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Routledge Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge

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Study Guide: Routledge: A History of Academic Publishing

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Routledge: A History of Academic Publishing Study Guide

Foundational Overview and Operations

Routledge is an English multinational publisher primarily focused on scientific and medical research.

Answer: False

Explanation: Routledge's primary focus is on the humanities, behavioral science, education, law, and social science, not scientific and medical research.

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Routledge's main headquarters is located in Philadelphia, USA, serving its global operations.

Answer: False

Explanation: Routledge's main headquarters is in Milton Park, Oxfordshire, England. While it has an office in Philadelphia, this is not its main headquarters.

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Routledge produces both academic books and peer-reviewed academic journals.

Answer: True

Explanation: The company's output includes both academic books and academic journals, which are typically peer-reviewed.

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Routledge publishes approximately 5,000 new journals and 1,800 new books each year.

Answer: False

Explanation: The numbers are reversed; Routledge publishes approximately 1,800 journals and 5,000 new books annually.

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Routledge is recognized as the largest global academic publisher specifically within the humanities and social sciences.

Answer: True

Explanation: Routledge is claimed to be the largest global academic publisher in the fields of humanities and social sciences.

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Routledge's global operations are limited to its UK headquarters and a single office in New Delhi.

Answer: False

Explanation: Routledge operates from Taylor & Francis offices globally, including locations in Philadelphia, Melbourne, Singapore, and Beijing, in addition to its UK headquarters and New Delhi office.

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What is Routledge's primary focus as an academic publisher?

Answer: Humanities, behavioral science, education, law, and social science

Explanation: Routledge specializes in academic publishing for the fields of humanities, behavioral science, education, law, and social science.

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Where is Routledge's main headquarters located?

Answer: Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England, UK

Explanation: The main headquarters for Routledge is located in Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, in the United Kingdom.

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Approximately how many new books does Routledge publish annually?

Answer: 5,000

Explanation: Routledge publishes approximately 5,000 new books each year, along with 1,800 journals.

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In which specific academic fields is Routledge claimed to be the largest global publisher?

Answer: Humanities and Social Sciences

Explanation: Routledge is claimed to be the largest global academic publisher specifically within the humanities and social sciences disciplines.

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Which of the following cities is NOT listed as a global location where Routledge operates through Taylor & Francis offices?

Answer: Tokyo

Explanation: The provided information lists global offices in Philadelphia, Melbourne, New Delhi, Singapore, and Beijing, but not Tokyo.

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19th Century: Founding and Early Growth

George Routledge founded the publishing firm in 1836, initially publishing an unsuccessful guidebook.

Answer: True

Explanation: The firm was founded in 1836 by George Routledge, whose first publication was an unsuccessful guidebook titled *The Beauties of Gilsland*.

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In 1848, George Routledge and W. H. Warne successfully entered the market for selling expensive academic texts to university libraries.

Answer: False

Explanation: In 1848, they entered the market for selling inexpensive works of fiction to rail travelers through their 'Railway Library' series.

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The company George Routledge & Co. was officially founded in 1851 with George Routledge and Frederick Warne as partners.

Answer: True

Explanation: The company was formally established as George Routledge & Co. in 1851, with George Routledge and Frederick Warne as partners.

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Routledge's success in selling reprints of *Uncle Tom's Cabin* in 1852 was due to exclusive copyright agreements.

Answer: False

Explanation: The success was due to the work being in the public domain in the UK, which allowed Routledge to sell reprints without needing an exclusive copyright agreement.

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In 1852, Routledge paid Edward Bulwer-Lytton 20,000 pounds for a 10-year lease for sole printing rights to his works.

Answer: True

Explanation: Routledge paid Edward Bulwer-Lytton 20,000 pounds for a 10-year lease, granting them sole rights to print 35 of his works.

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Robert Warne Routledge became a partner in 1865, leading to the company being restyled as George Routledge & Sons.

Answer: False

Explanation: Robert Warne Routledge became a partner in 1858, when the company was named Routledge, Warne & Routledge. It was George's son, Edmund Routledge, who became a partner in 1865, leading to the name George Routledge & Sons.

