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Secolo d'Italia commenced its publication in 1952 as a print daily newspaper, subsequently transitioning to an online-only format in December 2012.
Answer: True
Explanation: The publication began as a print daily in 1952 and shifted to an online-only format in December 2012.
Franz Turchi, the founder of Secolo d'Italia, was a World War II veteran and an official of the National Fascist Party.
Answer: True
Explanation: Franz Turchi, the founder, had served as a World War I veteran and held an official position within the National Fascist Party.
The initial editorial stance of Secolo d'Italia included opposition to NATO membership and collaboration with Christian Democrats.
Answer: True
Explanation: The newspaper's early editorial positions included opposition to NATO and rejection of collaboration with Christian Democrats.
The MSI leadership initially welcomed the emergence of Secolo d'Italia without any reservations.
Answer: False
Explanation: The MSI leadership initially expressed reservations, viewing Secolo d'Italia as having 'obscure origins and even more obscure objectives.'
Giorgio Almirante and Filippo Anfuso took control of Secolo d'Italia in August 1952, aligning the paper with the MSI's 'Atlanticist' current.
Answer: True
Explanation: Giorgio Almirante and Filippo Anfuso assumed control in August 1952, aligning the newspaper with the MSI's 'Atlanticist' faction.
In its early years, Secolo d'Italia advocated for collaboration with Italian monarchists and conservative parties.
Answer: False
Explanation: In its early years, Secolo d'Italia's editorial stance opposed collaboration with Italian monarchists and conservative parties like the Christian Democrats.
What was the initial format of Secolo d'Italia when it was first published?
Answer: A print daily newspaper
Explanation: Secolo d'Italia commenced publication in 1952 as a print daily newspaper.
Who founded Secolo d'Italia?
Answer: Franz Turchi
Explanation: Secolo d'Italia was founded by Franz Turchi.
Who was the first chief editor of Secolo d'Italia?
Answer: Bruno Spampanato
Explanation: Bruno Spampanato served as the first chief editor of Secolo d'Italia.
What was the initial editorial stance of Secolo d'Italia regarding foreign policy?
Answer: Anti-American and opposed to NATO
Explanation: Initially, Secolo d'Italia adopted an anti-American stance and opposed Italy's membership in NATO.
Which prominent figure wrote the first editorial for Secolo d'Italia and aligned with the 'Atlanticist' faction?
Answer: Junio Valerio Borghese
Explanation: Junio Valerio Borghese wrote the newspaper's first editorial and aligned with the 'Atlanticist' faction.
When did Giorgio Almirante and Filippo Anfuso take direct control of Secolo d'Italia?
Answer: August 18, 1952
Explanation: Giorgio Almirante and Filippo Anfuso assumed direct control of Secolo d'Italia on August 18, 1952.
What was the MSI's stance on collaboration with conservative parties like the Christian Democrats in the early years of Secolo d'Italia?
Answer: They rejected collaboration.
Explanation: In its early years, the MSI, as reflected by Secolo d'Italia's stance, rejected collaboration with conservative parties such as the Christian Democrats.
Secolo d'Italia has maintained a consistent political alignment rooted in Italian nationalism since its inception in 1952.
Answer: False
Explanation: While nationalism has been a consistent theme, the paper's specific alignment evolved from neo-fascism (until 1995) to post-fascism, national conservatism, and Italian nationalism.
The Italian Social Movement (MSI) was founded in 1946 with the primary objective of strengthening the existing Italian democratic regime.
Answer: False
Explanation: The MSI was founded to revive fascist ideals, challenge the democratic regime, and counter communism, not to strengthen democracy.
The MSI contained internal factions known as 'Atlanticists' and 'Leftists,' with the 'Leftists' advocating for alliances with the United States and NATO.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Atlanticists' advocated for alliances with the United States and NATO, while the 'Leftists' opposed Italy's membership in NATO and rejected collaboration with anti-fascist forces.
