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Sandalwood is a category of woods from the *Santalum* genus, known for being heavy, yellow, fine-grained, and retaining its fragrance for decades.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source defines sandalwood as woods from the *Santalum* genus, characterized by being heavy, yellow, fine-grained, and retaining their fragrance for decades.
The term 'sandalwood' originated directly from the Latin word *candere*, meaning 'to shine or glow'.
Answer: False
Explanation: The term 'sandalwood' is ultimately derived from the Sanskrit word *Chandana*, though it is related to the Latin *candere*.
True sandalwood trees are fully parasitic, deriving all their nutrients from host plants.
Answer: False
Explanation: True sandalwood trees are classified as medium-sized *hemiparasitic* trees, meaning they obtain *some* nutrients from other plants, not all.
Only plants belonging to the *Santalum* genus can be referred to as 'sandalwood'.
Answer: False
Explanation: Various unrelated plants with scented wood are also colloquially referred to as 'sandalwood,' despite not belonging to the true *Santalum* genus.
Sandalwood oil's scent profile is characterized by a sharp, citrusy, and intensely floral aroma.
Answer: False
Explanation: Sandalwood oil possesses a distinctive soft, warm, smooth, creamy, and milky precious-wood scent, not a sharp, citrusy, or intensely floral aroma.
Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of sandalwood?
Answer: It is heavy, yellow, has a fine grain, and retains its fragrance for decades.
Explanation: Sandalwood is characterized by being heavy, yellow, fine-grained, and notably retains its fragrance for many decades.
From which ancient language is the term 'sandalwood' ultimately derived?
Answer: Sanskrit
Explanation: The term 'sandalwood' is ultimately derived from the Sanskrit word *Chandana*.
True sandalwood trees are classified botanically as:
Answer: Medium-sized hemiparasitic trees.
Explanation: True sandalwood trees are botanically classified as medium-sized hemiparasitic trees.
Which of the following is an example of a plant referred to as 'sandalwood' but not belonging to the true *Santalum* genus?
Answer: *Adenanthera pavonina*
Explanation: *Adenanthera pavonina* (red or false red sandalwood) is an example of a plant referred to as 'sandalwood' that does not belong to the true *Santalum* genus.
Which of the following best describes the distinctive scent profile of sandalwood oil?
Answer: Soft, warm, smooth, creamy, and milky precious-wood.
Explanation: Sandalwood oil possesses a distinctive soft, warm, smooth, creamy, and milky precious-wood scent.
True sandalwoods are naturally native to specific regions including Insular Southeast Asia, Melanesia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source explicitly states that true sandalwoods are native to Insular Southeast Asia, Melanesia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands.
*Santalum album* was introduced to mainland Asia in ancient times by European traders and has since naturalized in South Asia.
Answer: False
Explanation: *Santalum album* was introduced to mainland Asia by Austronesian traders, not European traders.
The primary distribution areas for both wild and introduced sandalwood trees are the drier tropical regions of India and the Indonesian islands of Timor and Sumba.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source identifies the drier tropical regions of India and the Indonesian islands of Timor and Sumba as the primary distribution areas for both wild and introduced sandalwood trees.
*Santalum album* spread to other regions exclusively through the Maritime Silk Road until the sixteenth century CE.
Answer: False
Explanation: *Santalum album* spread through multiple historical trade networks, including the Austronesian maritime trade network, the incense trade route, and the Maritime Silk Road, not exclusively the latter.
During the incense trade route era, the sandalwood produced in peninsular India and the Malay Archipelago supported most of the consumption in East Asia and West Asia.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that during the incense trade route era, peninsular India and the Malay Archipelago were the primary suppliers of sandalwood for East and West Asian consumption.
*Santalum album* became naturalized in South India by at least 1300 CE.
Answer: False
Explanation: *Santalum album* became naturalized in South India by at least 1300 BCE, not 1300 CE.
In India, the principal sandalwood tracts are found in most parts of Karnataka and the adjoining districts of Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that the principal sandalwood tracts in India are located in Karnataka and the adjoining districts of Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh.
Hawaiian sandalwood species like *S. ellipticum* and *S. freycinetianum* have fully recovered their former abundance and size after historical exploitation.
Answer: False
Explanation: While *S. freycinetianum* is relatively common today, it has not recovered its former abundance or size, and *S. ellipticum* remains rare after historical exploitation.
Sandalwood was Western Australia's largest export earner in the 1840s, and its oil production peaked at over 20,000 kg per year by 2009.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that sandalwood was Western Australia's largest export earner in the 1840s and that its oil production peaked at over 20,000 kg per year by 2009.
Prior to colonization, sandalwood trees in the Pacific region were primarily traded with Western merchants for economic gain.