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Frederick Warne left the company after the death of his brother W. H. Warne in May 1859 and founded Frederick Warne & Co. in 1865.

Answer: True

Explanation: Following the death of his brother W. H. Warne, Frederick Warne left the partnership and later established his own firm, Frederick Warne & Co., in 1865.

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By 1899, Routledge was thriving financially and did not require any restructuring.

Answer: False

Explanation: By 1899, the company was close to bankruptcy and required a successful restructuring in 1902 to recover.

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Who founded Routledge and in what year?

Answer: George Routledge in 1836

Explanation: The publishing firm was founded in 1836 by George Routledge.

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What was the title of George Routledge's initial, unsuccessful publication in 1836?

Answer: *The Beauties of Gilsland*

Explanation: George Routledge's first publication in 1836 was an unsuccessful guidebook titled *The Beauties of Gilsland*.

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In 1848, George Routledge and W. H. Warne entered the market for inexpensive fiction for rail travelers with what popular series?

Answer: 'Railway Library'

Explanation: They capitalized on the growing rail travel market by launching the 'Railway Library,' a series of inexpensive fiction imprints.

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In what year was the company George Routledge & Co. officially founded?

Answer: 1851

Explanation: The company was officially founded as George Routledge & Co. in 1851 with Frederick Warne as a partner.

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The lucrative business from selling reprints of *Uncle Tom's Cabin* in 1852 allowed Routledge to make what significant financial move?

Answer: Pay author Edward Bulwer-Lytton a substantial sum for his works.

Explanation: The profits from selling reprints of the public domain work *Uncle Tom's Cabin* enabled Routledge to pay Edward Bulwer-Lytton for the sole rights to print his works.

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What was the key detail of the agreement Routledge made with Edward Bulwer-Lytton in 1852?

Answer: They paid him 20,000 pounds for a 10-year lease for sole rights to print 35 of his works.

Explanation: The agreement involved a payment of 20,000 pounds for a 10-year lease that granted Routledge sole rights to print 35 of Edward Bulwer-Lytton's works.

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When was the company restyled as Routledge, Warne & Routledge, and who became a partner at that time?

Answer: 1858, Robert Warne Routledge

Explanation: In 1858, George Routledge's son, Robert Warne Routledge, became a partner, and the company was renamed Routledge, Warne & Routledge.

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Frederick Warne left Routledge and founded Frederick Warne & Co. in 1865 for what reason?

Answer: He left after the death of his brother W. H. Warne.

Explanation: Frederick Warne left the partnership following the death of his brother, W. H. Warne, in 1859, and subsequently founded his own company in 1865.

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What was the financial state of Routledge by 1899, and how was it resolved?

Answer: It was close to bankruptcy but recovered after a successful restructuring in 1902.

Explanation: By 1899, the company was near bankruptcy but was saved by a successful restructuring effort that concluded in 1902.

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Early 20th Century: Shift to Scholarly Publishing

In the early 20th century, Routledge acquired J. C. Nimmo Ltd. and took over the management of Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.

Answer: True

Explanation: In 1903, Routledge acquired J. C. Nimmo Ltd., and in 1912, it took over management of Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.

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The early 20th-century acquisitions shifted Routledge's focus primarily towards general fiction and popular magazines.

Answer: False

Explanation: These acquisitions brought notable scholarly titles, leading the company to concentrate increasingly on academic and scholarly publishing.

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George Routledge and Sons merged with Kegan Paul Trench Trubner in 1947, forming Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Answer: True

Explanation: In 1947, the two firms merged to form a new company named Routledge & Kegan Paul.

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Routledge & Kegan Paul became particularly known for its titles in philosophy, psychology, and the social sciences, advised by figures like C. K. Ogden.

Answer: True

Explanation: With advisers like C. K. Ogden and Karl Mannheim, Routledge & Kegan Paul became well-known for its publications in philosophy, psychology, and the social sciences.

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Which pair of publishing companies did Routledge acquire or take over management of in the early 20th century?

