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The Russian Enlightenment was primarily a religious revival movement that occurred in the 19th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Russian Enlightenment was an intellectual and cultural movement of the 18th century, distinct from a religious revival, and predates the 19th century.
A key characteristic of the Russian Enlightenment was the government's active promotion of the arts and sciences.
Answer: True
Explanation: The government actively promoted the arts and sciences, fostering significant developments in Russian culture during the Enlightenment period.
Unlike its Western European counterpart, the Russian Enlightenment strongly advocated for the separation of church and state.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Russian Enlightenment did not advocate for the separation of church and state, distinguishing it from certain aspects of its Western European counterpart.
Pugachev's Rebellion and the French Revolution had no significant impact on the intellectual discourse of the Russian Enlightenment.
Answer: False
Explanation: Pugachev's Rebellion and the French Revolution significantly impacted the intellectual discourse, altering the landscape and prompting debates about Russia's future.
For Russian intellectuals, the term 'prosveshcheniye' exclusively referred to the acquisition of secular knowledge and scientific understanding.
Answer: False
Explanation: The term 'prosveshcheniye' encompassed a broader commitment to piety, erudition, and the promotion of learning, not exclusively secular knowledge.
The intellectual roots of the Russian Enlightenment can be traced back to the writings of Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky.
Answer: False
Explanation: The intellectual roots of the Russian Enlightenment are traced to the era of Peter the Great, not to the later writings of Tolstoy and Dostoevsky.
Peter the Great established the traditional 'good tsar' model, emphasizing piety and adherence to old customs.
Answer: False
Explanation: Peter the Great established the precedent of the 'reforming tsar,' emphasizing modernization and Western ideas, rather than the traditional 'good tsar' model.
What historical period is identified as the Russian Enlightenment, characterized by government promotion of arts and sciences?
Answer: The 18th century, featuring significant developments in culture and learning.
Explanation: The Russian Enlightenment was an intellectual and cultural movement of the 18th century, characterized by government promotion of the arts and sciences.
How did the Russian Enlightenment primarily differ from its Western European counterpart?
Answer: It did not advocate for the separation of church and state.
Explanation: The Russian Enlightenment differed from its Western European counterpart primarily in its focus on modernization and its lack of advocacy for the separation of church and state.
Which major historical events significantly impacted the intellectual climate of the Russian Enlightenment?
Answer: Pugachev's Rebellion and the French Revolution.
Explanation: Pugachev's Rebellion and the French Revolution profoundly affected the intellectual climate of the Russian Enlightenment, prompting significant debates and shifts in thought.
What did the term 'prosveshcheniye' signify for intellectuals during the Russian Enlightenment?
Answer: A commitment to piety, erudition, and promoting learning.
Explanation: The term 'prosveshcheniye' signified a commitment to piety, the cultivation of erudition, and the active promotion of learning throughout society.
Which era's intellectual spirit is evident in the origins of the Russian Enlightenment, according to the source?
Answer: The era of Peter the Great.
Explanation: The intellectual spirit evident in the origins of the Russian Enlightenment can be traced back to the era of Peter the Great.
Peter the Great established a precedent for subsequent Russian rulers by introducing the concept of the:
Answer: 'Reforming Tsar' focused on modernization and Western ideas.
Explanation: Peter the Great established the precedent of the 'reforming tsar,' emphasizing modernization and Western ideas, which influenced subsequent rulers.
Denis Fonvizin and Alexander Radishchev were prominent intellectuals whose debates helped precipitate the division of Russian thought into radical, Western, conservative, and Slavophile traditions.
Answer: True
Explanation: The intellectual debates involving Denis Fonvizin and Alexander Radishchev were crucial in fostering the division of Russian thought into distinct radical, Western, conservative, and Slavophile traditions.
During Empress Elizaveta Petrovna's reign, Ivan Shuvalov was instrumental in founding the Moscow University and the Imperial Academy of Arts.
Answer: True
Explanation: Ivan Shuvalov played a pivotal role in establishing the Moscow University and the Imperial Academy of Arts during Empress Elizaveta Petrovna's reign.
Mikhail Lomonosov was primarily recognized for his military leadership during the Russian Enlightenment.
Answer: False
Explanation: Mikhail Lomonosov was recognized as a preeminent polymath, making significant contributions across science, philosophy, and the arts, not primarily for military leadership.