By the late 1940s, the MSI was recognized as one of Europe's smallest and least organized neo-fascist electoral parties.
Answer: False
Explanation: In the late 1940s, the MSI was considered one of Europe's largest and most organized neo-fascist electoral parties.
Junio Valerio Borghese, despite his fascist background, aligned with the 'Leftist' faction regarding foreign policy for the MSI.
Answer: False
Explanation: Junio Valerio Borghese, while having a fascist background, aligned with the 'Atlanticist' faction, advocating for pro-Western policies.
Giorgio Almirante supported the 'new conservatism' emerging in far-right politics during his time with the MSI.
Answer: False
Explanation: Giorgio Almirante opposed the 'new conservatism,' instead emphasizing the 'proletarian origins of fascism.'
Arturo Michelini's strategy of 'inserimento' aimed to isolate the MSI from the mainstream political landscape.
Answer: False
Explanation: Arturo Michelini's 'inserimento' strategy aimed at integrating the MSI into the mainstream political landscape, not isolating it.
During Arturo Michelini's leadership, Secolo d'Italia supported the strategy of Enrico Mattei, chairman of Agip.
Answer: True
Explanation: Under Arturo Michelini's leadership, Secolo d'Italia supported Enrico Mattei's strategic initiatives concerning Agip.
Secolo d'Italia supported Enrico Mattei's efforts to expand Agip into ENI and challenge the global oil oligopoly.
Answer: True
Explanation: The newspaper backed Enrico Mattei's initiatives to develop Agip into ENI and contest the dominance of international oil corporations.
Junio Valerio Borghese denied that the MSI was 'totalitarian' at the party's Third Congress in L'Aquila.
Answer: True
Explanation: At the MSI's Third Congress in L'Aquila, Junio Valerio Borghese asserted that the party was not 'totalitarian.'
The 'Atlanticist' tendency within the MSI prioritized nationalism over anti-communism.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Atlanticist' tendency prioritized anti-communism, seeking alliances with entities like the United States and NATO.
The 'Leftist' tendency within the MSI opposed Italy's membership in NATO.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Leftist' faction within the MSI opposed Italy's membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
Arturo Michelini's strategy of 'inserimento' was key to the MSI becoming Italy's fourth-largest party by the late 1950s.
Answer: True
Explanation: Arturo Michelini's 'inserimento' strategy was instrumental in the MSI's growth, contributing to its position as Italy's fourth-largest party by the late 1950s.
Within the MSI, there was hostility towards '25 July 1943 traitors' and opposition to including 'ventennio-era Fascist hierarchs.'
Answer: True
Explanation: Internal MSI factions exhibited hostility towards figures associated with the downfall of Mussolini and opposed the inclusion of officials from the Fascist regime.
What political ideology was Secolo d'Italia primarily associated with from its founding until 1995?
Answer: Neo-fascism
Explanation: From its founding in 1952 until 1995, Secolo d'Italia was primarily associated with neo-fascism.
What were the main objectives of the Italian Social Movement (MSI) upon its founding?
Answer: To revive fascist ideals, challenge democracy, and counter communism.
Explanation: The MSI's founding objectives included reviving fascist ideals, challenging the democratic regime, and countering communism.
Which faction within the MSI prioritized anti-communism and sought alliances with the United States?
Answer: The 'Atlanticists'
Explanation: The 'Atlanticist' faction within the MSI prioritized anti-communism and sought alliances with the United States and NATO.
Giorgio Almirante emphasized which aspect of fascism during his time with the MSI?
Answer: Its 'proletarian origins'
Explanation: Giorgio Almirante emphasized the 'proletarian origins of fascism' during his leadership of the MSI.
What strategy did Arturo Michelini implement as MSI leader that influenced Secolo d'Italia's direction?
Answer: 'Inserimento' (integration into the mainstream)
Explanation: Arturo Michelini implemented the strategy of 'inserimento,' aiming for the MSI's integration into the mainstream political landscape.
The MSI's 'Leftist' tendency opposed Italy's membership in which international organization?
