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Pope John XXIII convened the Second Vatican Council primarily to reaffirm traditional doctrines against modern errors.
Answer: False
Explanation: Pope John XXIII convened the Second Vatican Council with the primary objective of *aggiornamento*, or updating the Church, rather than solely reaffirming traditional doctrines against modern errors.
Pope John XXIII announced his intention to convene an ecumenical council on January 25, 1959.
Answer: True
Explanation: Pope John XXIII formally announced his intention to convene an ecumenical council on January 25, 1959, a significant initiative undertaken less than three months after his election.
Pope John XXIII's primary expectation for the council was the immediate reunion of all Christians.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the reunion of Christians was a significant expectation, Pope John XXIII's primary expectation was the renewal and updating of the Church itself (*aggiornamento*).
Pope John XXIII used the metaphor of 'opening the windows of the Church' to describe the council's purpose.
Answer: True
Explanation: Pope John XXIII famously used the metaphor of 'opening the windows of the Church to let in fresh air' to convey his vision for the council's purpose of renewal and engagement with the modern world.
Pope John XXIII's opening address was titled *Humani generis*.
Answer: False
Explanation: Pope John XXIII's opening address to the council on October 11, 1962, was titled *Gaudet Mater Ecclesia*, not *Humani generis* (which was an encyclical by Pius XII).
What was the common name for the Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican?
Answer: The Second Vatican Council or Vatican II
Explanation: The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican is commonly designated as the Second Vatican Council, often abbreviated as Vatican II.
Who convened the Second Vatican Council, and what was his primary motivation?
Answer: Pope John XXIII; for *aggiornamento* (updating)
Explanation: Pope John XXIII convened the Second Vatican Council. His principal motivation was his conviction that the Church required 'updating,' a concept he termed *aggiornamento*, to better engage with the contemporary world.
Pope John XXIII announced his intention to convene an ecumenical council less than three months after:
Answer: His election as Pope
Explanation: Pope John XXIII formally announced his intention to convene an ecumenical council on January 25, 1959, a significant initiative undertaken less than three months after his election.
Which of the following was NOT one of Pope John XXIII's three main expectations for the council?
Answer: The definitive condemnation of all modern secular philosophies
Explanation: Pope John XXIII envisioned three concentric circles of expectations for the council: renewal of the Church, progress toward Christian reunion, and contribution to resolving global problems. The definitive condemnation of secular philosophies was not a primary stated expectation.
Pope John XXIII informally characterized the council's purpose using which metaphor?
Answer: 'Opening the windows of the Church to let in fresh air.'
Explanation: Pope John XXIII famously used the metaphor of 'opening the windows of the Church to let in fresh air' to convey his vision for the council's purpose of renewal and engagement with the modern world.
Pope John XXIII delivered his opening address, *Gaudet Mater Ecclesia*, on what date?
Answer: October 11, 1962
Explanation: Pope John XXIII delivered his opening address to the council, *Gaudet Mater Ecclesia*, on October 11, 1962, marking the official commencement of the Second Vatican Council.
The Antepreparatory Commission was responsible for drafting the final council documents.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Antepreparatory Commission's primary role was to conduct a broad consultation and gather proposals from the global Catholic community, not to draft the final council documents.
A total of 70 schemas were prepared by the ten Preparatory Commissions for the council.
Answer: True
Explanation: The ten Preparatory Commissions and two secretariats produced a total of 70 draft schemas for the council's consideration.
The preparatory commission for liturgy and the Secretariat for Christian Unity produced schemas aligned with the spirit of renewal.
Answer: True
Explanation: The preparatory commission for liturgy and the Secretariat for Christian Unity were among the bodies whose drafted schemas were notably aligned with the spirit of renewal anticipated for the council.
The Central Preparatory Commission reduced the number of schemas from 70 to 22.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Central Preparatory Commission reviewed the 70 draft schemas, eliminating some and consolidating others, ultimately reducing the number to 22 for presentation to the council.
What was the primary task of the Antepreparatory Commission?
Answer: To conduct a broad consultation and gather proposals from the Catholic world.
