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The Safavid order, known as Safaviyya, originated as a Sunni Sufi order following the Maliki school of jurisprudence.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Safavid order originated as a Sunni Sufi order, but it followed the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence, not the Maliki school.
Safi-ad-Din Ardabili, the founder of the Safavid order, lived exclusively in the 15th century AD.
Answer: False
Explanation: Safi-ad-Din Ardabili, the founder of the Safavid order, lived from 1252 to 1334 AD, spanning the late 13th and early 14th centuries, not exclusively the 15th century.
The Safavid order is primarily recognized today for its significant military campaigns during the 14th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Safavid order is primarily recognized today as the precursor to the Safavid dynasty. While it gained influence in the 14th and 15th centuries, its significant military campaigns and establishment as a dynasty occurred later.
The Safaviyya order maintained its original Sunni affiliation throughout its history until the dynasty's collapse.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Safaviyya order transitioned from its initial Sunni affiliation to adopting Shia concepts, eventually becoming strongly associated with Twelver Shi'ism.
Rashid-al-Din Hamadani was a rival Sufi leader who advised Safi-ad-Din Ardabili's son against respecting him.
Answer: False
Explanation: Rashid-al-Din Hamadani's letters attested to Safi-ad-Din Ardabili's importance and advised his son to show him proper respect, contrary to the claim of advising against it.
Leadership of the Safavid order consistently passed from father to son after Safi-ad-Din Ardabili.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following Safi-ad-Din Ardabili, leadership of the Safavid order generally passed from father to son, as seen with his successor Sadr al-Din Musa.
The Safavid order adopted a militant stance primarily under the founder, Safi-ad-Din Ardabili.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Safavid order adopted a militant stance primarily under the leadership of Shaykh Junayd and Shaykh Haydar, not under its founder, Safi-ad-Din Ardabili.
The Safaviyya order was ethnically Persian in origin, according to historical descriptions.
Answer: False
Explanation: Historical descriptions indicate that the Safaviyya order was of Kurdish origin, not ethnically Persian.
The Safavid order held significant influence in southern Iran during the 14th and 15th centuries.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Safavid order exerted significant influence in northwestern Iran during the 14th and 15th centuries, not southern Iran.
The Safavid order was initially known as the Adawiyya.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Safavid order was known as Safaviyya; the Adawiyya is mentioned as a separate Sufi order.
The Safavid order was founded by Shaykh Junayd in the 13th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Safavid order was founded by Safi-ad-Din Ardabili in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, not by Shaykh Junayd.
Who is credited as the founder of the Safavid order?
Answer: Safi-ad-Din Ardabili
Explanation: Safi-ad-Din Ardabili is credited as the founder of the Safavid order.
What was the initial religious affiliation of the Safaviyya order?
Answer: Shafi'i school of Sunni Islam
Explanation: The Safaviyya order initially followed the Shafi'i school of Sunni Islam.
The Safavid order is described as being of what ethnic origin?
Answer: Kurdish
Explanation: According to historical descriptions, the Safavid order is attributed to a Kurdish ethnic origin.
During which centuries did the Safavid order wield significant influence in northwestern Iran?
Answer: Fourteenth and fifteenth centuries
Explanation: The Safavid order held significant influence in northwestern Iran during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
What was the primary role of Safi-ad-Din Ardabili, the founder?
Answer: A mystic who founded the Safavid Sufi order.
Explanation: Safi-ad-Din Ardabili was a mystic who founded the Safavid Sufi order.
What was the Safavid order primarily known for *before* the establishment of the dynasty?
Answer: Being a prominent Sufi order in northwestern Iran.
Explanation: Before the establishment of the dynasty, the Safavid order was primarily known as a prominent Sufi order influential in northwestern Iran.
The letters from Rashid-al-Din Hamadani concerning Safi-ad-Din Ardabili served to:
Answer: Attest to Safi-ad-Din's importance and commanded respect.