Answer: False
Explanation: Prior to colonization, sandalwood in the Pacific region served as a significant marker of status, rank, and beauty within local societies, not primarily for trade with Western merchants.
Sandalwood became a crucial component of Pacific trade during the colonial period because it was one of the few resources Western traders could exchange with Chinese merchants.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that during the colonial period, sandalwood was a crucial component of Pacific trade because it was one of the few resources Western traders could successfully exchange with Chinese merchants.
Which of the following regions is NOT naturally native to true sandalwoods?
Answer: Europe
Explanation: True sandalwoods are native to Insular Southeast Asia, Melanesia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands; Europe is not listed as a native region.
What is the primary cultivated species of sandalwood that was introduced into mainland Asia by Austronesian traders?
Answer: *Santalum album*
Explanation: *Santalum album* is the primary cultivated species introduced into mainland Asia by Austronesian traders.
Which historical trade network was NOT mentioned as a route through which *Santalum album* spread to various regions?
Answer: The Silk Road overland route
Explanation: The source mentions the Austronesian maritime trade network, the incense trade route, and the Maritime Silk Road as routes for *Santalum album* spread, but not the Silk Road overland route.
During the incense trade route era, which two regions primarily supplied sandalwood for consumption in East and West Asia?
Answer: Peninsular India and the Malay Archipelago
Explanation: During the incense trade route era, peninsular India and the Malay Archipelago primarily supplied sandalwood for consumption in East and West Asia.
By what year had *Santalum album* become naturalized in South India?
Answer: 1300 BCE
Explanation: *Santalum album* became naturalized in South India by at least 1300 BCE.
Which Indian state is NOT mentioned as having principal sandalwood tracts?
Answer: Gujarat
Explanation: The principal sandalwood tracts in India are found in Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh; Gujarat is not mentioned.
Which Hawaiian sandalwood species is mentioned as remaining rare today after historical exploitation?
Answer: *S. ellipticum*
Explanation: Among the Hawaiian sandalwood species historically exploited, *S. ellipticum* is noted as remaining rare today.
When did sandalwood become Western Australia's largest export earner?
Answer: 1840s
Explanation: Sandalwood was Western Australia's largest export earner in the 1840s.
Prior to colonization, what was the significance of the sandalwood tree in the political economy of the Pacific?
Answer: It served as a significant marker of status, rank, and beauty.
Explanation: Prior to colonization, the sandalwood tree in the Pacific region served as a significant marker of status, rank, and beauty within local societies.
*Santalum album* trees must be at least 10 years old to produce commercially valuable sandalwood oil.
Answer: False
Explanation: *Santalum album* trees need to be a minimum of 15 years old to produce commercially valuable sandalwood with high levels of fragrance oils.
Australia is currently the largest producer of *Santalum album*, with the majority grown around Kununurra in Western Australia.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source explicitly states that Australia is currently the largest producer of *Santalum album*, with most cultivation occurring around Kununurra in Western Australia.
Sandalwood harvesting maximizes profit by felling the tree at the trunk near ground level, leaving the roots.
Answer: False
Explanation: To maximize profit, sandalwood is harvested by removing the entire tree, including the stump and root, as these parts contain high levels of valuable oil.
Australian sandalwood (*S. spicatum*) requires the removal of its white sapwood before oil distillation, similar to Indian sandalwood.
Answer: False
Explanation: Australian sandalwood (*S. spicatum*) is unique because its white sapwood does *not* require removal before oil distillation, unlike Indian sandalwood (*S. album*).
What is the minimum age *Santalum album* trees need to reach to produce commercially valuable sandalwood oil with high levels of fragrance?
Answer: 15 years
Explanation: *Santalum album* trees need to be a minimum of 15 years old to produce commercially valuable sandalwood with high levels of fragrance oils.
Which country is currently the largest producer of *Santalum album*?
Answer: Australia
Explanation: Australia is currently the largest producer of *Santalum album*.
To maximize profit, how is sandalwood typically harvested?
Answer: By removing the entire tree, including the stump and root.
Explanation: To maximize profit, sandalwood is harvested by removing the entire tree, including the stump and root, to capture the valuable oil concentrated in these parts.
What is a key difference in processing Australian sandalwood (*S. spicatum*) compared to Indian sandalwood (*S. album*) for oil distillation?
Answer: *S. spicatum* does not require sapwood removal.
Explanation: A key difference is that Australian sandalwood (*S. spicatum*) does not require the removal of its white sapwood before oil distillation, unlike Indian sandalwood (*S. album*).
Sandalwood is considered one of the most expensive woods globally primarily due to its unique color and density.
Answer: False
Explanation: Sandalwood's high global value is primarily attributed to its distinctive and long-lasting fragrance, not its color or density.