Answer: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Explanation: The 'Leftist' tendency within the MSI opposed Italy's membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
Italo Bocchino has served as the editor-in-chief of Secolo d'Italia for the longest tenure among all its editors.
Answer: True
Explanation: Italo Bocchino holds the record for the longest tenure as editor-in-chief of Secolo d'Italia.
Under Giorgio Almirante's second tenure as MSI leader in 1969, Secolo d'Italia's readership reached approximately 150,000 daily sales.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following Giorgio Almirante's return as MSI leader in 1969, the newspaper's readership grew to approximately 150,000 daily sales.
Flavia Perina was the first male editor-in-chief appointed to Secolo d'Italia after its transition to online publication.
Answer: False
Explanation: Flavia Perina was the first female editor-in-chief appointed to Secolo d'Italia.
Flavia Perina was dismissed in 2011 due to disagreements related to the political split between Gianfranco Fini and Silvio Berlusconi.
Answer: True
Explanation: Flavia Perina's dismissal in March 2011 was linked to the political rift between Gianfranco Fini and Silvio Berlusconi.
Francesco Storace replaced Italo Bocchino as editor-in-chief in 2019, but Bocchino later returned to the position.
Answer: True
Explanation: Francesco Storace served as editor-in-chief in 2019, succeeding Italo Bocchino, who subsequently resumed the role.
Flavia Perina introduced reporting on feminism and ecology and engaged with Islamic citizens during her tenure as editor.
Answer: True
Explanation: Flavia Perina's editorship saw the introduction of coverage on feminism and ecology, alongside engagement with Islamic citizens.
When Giorgio Almirante returned as MSI leader in 1969, Secolo d'Italia supported his strategy of broadening the party's appeal to radical elements only.
Answer: False
Explanation: Giorgio Almirante's strategy involved broadening the MSI's appeal to both conservative and radical elements, not exclusively radical ones.
Enzo Raisi criticized the dismissal of Flavia Perina, calling it 'a shame for the freedom of the press.'
Answer: True
Explanation: Enzo Raisi, a former editor, publicly condemned Flavia Perina's dismissal, describing it as detrimental to press freedom.
Alberto Giovannini, former editor of 'L'Assalto,' created the review 'Rosso e Nero' advocating for a reconciliation between fascism and monarchism.
Answer: False
Explanation: Alberto Giovannini's review 'Rosso e Nero' advocated for a reconciliation between fascism and socialism, not monarchism.
Flavia Perina supported granting Italian citizenship to non-European residents after five years of residency.
Answer: True
Explanation: Flavia Perina advocated for granting Italian citizenship to non-European residents who had lived in Italy for five years.
Flavia Perina and Alessia Mosca co-authored an essay in 2011 responding to the 'Rubygate' scandal.
Answer: True
Explanation: Flavia Perina and Alessia Mosca collaborated on an essay in 2011 that addressed the 'Rubygate' scandal.
Alberto Giovannini's review 'Rosso e Nero' advocated for a reconciliation between fascism and socialism.
Answer: True
Explanation: Alberto Giovannini's publication 'Rosso e Nero' promoted a reconciliation between fascist and socialist ideologies.
Secolo d'Italia advocated for granting citizenship to non-European residents after ten years of residency.
Answer: False
Explanation: The newspaper advocated for granting citizenship after five years of residency for non-European residents.
The open letter co-signed by Flavia Perina in January 2011 denounced the portrayal of women as sexual objects in media.
Answer: True
Explanation: An open letter co-signed by Flavia Perina in January 2011 condemned the media's objectification of women.
What was the approximate daily sales figure for Secolo d'Italia during Giorgio Almirante's second tenure as MSI leader (post-1969)?
Answer: 150,000
Explanation: During Giorgio Almirante's second tenure as MSI leader, Secolo d'Italia's readership reached approximately 150,000 daily sales.
Who was the first female editor-in-chief of Secolo d'Italia?