Explanation: The letters from Rashid-al-Din Hamadani attested to Safi-ad-Din Ardabili's importance and demonstrated the respect he commanded.
The Safavid order is described as being of what type?
Answer: A Sufi order (tariqa)
Explanation: The Safavid order is described as a Sufi order, also known as a tariqa.
Who succeeded Safi-ad-Din Ardabili as the leader of the Safavid order?
Answer: His son, Sadr al-Din Musa
Explanation: Safi-ad-Din Ardabili was succeeded by his son, Sadr al-Din Musa, as the leader of the Safavid order.
The Safavid movement began actively seeking political power alongside religious authority in the early 14th century.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Safavid movement began demonstrating a clear pursuit of political power alongside religious authority starting in the early 14th century.
Rulers of western Iran and Iraq were consistently supportive of the Safavid movement's growing political ambitions.
Answer: False
Explanation: Rulers of western Iran and Iraq initially felt uneasy about the Safavid movement's political ambitions and later became openly hostile towards it, rather than being consistently supportive.
Shaykh Junayd, Shaykh Haydar, and Shaykh Ali were all killed in battle before the Safavid dynasty was established.
Answer: True
Explanation: Shaykh Junayd, Shaykh Haydar, and Shaykh Ali were indeed killed in military conflicts prior to the establishment of the Safavid dynasty in 1501.
By the mid-fifteenth century, the Safaviyya had become known for its moderate and inclusive form of Twelver Shi'ism.
Answer: False
Explanation: By the mid-fifteenth century, the Safaviyya had transformed into an extreme and intolerant form of Twelver Shi'ism, rather than a moderate and inclusive one.
The Safavid order adopted 'exaggerative' messianic beliefs and antinomian customs by the late 15th century.
Answer: True
Explanation: By the late 15th century, the Safavid order had indeed adopted 'exaggerative' messianic beliefs concerning its leadership and practiced antinomian customs.
The Safavid movement's ambition for political power was a primary reason for hostility from regional rulers.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Safavid movement's ambition to gain both religious authority and political power was a primary factor leading to hostility from regional rulers.
What transformation occurred in the Safavid order's religious orientation over time?
Answer: It evolved from Sunni Islam towards Twelver Shi'ism.
Explanation: The Safavid order evolved from its initial Sunni affiliation towards Twelver Shi'ism, influenced by the adoption of Shia concepts by later generations.
Which Safavid leader is associated with the proclamation of Jihad against the Christians of Georgia?
Answer: Shaykh Junayd
Explanation: Shaykh Junayd is associated with the proclamation of Jihad against the Christians of Georgia, marking a militant turn for the order.
Who were the three Safavid leaders killed in battle before the dynasty's establishment in 1501?
Answer: Shaykh Junayd, Shaykh Haydar, and Shaykh Ali
Explanation: Shaykh Junayd, Shaykh Haydar, and Shaykh Ali were killed in battle prior to the establishment of the Safavid dynasty.
How did the rulers of western Iran and Iraq initially react to the Safavid movement's political ambitions?
Answer: They felt uneasy but took no action.
Explanation: The rulers of western Iran and Iraq initially felt uneasy about the Safavid movement's political ambitions, though this later evolved into open hostility.
Which of the following describes the Safavid order by the mid-fifteenth century?
Answer: An extreme and intolerant form of Twelver Shi'ism.
Explanation: By the mid-fifteenth century, the Safavid order had transformed into an extreme and intolerant form of Twelver Shi'ism.
The Safavid leaders' desire for political power caused what reaction from rulers of western Iran and Iraq?
Answer: Initial unease followed by open hostility.
Explanation: The Safavid leaders' desire for political power initially caused unease among the rulers of western Iran and Iraq, which later escalated into open hostility.
The Safavid order became militant under which leaders?
Answer: Shaykh Junayd and Shaykh Haydar
Explanation: The Safavid order adopted a militant stance under the leadership of Shaykh Junayd and Shaykh Haydar.
The Safavid dynasty was successfully founded in 1501, despite the deaths of its key leaders in earlier conflicts.