Professor Semyon Desnitsky proposed strengthening the autocrat's power, while Mikhail Kheraskov suggested the autocrat should evolve into a constitutional monarch.
Answer: False
Explanation: Professor Semyon Desnitsky proposed a separation of powers and a periodically elected Senate, while Mikhail Kheraskov suggested the autocrat should evolve into a constitutional monarch.
Nikolay Novikov's concept of 'prosveshchenie' aligned with the skeptical and critical spirit of the European Enlightenment.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nikolay Novikov's concept of 'prosveshchenie' emphasized religious piety and erudition, differing from the skeptical and critical spirit of the European Enlightenment.
The discussions among intellectuals like Denis Fonvizin and Alexander Radishchev were instrumental in precipitating the division of Russian thought into which traditions?
Answer: Radical, Western, Conservative, and Slavophile.
Explanation: The intellectual discourse involving figures like Denis Fonvizin and Alexander Radishchev was crucial in dividing Russian thought into radical, Western, conservative, and Slavophile traditions.
Who was the key proponent for founding the Moscow University and the Imperial Academy of Arts during Empress Elizaveta Petrovna's reign?
Answer: Ivan Shuvalov
Explanation: Ivan Shuvalov was the key proponent instrumental in founding the Moscow University and the Imperial Academy of Arts during Empress Elizaveta Petrovna's reign.
Mikhail Lomonosov is recognized as the preeminent Russian:
Answer: Polymath
Explanation: Mikhail Lomonosov is recognized as the preeminent Russian polymath of his time, contributing significantly across multiple disciplines.
Nikolay Novikov's interpretation of 'prosveshchenie' emphasized:
Answer: Religious piety and the cultivation of erudition.
Explanation: Nikolay Novikov's interpretation of 'prosveshchenie' emphasized religious piety and erudition.
Catherine the Great identified herself as an enlightened despot aiming to make Russia intellectually and culturally equal to European nations.
Answer: True
Explanation: Catherine the Great embraced the concept of enlightened despotism, striving to elevate Russia's intellectual and cultural standing to match that of European nations.
Catherine the Great faced no criticism regarding her adherence to Enlightenment principles, as her actions were universally praised.
Answer: False
Explanation: Catherine the Great faced considerable criticism regarding her adherence to Enlightenment principles, with contemporaries often viewing her actions as self-serving.
Catherine the Great's principal objective for Russia, beyond territorial expansion, was the qualitative westernization of the country.
Answer: True
Explanation: Beyond territorial expansion, Catherine the Great's primary objective was the qualitative westernization of Russia, aiming to elevate its intellectual and cultural standing.
Catherine the Great's reforms primarily focused on territorial expansion and military modernization, mirroring Peter the Great's policies.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Catherine pursued territorial expansion and military modernization, her reforms also significantly focused on legislative changes and the introduction of liberal Western ideas to modernize the state.
Catherine the Great reorganized Russia into a small number of large administrative regions to centralize power.
Answer: False
Explanation: Catherine the Great reorganized Russia into fifty 'gubernii' provinces, further divided into districts, creating a more extensive administrative framework rather than a small number of large regions.
Catherine the Great's 'Nakaz,' or 'Instruction,' was a secret document outlining plans for suppressing internal dissent.
Answer: False
Explanation: Catherine the Great's 'Nakaz' was a public document outlining her political ideals and serving as a guide for the Legislative Commission, not a secret plan for suppression.
Despite embracing Enlightenment ideals, Catherine the Great ultimately governed through autocratic rule, managing the state via functional colleges.
Answer: True
Explanation: Catherine the Great governed through autocratic rule, utilizing functional colleges and retaining ultimate power, despite her engagement with Enlightenment principles.
Scholars universally agree that Catherine the Great's legal reforms were purely philosophical applications of Enlightenment thought, devoid of practical considerations.
Answer: False
Explanation: Scholarly interpretations suggest Catherine's legal reforms were pragmatic, drawing on Enlightenment ideas but also serving practical state interests, rather than being purely philosophical.
The political strategy of 'reform conservatism' involved maintaining state power while resisting all progressive reforms.
Answer: False
Explanation: Reform conservatism involved maintaining state power while simultaneously incorporating progressive reforms, rather than resisting all change.
Catherine the Great believed Russia should remain culturally isolated to preserve its unique identity.
Answer: False
Explanation: Catherine the Great actively promoted Western European cultural standards, believing integration was essential for Russia to achieve parity with European nations.