Answer: Flavia Perina
Explanation: Flavia Perina holds the distinction of being the first female editor-in-chief of Secolo d'Italia.
What was a notable contribution of Flavia Perina as editor-in-chief?
Answer: Introducing reporting on feminism and ecology
Explanation: Flavia Perina's tenure as editor-in-chief was marked by the introduction of reporting on feminism and ecology.
What political disagreement led to the dismissal of Flavia Perina in March 2011?
Answer: Conflict between Gianfranco Fini and Silvio Berlusconi
Explanation: Flavia Perina's dismissal in March 2011 stemmed from political disagreements arising from the split between Gianfranco Fini and Silvio Berlusconi.
Who replaced Italo Bocchino as editor-in-chief in January 2019?
Answer: Francesco Storace
Explanation: Francesco Storace succeeded Italo Bocchino as editor-in-chief in January 2019.
What specific policy did Secolo d'Italia, under Flavia Perina, advocate for regarding immigration?
Answer: Granting citizenship to non-European residents after five years
Explanation: Under Flavia Perina's editorship, Secolo d'Italia advocated for granting citizenship to non-European residents after five years of residency.
What did the open letter co-signed by Flavia Perina and others in January 2011 address?
Answer: The portrayal of women in media
Explanation: The open letter co-signed by Flavia Perina addressed concerns regarding the portrayal of women as sexual objects in media.
The Fondazione Alleanza Nazionale currently holds ownership of Secolo d'Italia.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Fondazione Alleanza Nazionale, or National Alliance Foundation, is the current proprietor of Secolo d'Italia.
Secolo d'Italia faced liquidity problems in 2011-2012, resulting in salary payment freezes for staff.
Answer: True
Explanation: The newspaper experienced financial liquidity issues between 2011 and 2012, which led to the suspension of salary payments.
Secolo d'Italia ceased its print edition in December 2012 and has operated exclusively online since then.
Answer: True
Explanation: The print edition of Secolo d'Italia concluded in December 2012, after which it transitioned to exclusively online operations.
The Monti government introduced supportive measures and tax credits specifically for online newspapers in May 2012.
Answer: True
Explanation: In May 2012, the Monti government enacted measures, including tax credits, to support online newspaper publications.
The Fondazione Alleanza Nazionale took ownership from the A.N. Association to resolve Secolo d'Italia's financial issues in 2012.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 2012, the Fondazione Alleanza Nazionale assumed ownership from the A.N. Association to address the newspaper's financial difficulties.
The Monti government's cutbacks to newspaper subsidies in 2011 were primarily aimed at supporting online publications.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Monti government's subsidy cutbacks in 2011 were part of broader fiscal management, while supportive measures for online publications were introduced later in 2012.
Who is the current owner of Secolo d'Italia?
Answer: The National Alliance Foundation
Explanation: The current owner of Secolo d'Italia is the Fondazione Alleanza Nazionale (National Alliance Foundation).
What significant change occurred for Secolo d'Italia in December 2012?
Answer: It transitioned from print to an online-only format.
Explanation: In December 2012, Secolo d'Italia ceased its print edition and transitioned to operating exclusively online.
What financial issue did Secolo d'Italia face in late 2011 and 2012?
Answer: Liquidity problems leading to salary freezes
Explanation: In late 2011 and 2012, Secolo d'Italia encountered liquidity problems, resulting in salary payment freezes for its staff.
Which entity took over ownership of Secolo d'Italia in 2012 as part of a financial plan?
Answer: The A.N. Foundation (Fondazione Alleanza Nazionale)
Explanation: The A.N. Foundation (Fondazione Alleanza Nazionale) assumed ownership of Secolo d'Italia in 2012 as part of a financial restructuring plan.
In March 1980, Angelo Mancia, an employee of Secolo d'Italia, was killed by members of the 'Compagni organizzati in volante rossa' in an anti-fascist action.