Answer: J. C. Nimmo Ltd. and Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.

Explanation: In the early 20th century, Routledge acquired J. C. Nimmo Ltd. (1903) and took over the management of Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. (1912).

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The early 20th-century acquisitions primarily led Routledge to focus more on what type of publishing?

Answer: Academic and scholarly publishing

Explanation: These acquisitions brought in notable scholarly titles, causing the company to become increasingly concentrated in academic and scholarly publishing.

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In what year did George Routledge and Sons merge with Kegan Paul Trench Trubner, and what was the resulting company name?

Answer: 1947, Routledge & Kegan Paul

Explanation: The two companies formally merged in 1947, creating the new entity named Routledge & Kegan Paul.

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Routledge & Kegan Paul became particularly known for its titles in which fields, with C. K. Ogden as an adviser?

Answer: Philosophy, psychology, and the social sciences

Explanation: With advisers like C. K. Ogden and Karl Mannheim, the company became well-regarded for its publications in philosophy, psychology, and the social sciences.

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Corporate History: Mergers and Acquisitions (1985-Present)

Routledge operates as an independent company, having never been part of a larger publishing group.

Answer: False

Explanation: Routledge is currently a subdivision and imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, which is part of the larger corporate entity Informa plc.

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Routledge became a subdivision of Taylor & Francis Group in 2004 as part of a 25-million-pound acquisition.

Answer: False

Explanation: The acquisition by Taylor & Francis Group occurred in 1998 for 90 million pounds. The 25-million-pound figure relates to its purchase by Cinven two years prior.

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Before its 1998 acquisition by Taylor & Francis, Routledge was owned by International Thomson.

Answer: False

Explanation: Immediately before the 1998 acquisition, Routledge was owned by the venture capital group Cinven, which had purchased it in 1996.

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Following the 2004 merger of Informa and Taylor & Francis, Routledge became a distinct publishing unit under the larger Informa umbrella.

Answer: True

Explanation: After the 2004 merger, Routledge became a publishing unit and major imprint within Informa's academic publishing division.

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In 1987, Routledge & Kegan Paul joined International Thomson directly.

Answer: False

Explanation: Routledge & Kegan Paul first joined Associated Book Publishers (ABP) in 1985, and ABP was subsequently acquired by International Thomson in 1987.

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Under International Thomson's ownership, Routledge's name was changed, and its operations were significantly reduced.

Answer: False

Explanation: Under International Thomson, Routledge's name and operations were retained, and its portfolio was expanded with the addition of several other publishers' backlists.

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Routledge became an independent company again in 1996 through a management buyout financed by Cinven.

Answer: True

Explanation: In 1996, Routledge became independent via a management buyout financed by the private equity firm Cinven.

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Cinven acquired the journal publisher Carfax and book publisher Spon in 1997, expanding its portfolio alongside Routledge.

Answer: True

Explanation: In 1997, Cinven, which already owned Routledge, acquired the journals publisher Carfax and the book publisher Spon.

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Routledge's growth since joining Informa has been exclusively through organic growth, without any acquisitions.

Answer: False

Explanation: Routledge's growth has been a result of both organic growth (increasing output and sales) and acquisitions of other publishing companies by its parent company.

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All titles acquired by Taylor & Francis from other publishers are rebranded under the Routledge imprint, regardless of subject.

Answer: False

Explanation: Only the humanities and social sciences titles acquired by Taylor & Francis are rebranded under the Routledge imprint.

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Routledge is currently a subdivision and imprint of which larger corporate entity?

Answer: Informa plc

Explanation: Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, which is part of the larger multinational company Informa plc.

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What was the financial value of the 1998 acquisition that made Routledge a subdivision of Taylor & Francis Group?

Answer: 90 million pounds

Explanation: In 1998, Taylor & Francis Group acquired Routledge in a deal valued at 90 million pounds.

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Who owned Routledge immediately before its acquisition by Taylor & Francis in 1998?

Answer: Cinven

Explanation: Routledge was owned by the venture capital group Cinven, which had financed a management buyout in 1996, before being sold to Taylor & Francis in 1998.