Catherine the Great primarily used public ceremonies and legislation to regulate Russian society, similar to Peter the Great.
Answer: False
Explanation: Peter the Great primarily used public ceremonies and legislation, while Catherine the Great focused more on educational reforms for internal behavior regulation.
Voltaire initiated his correspondence with Catherine the Great by sending her philosophical treatises.
Answer: False
Explanation: Catherine the Great initiated the correspondence by actively seeking Voltaire's attention and praising him, not by sending him treatises.
Catherine's primary motivation for corresponding with Voltaire was to gain his approval and legitimize her rule after seizing power.
Answer: True
Explanation: Catherine's primary motivations included seeking Voltaire's approval to legitimize her rule and influence Western opinion, alongside intellectual engagement.
Voltaire benefited from his association with Catherine by gaining significant financial patronage and exclusive publishing rights in Russia.
Answer: False
Explanation: Voltaire benefited from the intellectual exchange and recognition, rather than direct financial patronage or exclusive publishing rights.
Voltaire acted as a critic of Catherine the Great, using his writings to expose the flaws in her rule to the European public.
Answer: False
Explanation: Voltaire acted as an advocate and propagandist for Catherine, promoting her image and policies in Europe.
Catherine the Great strategically used her correspondence with Voltaire primarily to discuss literary criticism and poetry.
Answer: False
Explanation: Catherine strategically used her correspondence with Voltaire to discuss politics, philosophy, and literature, aiming to legitimize her rule and influence European opinion.
Catherine the Great referred to Voltaire as her 'teacher' and 'master of thought,' expressing deep admiration.
Answer: True
Explanation: Catherine the Great expressed deep admiration for Voltaire, referring to him as her 'teacher' and 'master of thought'.
Catherine the Great's implementation of Enlightenment reforms was unhindered by the need for noble support, allowing radical changes regarding serfdom.
Answer: False
Explanation: Catherine's reforms, particularly concerning serfdom, were significantly constrained by her reliance on noble support.
Catherine the Great identified herself as an enlightened despot with the primary goal of:
Answer: Elevating Russia to parity with European neighbors culturally and intellectually.
Explanation: Catherine the Great's primary goal as an enlightened despot was to elevate Russia's cultural and intellectual standing to match that of its European neighbors.
Criticisms directed at Catherine the Great's commitment to Enlightenment ideals sometimes stemmed from:
Answer: Her actions being viewed as self-serving and her complex personality.
Explanation: Criticisms of Catherine the Great's adherence to Enlightenment ideals often arose from perceptions of her actions as self-serving and her personality as complex.
Beyond military and territorial expansion, what was Catherine the Great's principal objective for Russia's development?
Answer: The qualitative westernization of Russia.
Explanation: Catherine the Great's principal objective for Russia's development, beyond expansion, was the qualitative westernization of the country, aiming to elevate its cultural and intellectual standing.
Beyond territorial gains, Catherine the Great's reforms aimed to modernize the Russian Empire through:
Answer: Legislative changes and liberal Western ideas.
Explanation: Catherine the Great's reforms aimed at modernizing the Russian Empire through legislative changes and the adoption of liberal Western European ideas.
Catherine the Great reorganized Russia's administration by establishing:
Answer: Fifty 'gubernii' provinces, further divided into districts.
Explanation: Catherine the Great reorganized Russia's administration by establishing fifty 'gubernii' provinces, which were further subdivided into districts.
What was the primary function of Catherine the Great's 'Nakaz'?
Answer: To outline political ideals and guide the Legislative Commission.
Explanation: Catherine the Great's 'Nakaz' served to outline her political ideals and provide guidance for the Legislative Commission convened in 1767.
How did Catherine the Great ultimately exercise political power, despite engaging with Enlightenment ideals?
Answer: Through autocratic rule and functional colleges.
Explanation: Catherine the Great ultimately exercised political power through autocratic rule, managing the state via functional colleges and retaining ultimate legislative authority.
Interpretations of Catherine the Great's legal reforms suggest she may have used Enlightenment ideas primarily to:
Answer: Legitimize her reign and position Russia as a European leader.
Explanation: Scholarly interpretations suggest Catherine the Great used Enlightenment ideas primarily to legitimize her reign and enhance Russia's standing as a European leader.
The strategy of 'reform conservatism' adopted by Russian rulers was characterized by:
Answer: Maintaining state power while incorporating progressive reforms.