Answer: True
Explanation: Angelo Mancia, an employee of Secolo d'Italia, was killed in March 1980 by the group 'Compagni organizzati in volante rossa' in an act they termed 'anti-fascist.'
The 'svolta di Fiuggi' in January 1995 marked the dissolution of the National Alliance (AN) party.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'svolta di Fiuggi' in January 1995 marked the formation of the National Alliance (AN) through the transformation of the MSI, not its dissolution.
The 'svolta di Fiuggi' involved the MSI merging with the Italian Liberal Party to form the National Alliance.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'svolta di Fiuggi' involved the MSI merging with conservative elements of the Christian Democrats, not the Italian Liberal Party, to form the National Alliance.
Secolo d'Italia campaigned in 2009 for an investigation into the death of a man in police custody after a drug possession arrest.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 2009, the newspaper actively campaigned for a thorough investigation into the death of a man apprehended for drug possession while in police custody.
Gianfranco Fini stated during the 'svolta di Fiuggi' that there would be no return to fascism and disavowed supporters using the fascist salute.
Answer: True
Explanation: During the 'svolta di Fiuggi,' Gianfranco Fini declared a renunciation of fascism and repudiated the use of the fascist salute by supporters.
The Fondazione Alleanza Nazionale was established before the 'svolta di Fiuggi' to manage the MSI's assets.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Fondazione Alleanza Nazionale was established as part of the 'svolta di Fiuggi' process, not prior to it for managing MSI assets.
Who claimed responsibility for the killing of Secolo d'Italia employee Angelo Mancia in March 1980?
Answer: The 'Compagni organizzati in volante rossa'
Explanation: The group 'Compagni organizzati in volante rossa' claimed responsibility for the killing of Angelo Mancia.
What political event in January 1995 led to the formation of the National Alliance (Alleanza Nazionale)?
Answer: All of the above
Explanation: The 'svolta di Fiuggi,' also known as the 'Fiuggi Turn,' was the political event in January 1995 where the MSI merged with Christian Democrats to form the National Alliance.
What was the stated reason for the 'anti-fascist' action claimed by 'Compagni organizzati in volante rossa' against Angelo Mancia?
Answer: Retaliation for the killing of Valerio Verbano
Explanation: The 'Compagni organizzati in volante rossa' claimed their 'anti-fascist' action against Angelo Mancia was retaliation for the killing of Valerio Verbano.
The ISSN number for Secolo d'Italia is 0391-6979.
Answer: True
Explanation: The International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) assigned to Secolo d'Italia is 0391-6979.
The official website address for Secolo d'Italia is www.secoloditalia.com.
Answer: False
Explanation: The official website for Secolo d'Italia is www.secoloditalia.it.
The introductory note clarifies that Secolo d'Italia is the same publication as 'Il Secolo XIX.'
Answer: False
Explanation: The introductory note explicitly distinguishes Secolo d'Italia from 'Il Secolo XIX,' clarifying they are separate publications.
The name 'Secolo d'Italia' translates to 'Century of France' in English.
Answer: False
Explanation: The name 'Secolo d'Italia' translates from Italian to English as 'Century of Italy.'
The 'See also' section lists 'Il Popolo d'Italia' as a publication unrelated to Italian fascism.
Answer: False
Explanation: 'Il Popolo d'Italia' was the official newspaper of Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party, indicating a connection to Italian fascism.
What does the ISSN number 0391-6979 identify?
Answer: The International Standard Serial Number for Secolo d'Italia
Explanation: The ISSN number 0391-6979 serves as the International Standard Serial Number for Secolo d'Italia.
What does the name 'Secolo d'Italia' translate to in English?
Answer: Century of Italy
Explanation: The name 'Secolo d'Italia' translates from Italian to English as 'Century of Italy.'
Which historical newspaper is mentioned in the 'See also' section as being distinct from Secolo d'Italia?
Answer: Il Secolo XIX
Explanation: The 'See also' section distinguishes Secolo d'Italia from 'Il Secolo XIX,' indicating they are separate publications.