Explanation: The Antepreparatory Commission's primary role was to conduct a broad consultation and gather proposals from the global Catholic community, not to draft the final council documents.
Which preparatory bodies were noted for producing schemas that were particularly in the spirit of renewal?
Answer: The commission for liturgy and the Secretariat for Christian Unity.
Explanation: The preparatory commission for liturgy and the Secretariat for Christian Unity were among the bodies whose drafted schemas were notably aligned with the spirit of renewal anticipated for the council.
The Roman Curia initially viewed the council as an opportunity to consolidate resistance to modern errors.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following the initial surprise, elements within the Roman Curia perceived the council as a potential venue to consolidate resistance to modern theological and philosophical trends and to reaffirm established papal teachings.
Only bishops were considered 'Council Fathers' with the right to speak and vote.
Answer: False
Explanation: While bishops constituted the majority, the regulations also designated the heads of major religious orders of men as 'Council Fathers' with speaking and voting rights.
Europe had the largest geographical representation among the Council Fathers attending Vatican II.
Answer: True
Explanation: With approximately 38% of the Council Fathers, Europe held the largest geographical representation among the attendees of the Second Vatican Council.
'General Congregations' were public sessions where the council debated major theological points.
Answer: False
Explanation: 'General Congregations' referred to the closed daily sittings where Council Fathers discussed and voted on the schemas, not public sessions for debate.
The invitation of Orthodox and Protestant observers was a significant innovation at Vatican II.
Answer: True
Explanation: The invitation extended to Orthodox and Protestant Churches to send observers marked a significant innovation in ecumenical relations and council participation.
The primary division among Council Fathers was between those supporting *aggiornamento* and those resisting change.
Answer: True
Explanation: A primary division observed among the Council Fathers was between those advocating for *aggiornamento* (updating) and those who favored maintaining the status quo or resisting significant change.
Where was the Second Vatican Council held?
Answer: St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
Explanation: The Second Vatican Council convened its sessions in St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City.
How did the Roman Curia initially perceive the prospect of the Second Vatican Council?
Answer: As a chance to consolidate resistance to modern errors and affirm papal teachings.
Explanation: Following the initial surprise, elements within the Roman Curia perceived the council as a potential venue to consolidate resistance to modern theological and philosophical trends and to reaffirm established papal teachings.
Besides bishops, who else was considered a 'Council Father' with the right to speak and vote?
Answer: The heads of major religious orders of men
Explanation: While bishops constituted the majority, the regulations also designated the heads of major religious orders of men as 'Council Fathers' with speaking and voting rights.
Which continent had the lowest geographical representation among the Council Fathers?
Answer: Africa
Explanation: With approximately 10% of the Council Fathers, Africa had the lowest geographical representation among the attendees of the Second Vatican Council.
What was the nature of the 'General Congregations' during the council?
Answer: Closed daily sittings for discussion and voting on schemas.
Explanation: 'General Congregations' referred to the closed daily sittings where Council Fathers discussed and voted on the schemas, not public sessions for debate.
What was a significant innovation regarding participation introduced by Pope John XXIII?
Answer: Inviting Orthodox and Protestant Churches to send observers.
Explanation: The invitation extended to Orthodox and Protestant Churches to send observers marked a significant innovation in ecumenical relations and council participation.
The two main 'tendencies' or factions observed among the Council Fathers were:
Answer: Supporters of *aggiornamento* and those resisting change.
Explanation: A primary division observed among the Council Fathers was between those advocating for *aggiornamento* (updating) and those who favored maintaining the status quo or resisting significant change.
Who was identified as a prominent conservative bishop leading the *Coetus Internationalis Patrum* bloc?
Answer: Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre
Explanation: Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre was identified as a prominent conservative bishop who led the *Coetus Internationalis Patrum* bloc, a group advocating for a more traditionalist stance during the council.
Which of the following individuals, listed as a participant in Vatican II, did NOT later become Pope?