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Following the merger of Informa and Taylor & Francis in 2004, what became of Routledge's organizational status?

Answer: It became a publishing unit and major imprint within Informa's academic publishing division.

Explanation: After the 2004 merger, Routledge continued as a publishing unit and major imprint under the umbrella of Informa's academic publishing division.

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What corporate changes occurred for Routledge & Kegan Paul between 1985 and 1987?

Answer: It joined Associated Book Publishers (ABP), which was then acquired by International Thomson.

Explanation: In 1985, Routledge & Kegan Paul joined Associated Book Publishers (ABP), which was subsequently acquired by International Thomson in 1987.

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Which of the following backlists were added to Routledge under International Thomson's ownership?

Answer: Methuen, Tavistock Publications, Croom Helm, and Unwin Hyman

Explanation: While under International Thomson's ownership, Routledge's portfolio was expanded with the backlists of Methuen, Tavistock Publications, Croom Helm, and Unwin Hyman.

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How did Routledge become an independent company again in 1996?

Answer: Through a management buyout financed by the European private equity firm Cinven.

Explanation: In 1996, Routledge's management team purchased the company's assets and operations in a management buyout financed by the private equity firm Cinven.

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What acquisitions did Cinven make in 1997 that were related to Routledge's portfolio?

Answer: Carfax (journals publisher) and Spon (book publisher)

Explanation: In 1997, Cinven, which owned Routledge at the time, acquired the journals publisher Carfax and the book publisher Spon.

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How has Routledge continued to grow since becoming part of Informa's academic publishing division?

Answer: As a result of organic growth and acquisitions of other publishing companies and titles by its parent company.

Explanation: Routledge's growth has been driven by a combination of organic growth (increased output and sales) and acquisitions made by its parent company, Informa.

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What happens to humanities and social sciences titles acquired by Taylor & Francis from other publishers?

Answer: They are rebranded under the Routledge imprint.

Explanation: Titles in the humanities and social sciences that are acquired by Taylor & Francis from other publishers are subsequently rebranded with the Routledge imprint.

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Notable Publications, Series, and Authors

William Germano served as a commissioning editor for Routledge in the 1990s.

Answer: False

Explanation: William Germano served as vice-president and publishing director. Nina Stibbe was a commissioning editor in the 1990s.

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The *Routledge Classics* and *Routledge Great Minds* series are dedicated to publishing newly commissioned works by emerging scholars.

Answer: False

Explanation: These series feature republished works of prominent and notable authors from the past, not newly commissioned works.

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Taylor and Francis closed down the Routledge print encyclopaedia division in 2006.

Answer: True

Explanation: The print encyclopaedia division was closed in 2006, reflecting a broader industry shift towards digital reference materials.

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The *Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy* was initially published as an online-only resource.

Answer: False

Explanation: It was first published in 1998 as a 10-volume print set and was later made available online.

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The *Europa World Year Book* is an example of a reference work from Europa Publications published by Routledge.

Answer: True

Explanation: Routledge publishes several reference works from Europa Publications, including the *Europa World Year Book*.

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Many of Routledge's reference works are available in both print and electronic formats, including dedicated websites like Routledge Handbooks Online.

Answer: True

Explanation: Routledge offers many of its reference works, such as the Routledge Handbooks, in both print and electronic formats, with a dedicated online platform.

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The *Routledge Worlds* series consists of books that provide brief overviews of contemporary political issues.

Answer: False

Explanation: The publisher describes the *Routledge Worlds* series as 'magisterial surveys of key historical epochs,' not brief political overviews.

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*Routledge's Railway Library* was a series of inexpensive fiction works primarily sold at railway bookstalls.

Answer: True

Explanation: This series, published from 1848 to 1899, consisted of inexpensive fiction sold through W. H. Smith's bookstalls on railway platforms.

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*The Muses' Library* was originally established by Routledge in 1891.

Answer: False

Explanation: The series was originally established in 1891 by Lawrence & Bullen. Routledge revived the series in 1904 after the original publisher ceased operations.

