillic?
Answer: U+0485 COMBINING CYRILLIC DASIA PNEUMATA
Explanation: U+0485 COMBINING CYRILLIC DASIA PNEUMATA is the Unicode character specifically designated for the rough breathing in Early Cyrillic.
In the Wade–Giles system for romanizing Mandarin Chinese, which Unicode character is used for a sound similar to the rough breathing?
Answer: U+02BB MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA.
Explanation: In the Wade–Giles system for romanizing Mandarin Chinese, U+02BB MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA is employed to represent a sound phonetically similar to the rough breathing.
Which Unicode character is designed to bind typographically with the letter encoded immediately before it to its left and is used for the modern Latin transcription of Armenian?
Answer: U+02BD MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED COMMA
Explanation: U+02BD MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED COMMA is designed to bind typographically with the preceding letter and is used in the modern Latin transcription of Armenian.