Explanation: 'Reform conservatism' was characterized by maintaining state power while incorporating progressive reforms, often to preserve the existing structure.
Catherine the Great's efforts to integrate Western European cultural standards into Russia were primarily aimed at:
Answer: Achieve parity with European nations and gain international respect.
Explanation: Catherine the Great promoted Western European cultural standards to achieve parity with European nations and enhance Russia's international respect.
How did Catherine the Great's methods of societal regulation differ from those of Peter the Great?
Answer: Catherine focused on educational reforms for internal behavior regulation, while Peter used public ceremonies and legislation.
Explanation: Peter the Great primarily used public ceremonies and legislation for societal regulation, whereas Catherine the Great emphasized educational reforms for internal behavior regulation.
How did Catherine the Great initiate her relationship with Voltaire?
Answer: By actively seeking connection and praising him.
Explanation: Catherine the Great initiated her relationship with Voltaire by actively seeking his attention and praising him through correspondence.
Catherine the Great's motivations for corresponding with Voltaire included:
Answer: Legitimizing her rule and influencing Western opinion.
Explanation: Catherine's motivations for corresponding with Voltaire included legitimizing her rule, influencing Western opinion, and engaging in intellectual discourse.
In what ways did Voltaire benefit from his association and correspondence with Catherine the Great?
Answer: Exploring the practical applications of enlightened despotism and receiving recognition.
Explanation: Voltaire benefited from exploring the practical applications of enlightened despotism and receiving recognition through his association with Catherine the Great.
Voltaire acted as a propagandist for Catherine the Great by:
Answer: Writing pamphlets supporting her actions and disseminating favorable information.
Explanation: Voltaire acted as a propagandist for Catherine the Great by writing pamphlets supporting her actions and disseminating favorable information through the European press.
How did Catherine the Great strategically use her correspondence with Voltaire to manage her public image and policies?
Answer: Shape European perceptions of her rule and policies.
Explanation: Catherine strategically used her correspondence with Voltaire to bolster her image, justify her policies, and shape European perceptions of her rule.
Catherine the Great expressed her high regard for Voltaire by calling him her:
Answer: 'Teacher' and 'master of thought'
Explanation: Catherine the Great expressed her high regard for Voltaire by referring to him as her 'teacher' and 'master of thought'.
Catherine the Great's ability to implement reforms, particularly concerning serfdom, was limited by:
Answer: Her need for support from the nobility.
Explanation: Catherine the Great's ability to implement reforms, especially concerning serfdom, was constrained by her reliance on the support of the nobility.
State-run schools established under Catherine's initiative emphasized patriotism and the importance of embracing innovation.
Answer: True
Explanation: State-run educational institutions during Catherine's reign consistently stressed patriotism and the necessity of embracing innovation.
The Smolny Institute was established to train girls primarily in domestic skills and religious instruction.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Smolny Institute provided a comprehensive education in polite social conduct, moral education, and various academic subjects, not solely domestic skills and religious instruction.
Catherine's Sub-Commission on Education focused solely on establishing universities modeled after French institutions.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Sub-Commission on Education aimed to develop primary, secondary, and higher education systems, drawing inspiration from various models, not solely French universities.
Russia successfully implemented a widespread public school system during Catherine's reign due to ample funding and qualified teachers.
Answer: False
Explanation: The implementation of Russia's public school system faced significant challenges, including a lack of funding and a shortage of qualified teachers.
Catherine's educational reforms aimed to create citizens focused solely on religious devotion and obedience to the Tsar.
Answer: False
Explanation: Catherine's educational reforms aimed to cultivate a 'new breed of citizens' emphasizing patriotism and innovation, not solely religious devotion.
Fyodor Volkov and Ivan Dmitrievsky were key figures in the development of Russian theatre during the Enlightenment.
Answer: True
Explanation: Fyodor Volkov and Ivan Dmitrievsky were indeed key figures in establishing the first Russian theatre troupe, contributing significantly to the development of Russian theatre during the Enlightenment.
Opera was first introduced to Russia in 1755 with the performance of Francesco Araja's 'Tsefal i Prokris'.
Answer: False
Explanation: Opera was first introduced to Russia in 1731; however, the 1755 performance of Francesco Araja's 'Tsefal i Prokris' was significant as the first opera composed in the Russian language.
Foreign composers like Hasse and Galuppi played a significant role in shaping Russian opera during the 18th century.