*Santalum spicatum* is traditionally considered superior in quality to *Santalum album* for religious and alternative medicine contexts.
Answer: False
Explanation: *Santalum album* is traditionally considered to possess superior quality, particularly in religious and alternative medicine contexts, compared to *Santalum spicatum*.
*Santalum album* is a threatened species native to the dry tropical regions of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Western Australia.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that *Santalum album* is a threatened species native to the dry tropical regions of Indonesia (Java and Lesser Sunda Islands), the Philippines, and Western Australia.
Sandalwood trees in India, Pakistan, and Nepal are privately owned, leading to challenges in controlled harvesting.
Answer: False
Explanation: Sandalwood trees in India, Pakistan, and Nepal are government-owned, but illegal cutting remains a significant challenge.
By 2017, sandalwood oil prices had escalated to US$3,000 per liter.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source explicitly states that by 2017, sandalwood oil prices had reached US$3,000 per liter.
India's decline as the world's biggest sandalwood producer is mainly due to a shift in global demand.
Answer: False
Explanation: India's decline as the world's biggest sandalwood producer is primarily attributed to the over-exploitation of its domestic sandalwood resources, not a shift in global demand.
Indian sandalwood oil is generally priced higher than Australian sandalwood oil due to its higher alpha-santalol content.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source indicates that Indian sandalwood oil, with its higher alpha-santalol content, is priced higher than Australian sandalwood oil.
The collapse of sandalwood resources in Tonga was primarily caused by a natural disaster that destroyed the trees.
Answer: False
Explanation: The collapse of sandalwood resources in Tonga was caused by the disruption of the *fahu* social system, leading to widespread overharvesting, not a natural disaster.
Mike Evans' 2007 report suggested that privatized land tenure could strengthen social ties and regional ecology in Tonga.
Answer: False
Explanation: Mike Evans' 2007 report concluded that privatized land tenure has the potential to fragment both social ties and regional ecology, not strengthen them.
Sandalwood is considered one of the most expensive woods globally primarily due to which characteristic?
Answer: Its distinctive and long-lasting fragrance.
Explanation: The high global value of sandalwood is primarily attributed to its distinctive and long-lasting fragrance.
In terms of traditional quality for religious and alternative medicine contexts, which sandalwood species is considered superior?
Answer: *Santalum album*
Explanation: *Santalum album* is traditionally considered to possess the best and original quality, particularly in religious and alternative medicine contexts.
What is the conservation status of *Santalum album*?
Answer: Threatened
Explanation: *Santalum album* is classified as a threatened species.
What is a significant challenge for sandalwood harvesting in India, Pakistan, and Nepal, despite government ownership?
Answer: Widespread illegal cutting of trees.
Explanation: Despite government ownership and controlled harvest, widespread illegal cutting of trees poses a significant challenge for sandalwood harvesting in India, Pakistan, and Nepal.
What was the price of sandalwood oil per liter by 2017?
Answer: US$3,000
Explanation: By 2017, sandalwood oil prices had escalated to US$3,000 per liter.
India's decline as the world's biggest sandalwood producer in the 21st century is primarily attributed to:
Answer: Over-exploitation of its sandalwood resources.
Explanation: India's decline as the world's biggest sandalwood producer in the 21st century is primarily attributed to the over-exploitation of its domestic sandalwood resources.
As of 2020, how did the price of Indian sandalwood oil compare to Australian sandalwood oil?
Answer: Indian sandalwood oil was more expensive due to higher alpha-santalol content.
Explanation: As of 2020, Indian sandalwood oil was priced higher than Australian sandalwood oil, primarily due to its higher alpha-santalol content.
What caused the collapse of sandalwood resources in Tonga?
Answer: Disruption of the *fahu* social system leading to overharvesting.
Explanation: The collapse of sandalwood resources in Tonga was caused by the disruption of the *fahu* social system, which led to widespread overharvesting.
According to Mike Evans' 2007 report on Tongan sandalwood overharvest, what potential negative impact did private property have?
Answer: It fragmented social ties and regional ecology.
Explanation: Mike Evans' 2007 report concluded that private property has the potential to fragment both social ties and regional ecology by allowing individuals to deny others access to resources.
No questions available for this topic.
In perfumery, what is a key role of sandalwood oil when used in smaller quantities?
Answer: To serve as a fixative, enhancing longevity of volatile components.
Explanation: In perfumery, when used in smaller quantities, sandalwood oil acts as a fixative, enhancing the longevity of more volatile components in a perfume.
Why is there a demand for alternative 'sandalwood' sources in India's cosmetic industry?
Answer: *S. album* is a protected species, and demand cannot be fully met.
Explanation: In India's cosmetic industry, demand for sandalwood oil cannot be fully met because *S. album* is a protected species, leading to a demand for alternative sources.