Answer: Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre
Explanation: While Cardinal Giovanni Montini (Paul VI), Bishop Albino Luciani (John Paul I), Father Joseph Ratzinger (Benedict XVI), and Bishop Karol Wojtyła (John Paul II) all participated in Vatican II and later became Pope, Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre did not.
The Second Vatican Council produced a total of 16 magisterial documents.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Second Vatican Council concluded its work by promulgating sixteen magisterial documents: four constitutions, nine decrees, and three declarations.
The schema on divine revelation was overwhelmingly approved during the first session.
Answer: False
Explanation: The schema on divine revelation faced significant opposition and fell short of the required two-thirds majority for approval during the first session, necessitating revision.
Vatican II issued 16 documents, including 4 constitutions, 9 decrees, and 3 declarations.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Second Vatican Council promulgated a total of sixteen magisterial documents, comprising four constitutions, nine decrees, and three declarations.
The Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy (*Sacrosanctum Concilium*) aimed to simplify rites and increase the use of Latin.
Answer: False
Explanation: While *Sacrosanctum Concilium* aimed to simplify rites and promote active participation, it also permitted and encouraged the use of vernacular languages alongside Latin, rather than exclusively increasing Latin's use.
The phrase *subsistit in* used in *Lumen gentium* implies the Church of Christ exists solely within the Catholic Church.
Answer: False
Explanation: The phrase *subsistit in* ('subsists in') used in *Lumen gentium* suggests that the Church of Christ exists fully in the Catholic Church but allows for its presence, albeit perhaps imperfectly, outside its visible boundaries.
*Dei Verbum* identified the study of scripture as the 'soul of sacred theology'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation, *Dei Verbum*, explicitly stated that 'The study of the sacred page is, as it were, the soul of sacred theology'.
The declaration *Dignitatis humanae* asserted that every human being is entitled to religious freedom as a social and civil right.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Declaration on Religious Freedom, *Dignitatis humanae*, affirmed that every human person has a right to religious freedom, understood as a social and civil right, based on human dignity.
*Nostra aetate* affirmed the Jewish people's enduring relationship with God and condemned antisemitism.
Answer: True
Explanation: The declaration *Nostra aetate* significantly addressed the Church's relationship with Judaism, affirming the Jewish people's enduring covenant with God and explicitly condemning antisemitism.
How many magisterial documents were produced by the Second Vatican Council?
Answer: 4 constitutions, 9 decrees, and 3 declarations.
Explanation: The Second Vatican Council promulgated a total of sixteen principal magisterial documents, comprising four constitutions, nine decrees, and three declarations.
What was the outcome of the vote on the schema concerning divine revelation during the first session?
Answer: It was rejected, falling short of the required two-thirds majority.
Explanation: The schema on divine revelation faced significant opposition and fell short of the required two-thirds majority for approval during the first session, necessitating revision.
Which document served as the blueprint for extensive reforms of the Western liturgy?
Answer: *Sacrosanctum Concilium*
Explanation: The Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, *Sacrosanctum Concilium*, served as the foundational document outlining principles and directives for the extensive reforms of the Western liturgical tradition.
The Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, *Lumen gentium*, stated that the Church of Christ:
Answer: *Subsistit in* (subsists in) the Catholic Church.
Explanation: The phrase *subsistit in* ('subsists in') used in *Lumen gentium* (LG 8) to describe the Church of Christ's presence in the Catholic Church, is significant because it allows for the possibility that elements of the Church of Christ can exist outside the visible boundaries of the Catholic Church.
According to *Dei Verbum*, what is the 'soul of sacred theology'?
Answer: The study of the sacred page (scripture)
Explanation: The Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation, *Dei Verbum*, explicitly stated that 'The study of the sacred page is, as it were, the soul of sacred theology'.
The declaration *Dignitatis humanae* represented a significant shift by asserting:
Answer: The right to religious freedom as a social and civil right.
Explanation: The Declaration on Religious Freedom, *Dignitatis humanae*, affirmed that every human person has a right to religious freedom, understood as a social and civil right, based on human dignity.
How did *Nostra aetate* address the Catholic Church's relationship with Judaism?
Answer: It affirmed the Jewish people's enduring relationship with God and condemned antisemitism.