Answer: True
Explanation: Foreign composers such as Hasse and Galuppi were instrumental in shaping Russian opera through their compositions for the imperial court.
The tradition of public concerts began in Russia in the 1780s, featuring emerging Russian virtuoso musicians.
Answer: False
Explanation: The tradition of public concerts began in Russia in 1746, predating the 1780s, although the later period saw the emergence of Russian virtuoso musicians.
From the 1770s onwards, the music business in Russia experienced stagnation, with minimal growth in publishing and sales.
Answer: False
Explanation: From the 1770s onward, the Russian music business experienced significant growth, including flourishing music publishing and increased sales.
Sacred music genres in Russia remained unaffected by foreign influences during the Enlightenment.
Answer: False
Explanation: Sacred music genres in Russia were significantly transformed by foreign influences, notably from Italian opera composers.
Freemasonry and Martinism were associated with key figures of the Russian Enlightenment, such as Ivan Yelagin.
Answer: True
Explanation: Freemasonry and Martinism were indeed associated with key figures of the Russian Enlightenment, including Ivan Yelagin, who was instrumental in organizing Russian Freemasonry.
Catherine the Great consistently supported Freemasonry throughout her reign, viewing it as beneficial to the state.
Answer: False
Explanation: Catherine the Great's support for Freemasonry was not consistent; her attitude shifted to suspicion, particularly after the French Revolution, leading to suppression.
Foundational principles consistently stressed in state-run educational institutions during Catherine's reign included:
Answer: Patriotism and embracing innovation.
Explanation: State-run educational institutions during Catherine's reign consistently emphasized patriotism and the necessity of embracing innovation.
The Smolny Institute was established primarily to provide upper-class girls with instruction in:
Answer: Polite social conduct and moral education.
Explanation: The Smolny Institute was founded primarily to provide upper-class girls with instruction in polite social conduct and moral education.
What was a primary goal of Catherine's Sub-Commission on Education?
Answer: To develop primary, secondary, and higher education systems.
Explanation: A primary goal of Catherine's Sub-Commission on Education was to develop comprehensive primary, secondary, and higher education systems for the empire.
Significant challenges faced in implementing Russia's public school system during Catherine's reign included:
Answer: Lack of funding and shortage of qualified teachers.
Explanation: Significant challenges in implementing Russia's public school system included a lack of adequate funding and a shortage of qualified teachers.
Catherine the Great's educational reforms, particularly through institutions like the Smolny Institute, aimed to cultivate:
Answer: A 'new breed of citizens' focused on civic duty.
Explanation: Catherine the Great's educational reforms aimed to cultivate a 'new breed of citizens' emphasizing civic duty and patriotism.
Who was instrumental in founding the first Russian theatre troupe in Yaroslavl during the Enlightenment?
Answer: Fyodor Volkov
Explanation: Fyodor Volkov was instrumental in founding the first Russian theatre troupe in Yaroslavl during the Enlightenment.
The first opera composed in the Russian language, noted in the source, was:
Answer: Tsefal i Prokris by Francesco Araja
Explanation: Francesco Araja's opera 'Tsefal i Prokris' (1755) is noted as the first opera composed in the Russian language.
By the 1780s and 1790s, Russia saw the emergence of its own virtuoso musicians, including:
Answer: Ivan Khandoshkin and Elizaveta Sandunova
Explanation: By the late 18th century, Russia saw the emergence of its own virtuoso musicians, such as the violinist Ivan Khandoshkin and the singer Elizaveta Sandunova.
From the 1770s onwards, the music industry in Russia experienced:
Answer: Significant growth, including music publishing and increased sales.
Explanation: From the 1770s onward, the Russian music industry experienced significant growth, including flourishing music publishing and increased sales.
How were sacred music genres transformed under foreign influences during the Russian Enlightenment?
Answer: Contributing liturgies and influencing the choral concerto form.
Explanation: Sacred music genres in Russia were transformed by foreign influences, particularly from Italian opera composers, who contributed liturgies and influenced the choral concerto form.
Catherine the Great's attitude towards Freemasonry evolved from tolerance to suspicion, particularly after:
Answer: The French Revolution.
Explanation: Catherine the Great's attitude towards Freemasonry shifted from tolerance to suspicion, particularly following the French Revolution.
In 18th-century Russia, 'Westernization' referred solely to the adoption of Western European fashion and etiquette by the nobility.