Answer: True
Explanation: Despite the loss of several leaders in battle, the Safavid movement persevered and successfully founded the Safavid dynasty in 1501.
Ismail I, upon founding the Safavid empire in 1501, declared Sunni Islam as the state religion of Iran.
Answer: False
Explanation: Upon founding the Safavid empire in 1501, Ismail I declared Twelver Shi'ism, not Sunni Islam, as the state religion of Iran.
Twelver Shia ulama were primarily imported from Persia itself to help establish the Safavid dynasty.
Answer: False
Explanation: Twelver Shia ulama were primarily imported from Lebanon and Syria to aid in establishing the Safavid dynasty, rather than from Persia itself.
The Safavid dynasty's establishment marked the official adoption of Twelver Shi'ism as Iran's state religion.
Answer: True
Explanation: The foundation of the Safavid dynasty in 1501 led to Twelver Shi'ism being proclaimed as the official state religion of Iran.
What significant event occurred in 1501 related to the Safavid movement?
Answer: Ismail I proclaimed Twelver Shi'ism as the state religion.
Explanation: In 1501, Ismail I founded the Safavid empire and proclaimed Twelver Shi'ism as the state religion of Iran.
Where were Twelver Shia ulama largely imported from to help establish the Safavid dynasty?
Answer: Syria and Lebanon
Explanation: Twelver Shia ulama were primarily imported from Lebanon and Syria to aid in establishing the Safavid dynasty.
The Safavid dynasty's foundation significantly impacted Iran by:
Answer: Making the country officially Twelver Shi'i.
Explanation: The foundation of the Safavid dynasty led to the official adoption and establishment of Twelver Shi'ism as Iran's state religion.
What is the Safavid order primarily known for today, according to the source?
Answer: Being the precursor to the Safavid dynasty.
Explanation: According to the source, the Safavid order is primarily known today for being the precursor to the Safavid dynasty.
Safavid kings based their authority on the belief that they were solely military commanders, unrelated to divine appointment.
Answer: False
Explanation: Safavid kings based their authority on claims of divine appointment, acting as earthly representatives of the Mahdi, and serving as perfect spiritual guides, not solely as military commanders.
The Safavid propaganda, known as da'wa, claimed the leader was a representative of the Mahdi, but never claimed he *was* the Mahdi.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Safavid propaganda, known as da'wa, asserted that the leader was the Mahdi himself or even a divine incarnation, going beyond merely claiming representation.
The Safavid kings claimed to be the earthly representatives of the third Imam in Twelver Shi'ism.
Answer: False
Explanation: Safavid kings claimed to be the earthly representatives of Muhammad al-Mahdi, the Twelfth Imam of Twelver Shi'ism, not the third.
What did the Safavid propaganda, 'da'wa', claim about the Safavid leader before the state's founding?
Answer: That the leader was the Mahdi himself or a divine incarnation.
Explanation: The Safavid propaganda, 'da'wa', asserted that the leader was the Mahdi himself or even a divine incarnation, not merely a representative.
Safavid kings based their authority on multiple beliefs, including acting as earthly representatives of which figure?
Answer: Muhammad al-Mahdi, the Twelfth Imam
Explanation: Safavid kings claimed to act as earthly representatives of Muhammad al-Mahdi, the Twelfth Imam in Twelver Shi'ism, as part of their ideological foundation.
Which of the following was NOT one of the foundational beliefs Safavid kings used to justify their authority?
Answer: They were descendants of the Prophet Muhammad.
Explanation: While claims of descent from the Prophet Muhammad are common for Islamic rulers, the foundational beliefs explicitly mentioned for Safavid authority were divine appointment, representation of the Mahdi, and role as perfect spiritual guide.
What does the term 'messianic beliefs' relate to in the context of the Safavid order?
Answer: Doctrines concerning the arrival of a savior figure.
Explanation: Messianic beliefs relate to doctrines concerning the arrival of a messiah or savior figure, which were adopted by the Safavid order.