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The species *Salix euxina* was first formally described in 2009 by I. V. Belyaeva.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that *Salix euxina* was first formally described by I. V. Belyaeva in the year 2009.
The specific epithet 'euxina' in the scientific name *Salix euxina* is derived from an Ancient Greek term for the Black Sea, referencing the plant's native range.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that the epithet 'euxina' originates from the Ancient Greek name for the Black Sea (Pontos Euxeinos), reflecting the species' geographical distribution.
The common name 'crack-willow' is scientifically associated with *Salix euxina*.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source identifies *Salix euxina* as the eastern crack-willow, while the common crack-willow is scientifically known as *Salix × fragilis*.
The synonym 'Salix fragilis Host' refers to the hybrid species *Salix × fragilis* L.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that 'Salix fragilis Host' is a synonym for *Salix euxina*, distinguishing it from the hybrid species *Salix × fragilis* L.
The EPPO code SAXFR is an identifier used for the hybrid species *Salix × fragilis*.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source lists the EPPO code SAXFR as an identifier for *Salix euxina*, not for the hybrid species *Salix × fragilis*.
What is the common name for *Salix euxina*?
Answer: Eastern Crack-Willow
Explanation: The common name for *Salix euxina* is the eastern crack-willow.
Who is credited with the first formal description of *Salix euxina*, and in what year?
Answer: I. V. Belyaeva, 2009
Explanation: The species *Salix euxina* was first formally described by I. V. Belyaeva in the year 2009.
The specific epithet 'euxina' for *Salix euxina* is derived from:
Answer: An ancient Greek name for the Black Sea
Explanation: The epithet 'euxina' is derived from an Ancient Greek term for the Black Sea (Pontos Euxeinos), referencing the species' distribution around this region.
What is the significance of the 'Taxon identifiers' listed for *Salix euxina*?
Answer: They provide unique codes for database referencing.
Explanation: The 'Taxon identifiers' section provides a list of unique codes and database references (e.g., Wikidata, GBIF, NCBI) utilized by various biological databases and organizations for the specific identification of *Salix euxina*.
*Salix euxina* belongs to the family Rosaceae, commonly known as the rose family.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source classifies *Salix euxina* within the Salicaceae family (willow family), not the Rosaceae family.
*Salix euxina* belongs to the order Malpighiales and the family Salicaceae.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source correctly classifies *Salix euxina* within the order Malpighiales and the family Salicaceae.
*Salix euxina* is classified within the plant kingdom as a Tracheophyte, Angiosperm, Eudicot, and Rosid.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source correctly places *Salix euxina* within the higher taxonomic clades of Tracheophytes, Angiosperms, Eudicots, and Rosids.
To which taxonomic family does *Salix euxina* belong?
Answer: Salicaceae (Willow family)
Explanation: *Salix euxina* belongs to the Salicaceae family, commonly known as the willow family.
Under which botanical order is *Salix euxina* classified?
Answer: Malpighiales
Explanation: *Salix euxina* is classified under the order Malpighiales, a group encompassing a wide variety of flowering plant families.
What does the term 'Tracheophytes' signify within the classification of *Salix euxina*?
Answer: Plants with vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
Explanation: 'Tracheophytes' represent a major group of plants characterized by the presence of vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) for water and nutrient transport, encompassing all vascular plants.
What does the term 'Angiosperms' signify within the classification of *Salix euxina*?
Answer: It signifies flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within a fruit.
Explanation: 'Angiosperms' signifies flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within a fruit.
Mature *Salix euxina* trees are characterized by smooth bark and a narrow, upright crown.
Answer: False
Explanation: According to the source material, mature *Salix euxina* trees typically exhibit a wide crown and deeply fissured bark, contrary to the description of smooth bark and a narrow crown.
The leaves of *Salix euxina* are characterized by having stomata present on both their upper and lower surfaces.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that the leaves of *Salix euxina* possess stomata exclusively on their lower surface, not on both surfaces.
In botanical terminology, the term 'glabrous' when applied to *Salix euxina* signifies that its plant parts are covered in fine hairs.
Answer: False
Explanation: The term 'glabrous' denotes that the plant parts are smooth and hairless. Therefore, the statement that 'glabrous' means covered in fine hairs is incorrect.
*Salix euxina* trees typically reach heights between 15 and 20 meters.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source material confirms that *Salix euxina* trees typically grow to heights ranging from 15 to 20 meters.