Answer: False
Explanation: 'Westernization' encompassed a broad range of changes, including legislative reforms, modernization of industry, and the adoption of Western European values and customs by the gentry.
A consistent foreign policy goal for Russian rulers like Peter the Great and Catherine the Great was the acquisition of warm-water ports.
Answer: True
Explanation: The acquisition of warm-water ports was a persistent foreign policy objective for Russian rulers, driving significant military and diplomatic efforts.
Catherine the Great's military victories against the Ottoman Empire diminished her international standing among Western powers.
Answer: False
Explanation: Catherine the Great's military victories against the Ottoman Empire enhanced her international standing, leading Western powers to perceive her as a formidable leader.
The 'Greek Project' was a strategic initiative focused on expanding Russian influence in Central Asia.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Greek Project' was a strategic initiative aimed at expelling the Ottoman Turks from Europe and recapturing Constantinople, not expanding influence in Central Asia.
Catherine the Great's involvement in the partitions of Poland demonstrated her commitment to Polish sovereignty and independence.
Answer: False
Explanation: Catherine the Great's actions during the partitions of Poland exemplified power politics, leading to the dismantling of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, rather than a commitment to its independence.
Catherine the Great viewed the 3rd May Constitution of 1791 as a positive step towards Polish reform and stability.
Answer: False
Explanation: Catherine the Great perceived the 3rd May Constitution of 1791 as a 'Jacobin' threat, which led to Russian intervention and the eventual destruction of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Which of the following was encompassed by the term 'Westernization' in 18th-century Russia?
Answer: Implementing legislative changes in economics, politics, and culture.
Explanation: 'Westernization' in 18th-century Russia encompassed legislative changes in economics, politics, and culture, alongside the adoption of Western European values and practices.
What persistent foreign policy goal motivated Russian rulers like Peter the Great and Catherine the Great?
Answer: The acquisition of warm-water ports.
Explanation: The acquisition of warm-water ports was a persistent foreign policy goal for Russian rulers, driving actions such as Peter the Great's campaigns against the Ottoman Empire.
Catherine the Great's military achievements against the Ottoman Empire led Western powers to perceive her as:
Answer: A formidable and influential leader.
Explanation: Catherine the Great's military successes against the Ottoman Empire significantly enhanced her international image, leading Western powers to view her as a formidable and influential leader.
What were the strategic and utopian objectives of Catherine the Great's 'Greek Project'?
Answer: To expel the Ottoman Turks from Europe and recapture Constantinople.
Explanation: The 'Greek Project' aimed strategically to expel the Ottoman Turks from Europe and utopianly to recapture Constantinople, restoring it to Orthodox Christian rule.
Catherine the Great's involvement in the partitions of Poland served as a stark example of her:
Answer: Power politics.
Explanation: Catherine the Great's participation in the partitions of Poland demonstrated her engagement in power politics, leading to the dissolution of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Catherine the Great perceived the 3rd May Constitution of 1791 of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as:
Answer: A 'Jacobin' threat.
Explanation: Catherine the Great viewed the 3rd May Constitution of 1791 as a 'Jacobin' threat, which prompted Russian military intervention and contributed to the final partition of Poland.
The Russian Enlightenment was considered to be in decline by 1796, the year Emperor Paul ascended the throne.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Russian Enlightenment was generally considered to be in decline by 1796, the year Emperor Paul ascended the throne.
The 'Informal Committee' established by Alexander I is regarded as the final significant effort to implement the ideals of the Russian Enlightenment.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Informal Committee' established by Alexander I in 1801 is viewed as the final significant endeavor to implement the ideals of the Russian Enlightenment.
By what year is the Russian Enlightenment considered to be in decline?
Answer: 1796
Explanation: The Russian Enlightenment is generally considered to be in decline by 1796, the year Emperor Paul ascended the throne.
The 'Informal Committee' established by Alexander I is viewed as:
Answer: The final significant effort to implement Russian Enlightenment ideals.
Explanation: The 'Informal Committee' established by Alexander I is often regarded as the final significant effort to implement the ideals of the Russian Enlightenment.
Social and Economic Transformations in 18th-Century Russia
The Russian upper classes, with their increased economic power, began to reject Western European social customs.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Russian upper classes increasingly adopted Western European social customs, rather than rejecting them, as they sought parity with their European counterparts.
Catherine the Great defined the gentry primarily based on their military service and loyalty to the crown.