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Who served as a commissioning editor for Routledge in the 1990s?

Answer: Nina Stibbe

Explanation: Novelist Nina Stibbe worked as a commissioning editor for Routledge during the 1990s.

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Which of the following authors is NOT mentioned as having published works with Routledge?

Answer: Stephen Hawking

Explanation: The provided list of prominent authors published by Routledge includes Albert Einstein, Michel Foucault, and Sigmund Freud, but not Stephen Hawking.

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What are the names of the specific book series by Routledge that feature republished works of notable authors?

Answer: *Routledge Classics* and *Routledge Great Minds*

Explanation: The *Routledge Classics* and *Routledge Great Minds* series are dedicated to republishing the works of influential thinkers and scholars.

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In what year did Taylor and Francis discontinue the Routledge print encyclopaedia division?

Answer: 2006

Explanation: Taylor and Francis closed down the Routledge print encyclopaedia division in 2006.

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Which of the following was a notable print encyclopedia published by Routledge before 2006?

Answer: *Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy*

Explanation: Among its notable print reference works, Routledge published the 10-volume *Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy* in 1998.

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Which of the following reference works from Europa Publications is published by Routledge?

Answer: *The Europa World Year Book*

Explanation: Routledge publishes reference works from Europa Publications, including *The Europa World Year Book* and *International Who's Who*.

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How are many of Routledge's reference works made available to readers?

Answer: As Routledge Handbooks in both print and electronic formats, with a dedicated website.

Explanation: Many reference works are published as Routledge Handbooks, which are available in both print and electronic formats and are accessible via the Routledge Handbooks Online website.

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Which of the following is an example of an online encyclopedia or digital content collection published by Routledge?

Answer: *Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism*

Explanation: Routledge publishes several online encyclopedias and digital collections, including the *Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism* and the *Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy*.

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How does the publisher describe the books in the *Routledge Worlds* series?

Answer: Magisterial surveys of key historical epochs.

Explanation: The *Routledge Worlds* series is described by the publisher as consisting of 'magisterial surveys of key historical epochs,' offering in-depth explorations of specific cultural or historical contexts.

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What was the primary distribution method for books in *Routledge's Railway Library*?

Answer: Primarily sold through W. H. Smith's bookstalls on railway platforms.

Explanation: The books in the *Routledge's Railway Library* series were mainly sold at W. H. Smith's bookstalls on railway platforms, targeting travelers.

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Which of the following authors was featured in *Routledge's Railway Library*?

Answer: Jane Austen

Explanation: The *Railway Library* featured works from a mix of popular and classic authors, including Jane Austen, James Fenimore Cooper, and Victor Hugo.

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What is the history of *The Muses' Library* series before Routledge revived it?

Answer: It was originally established in 1891 by Lawrence & Bullen.

Explanation: *The Muses' Library* was a series of fine poetry editions established by Lawrence & Bullen in 1891. Routledge revived the series in 1904 after the original publisher ceased operations.

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Modern Initiatives and Criticism

Routledge is a signatory of the SDG Publishers Compact and has achieved CarbonNeutral publication certification for its print books and journals.

Answer: True

Explanation: Routledge has committed to sustainable practices by signing the SDG Publishers Compact and achieving CarbonNeutral publication certification.

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Routledge has faced criticism for its pricing structure, which some argue limits readership compared to open access options.

Answer: True

Explanation: The publisher has been criticized for a pricing model that is said to limit readership to a 'privileged few,' particularly in contrast to open access publishing.

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Which of the following best describes Routledge's stance on sustainable publishing?

Answer: They are a signatory of the SDG Publishers Compact and have achieved CarbonNeutral publication certification.

Explanation: Routledge has demonstrated a commitment to sustainability by signing the SDG Publishers Compact and achieving CarbonNeutral certification for its print publications.

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What criticism has Routledge received regarding its pricing structure?

Answer: It limits readership to a privileged few, especially compared to open access options.

Explanation: Routledge has been criticized for a pricing model that allegedly limits readership, particularly when contrasted with the accessibility of open access publishing platforms.

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