The trunk diameter of *Salix euxina* rarely exceeds 0.5 meters.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that the trunk diameter of *Salix euxina* can reach up to 1 meter, contradicting the statement that it rarely exceeds 0.5 meters.
Stomata, pores utilized for gas exchange, are found exclusively on the upper surface of *Salix euxina* leaves.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source material states that stomata in *Salix euxina* are found exclusively on the leaf's lower surface, not the upper surface.
The catkins of *Salix euxina* are described as slender with loosely arranged flowers.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source material describes the catkins of *Salix euxina* as relatively thick with densely clustered flowers, contradicting the assertion of slender catkins with loose flowers.
Which of the following characteristics is typical of mature *Salix euxina* trees?
Answer: Deeply fissured bark and a wide crown
Explanation: Mature *Salix euxina* trees typically possess a wide crown and deeply fissured bark.
How are the stomata distributed on the leaves of *Salix euxina*?
Answer: Only on the lower surface
Explanation: Stomata on the leaves of *Salix euxina* are found exclusively on the lower surface.
What does the term 'glabrous' signify in the description of *Salix euxina*?
Answer: Having smooth, hairless surfaces
Explanation: The term 'glabrous' denotes that the plant parts are smooth and hairless.
According to the provided information, what is a key morphological distinction between *Salix × fragilis* and *Salix euxina*?
Answer: *Salix × fragilis* features slender catkins with loosely arranged flowers, contrasting with the thick catkins of *S. euxina*.
Explanation: The source material indicates that *Salix × fragilis* has slender catkins with loosely arranged flowers, whereas *Salix euxina* possesses thicker catkins with more densely clustered flowers. Other distinctions mentioned include the presence of hairs on *S. × fragilis* and its stomata distribution on both leaf surfaces, contrasting with the glabrous nature and lower-surface-only stomata of *S. euxina*.
What is the maximum reported height for *Salix euxina* trees?
Answer: 20 meters
Explanation: *Salix euxina* trees typically reach heights between 15 and 20 meters.
Which of the following is a characteristic of *Salix euxina*'s leaves?
Answer: They are pale green and hairless.
Explanation: *Salix euxina*'s leaves are pale green and hairless (glabrous), with stomata present only on the lower surface.
The description 'deeply fissured bark' is associated with which stage of *Salix euxina*'s life cycle?
Answer: Mature trees
Explanation: Deeply fissured bark is characteristic of mature *Salix euxina* trees.
The common name for *Salix euxina* is 'western crack-willow', and it is native to western Europe.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source identifies *Salix euxina* by the common name 'eastern crack-willow' and states its native range is east of the Black Sea, not western Europe.
*Salix euxina* is typically found growing in arid desert environments.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that *Salix euxina* is typically found beside mountain streams in its native regions, not in arid desert environments.
*Salix euxina* is considerably more common in Europe than its hybrid form, *Salix × fragilis*.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that *Salix euxina* is considerably less common in Europe than its hybrid form, *Salix × fragilis*, constituting only about 10% of observed specimens.
*Salix euxina* has been introduced to parts of North America, including the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms the introduction of *Salix euxina* to North America, specifically mentioning the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec.
The term 'introduced' concerning the distribution of *Salix euxina* implies that the species is native to that geographical area.
Answer: False
Explanation: In botanical contexts, the term 'introduced' signifies that a species has been transported by humans to a region outside its natural native range, not that it is native.
*Salix euxina* is naturally found east of the Black Sea, including regions like northern Turkey and the Caucasus.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that *Salix euxina* is native to areas east of the Black Sea, such as northern Turkey and the Caucasus.
In which geographical region is *Salix euxina* naturally found?
Answer: East of the Black Sea (e.g., Northern Turkey, Caucasus)
Explanation: *Salix euxina* is naturally found east of the Black Sea, encompassing regions such as northern Turkey and the Caucasus.
What is the typical natural habitat for *Salix euxina*?
Answer: Mountain streams
Explanation: *Salix euxina* is typically found growing adjacent to mountain streams within its native range.
Which of the following regions is NOT listed as a location where *Salix euxina* has been introduced?
Answer: Siberia
Explanation: The source lists introductions in parts of Europe and Canada (Ontario, Quebec), but does not mention Siberia as an introduced region.
How does the prevalence of *Salix euxina* compare to *Salix × fragilis* in Europe?
Answer: *Salix euxina* is considerably less common.