Answer: False
Explanation: Catherine the Great defined the gentry based on historical virtue and service, not solely military service or loyalty to the crown.
Catherine's reforms led to a decline in the social standing of established noble families, forcing them to seek favor at court.
Answer: False
Explanation: Catherine's reforms allowed established noble families to retain their status, while also emphasizing wealth and social connections as measures of standing, rather than causing a decline.
The secularization of Church lands was driven by Enlightenment ideals and resulted in substantial financial gains for the Russian state.
Answer: True
Explanation: The secularization of Church lands was motivated by both financial needs and Enlightenment ideals, providing substantial income for the state.
The gentry's economic circumstances during Catherine's reign were generally prosperous, with most members affording Western lifestyles.
Answer: False
Explanation: The gentry class remained divided, with a largely impoverished majority, and not all members could afford Western lifestyles.
Serfs and peasants experienced significant economic improvements and increased freedoms during Catherine the Great's reign.
Answer: False
Explanation: Serfs and peasants experienced little significant economic improvement or increased freedoms during Catherine the Great's reign.
Manufacturing enterprises in Russia declined significantly during Catherine's reign.
Answer: False
Explanation: Manufacturing enterprises in Russia experienced considerable expansion during Catherine's reign.
Catherine the Great prohibited the purchase of serfs for industrial purposes, favoring hired labor.
Answer: True
Explanation: Catherine the Great prohibited the purchase of serfs for industrial purposes, promoting hired labor instead.
Mining was a minor economic sector in Russia during Catherine's reign, with little foreign expertise involved.
Answer: False
Explanation: Mining was a vital economic sector, and foreign expertise was involved in its development.
The secularization of Church lands provided a substantial annual income for the Russian state.
Answer: True
Explanation: The secularization of Church lands generated substantial annual income for the Russian state.
Catherine the Great enacted policies such as prohibiting the enserfment of illegitimate children and prisoners of war, offering limited improvements for serfs.
Answer: True
Explanation: Catherine the Great enacted policies such as prohibiting the enserfment of illegitimate children and prisoners of war, offering limited improvements for serfs.
With enhanced purchasing power, the Russian upper classes began to:
Answer: View themselves as equals to Western Europeans and adopt their customs.
Explanation: With increased economic power, the Russian upper classes began to view themselves as equals to Western Europeans and adopted their social customs and manners.
In her 'Declaration of the Rights, Freedom and Privileges of the Well-Born Russian Nobility' (1785), Catherine the Great linked the title *dvoryanin* (gentry) to:
Answer: Historical virtue and service.
Explanation: Catherine the Great's 1785 declaration linked the title of *dvoryanin* (gentry) to historical virtue and service, solidifying the notion of inherited rank.
Catherine's reforms impacted the Russian nobility by:
Answer: Increasing the importance of wealth and social connections over court proximity.
Explanation: Catherine's reforms shifted the measure of a nobleman's standing towards wealth and social connections, rather than solely proximity to the court.
During Catherine's reign, the economic conditions of the Russian gentry were characterized by:
Answer: A division between an impoverished majority and an affluent minority.
Explanation: The economic conditions of the Russian gentry were characterized by a division between an impoverished majority and a small, affluent minority.
What was the general economic situation for serfs and peasants during Catherine the Great's reign?
Answer: Little significant change, with many tied to villages.
Explanation: The economic situation for serfs and peasants experienced little significant change during Catherine the Great's reign, with many remaining tied to their villages.
Which statement accurately describes manufacturing and agriculture during Catherine's reign?
Answer: Manufacturing enterprises saw considerable expansion.
Explanation: Manufacturing enterprises in Russia saw considerable expansion during Catherine's reign, increasing from approximately 600-700 in 1762 to over 2,000 by the end of her rule.
Catherine the Great's policies regarding industrial labor included:
Answer: Prohibiting the purchase of serfs for industrial purposes.
Explanation: Catherine the Great prohibited the purchase of serfs for industrial purposes, promoting hired labor instead.
The secularization of Church lands provided the Russian state with:
Answer: A substantial annual income.
Explanation: The secularization of Church lands generated substantial annual income for the Russian state.
Which of the following was a policy enacted by Catherine the Great that offered limited improvements for serfs?
Answer: Prohibiting the enserfment of illegitimate children.
Explanation: Catherine the Great enacted policies such as prohibiting the enserfment of illegitimate children, offering limited improvements for serfs.