Explanation: In Europe, *Salix euxina* is considerably less prevalent than its hybrid form, *Salix × fragilis*, comprising approximately 10% of observed specimens.
*Salix euxina* has been introduced to which Canadian provinces?
Answer: Ontario and Quebec
Explanation: The source indicates that *Salix euxina* has been introduced to the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec.
*Salix euxina* is recognized as a hybrid species resulting from the cross between *Salix alba* and *Salix caprea*.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source material clarifies that *Salix euxina* is a distinct species, not a hybrid. The hybrid species formed from *Salix alba* and *Salix caprea* is *Salix × fragilis*.
Historically, the name *Salix fragilis* was consistently used exclusively for the distinct species, without ambiguity concerning its hybrid forms.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that historically, the name *Salix fragilis* was ambiguously applied to both a distinct species and its hybrid with *Salix alba*, leading to taxonomic confusion.
In 2009, the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants decided to reserve the name *Salix fragilis* for the distinct parent species, not the hybrid.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that the 2009 decision by the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants conserved the name *Salix fragilis* for the hybrid species, not the parent species.
The symbol '×' in the scientific name *Salix × fragilis* indicates that it is a distinct species, not a hybrid.
Answer: False
Explanation: The symbol '×' preceding the specific epithet in a botanical name, such as in *Salix × fragilis*, signifies that the taxon is a hybrid, not a distinct species.
*Salix alba* is identified as the other parent species, alongside *Salix euxina*, that forms the hybrid *Salix × fragilis*.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that *Salix alba* is one of the parent species contributing to the hybrid *Salix × fragilis*, with *Salix euxina* being the other parent.
The taxonomic confusion surrounding *Salix fragilis* was resolved when the name was conserved for the parent species in 2009.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that the taxonomic confusion regarding *Salix fragilis* was resolved in 2009 when the name was conserved for the hybrid species, not the parent species.
What taxonomic issue concerning *Salix fragilis* was addressed in 2009?
Answer: The name was conserved for the hybrid species, not the distinct parent species.
Explanation: In 2009, the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants conserved the name *Salix fragilis* specifically for the hybrid species, resolving historical ambiguity.
What does the symbol '×' in the scientific name *Salix × fragilis* signify?
Answer: It denotes a hybrid origin.
Explanation: The symbol '×' in a botanical name indicates that the taxon is a hybrid, resulting from the cross-breeding of two distinct parent species.
The historical application of the name 'Salix fragilis' led to confusion because:
Answer: It was used for both a distinct species and its hybrid with Salix alba.
Explanation: The name *Salix fragilis* was historically applied ambiguously to both a distinct species and its hybrid with *Salix alba*, causing taxonomic confusion.
Which species is the other parent, along with *Salix euxina*, in the formation of the hybrid *Salix × fragilis*?
Answer: *Salix alba*
Explanation: *Salix alba* is identified as the other parent species, alongside *Salix euxina*, that forms the hybrid *Salix × fragilis*.
The branchlets of *Salix euxina* are characterized by extreme brittleness near the base, a feature that facilitates vegetative propagation.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that the branchlets of *Salix euxina* are notably brittle at the base, which aids in their detachment and subsequent rooting for vegetative propagation.
The cultivar 'Bullata' of *Salix euxina* is recognized for its short trunk and dense, globe-shaped crown.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that the cultivar 'Bullata' is noted for its ornamental value, specifically its short trunk and dense, globe-shaped crown.
The image provided in the source material depicts the hybrid species *Salix × fragilis*.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source material explicitly states that the image depicts the cultivar 'Bullata', which is identified as a form of *Salix euxina*, not the hybrid species *Salix × fragilis*.
What unique feature of *Salix euxina*'s branchlets facilitates its vegetative propagation?
Answer: Their extreme brittleness at the base
Explanation: The extreme brittleness of *Salix euxina*'s branchlets at the base allows them to break off easily, promoting vegetative propagation.
The cultivar 'Bullata' is noted for its ornamental value, primarily due to its:
Answer: Short trunk and dense, globe-shaped crown
Explanation: The cultivar 'Bullata' is valued ornamentally for its short trunk and a notably dense, globe-shaped crown.
The brittleness of *Salix euxina*'s branchlets primarily aids in:
Answer: Vegetative propagation
Explanation: The extreme brittleness of *Salix euxina*'s branchlets facilitates their easy breakage, which is crucial for vegetative propagation.