Explanation: The declaration *Nostra aetate* significantly addressed the Church's relationship with Judaism, affirming the Jewish people's enduring covenant with God and explicitly condemning antisemitism.
The decree *Unitatis redintegratio* acknowledged the Catholic Church's role in:
Answer: The blame for Christian disunity and the need for internal reforms.
Explanation: The decree *Unitatis redintegratio* stated that the Catholic Church must accept its share of the blame for Christian disunity, ask for forgiveness, and undertake necessary internal reforms, marking a shift from previous positions.
Which of the following was considered one of the weakest documents of the Council?
Answer: *Inter mirifica*
Explanation: The decree *Inter mirifica* concerning the media was generally considered one of the weakest documents of the Council, with many Council Fathers voting against it to express disappointment.
What did the decree *Orientalium Ecclesiarum* affirm about the Eastern Catholic Churches?
Answer: They were autonomous (*sui iuris*) particular Churches possessing the same rights as the Latin Church.
Explanation: The decree *Orientalium Ecclesiarum* affirmed that the Eastern Catholic Churches are *sui iuris* (autonomous) particular Churches, possessing the same rights and obligations as the Latin Church and the right to govern themselves according to their traditional organizational practices.
What change was implemented regarding minor orders following Vatican II, according to *Ministeria Quaedam*?
Answer: Minor orders were suppressed and replaced by instituted ministries like lector and acolyte.
Explanation: Following Vatican II, Pope Paul VI issued the *motu proprio* *Ministeria Quaedam* (1972), which suppressed the minor orders and replaced them with two instituted ministries: lector and acolyte, which could be assigned to lay Christians.
The decree *Christus Dominus* proposed the establishment of what body to assist the Pope in governing the universal Church?
Answer: The Synod of Bishops
Explanation: The decree *Christus Dominus* proposed the establishment of a council of bishops from around the world to assist the Pope in governing the universal Church, which later became known as the Synod of Bishops.
Which document marked a definitive end to the Counter-Reformation spirit and emphasized a return to biblical theology?
Answer: *Dei Verbum*
Explanation: *Dei Verbum*, the Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation, marked a definitive end to the Counter-Reformation spirit and, in line with *aggiornamento*, emphasized a return to biblical theology as the foundation for Church teaching.
The declaration *Dignitatis humanae* represented a significant departure from traditional Catholic teaching regarding:
Answer: Religious freedom
Explanation: *Dignitatis humanae* represented a significant departure from traditional Catholic teaching, which had often rejected freedom of religion as a basic human right, and instead asserted that every human being is entitled to religious freedom.
The phrase *subsistit in* in *Lumen gentium* is significant because it:
Answer: Allowed for the possibility of the Church of Christ existing outside the Catholic Church's visible boundaries.
Explanation: The phrase *subsistit in* ('subsists in') used in *Lumen gentium* (LG 8) to describe the Church of Christ's presence in the Catholic Church, is significant because it allows for the possibility that elements of the Church of Christ can exist outside the visible boundaries of the Catholic Church.
The declaration *Nostra aetate* addressed the Catholic Church's relationship with:
Answer: Non-Christian religions and Judaism.
Explanation: The declaration *Nostra aetate* addressed the Catholic Church's relationship with non-Christian religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam, and specifically detailed its relationship with Judaism.
The Second Vatican Council is commonly referred to as Vatican I.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Second Vatican Council is distinct from the First Vatican Council (1869-1870). Referring to it as Vatican I is factually inaccurate.
Pope Pius XII's encyclical *Divino afflante Spiritu* discouraged Catholic Bible studies.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contrary to discouraging Bible studies, Pope Pius XII's encyclical *Divino afflante Spiritu* (1943) revitalized Catholic engagement with scripture by encouraging new translations and pastoral efforts.
The *ressourcement* movement advocated for theology based on contemporary philosophical trends.
Answer: False
Explanation: The *ressourcement* movement advocated for a return to foundational sources of theology, namely scripture and the Church Fathers, rather than exclusively contemporary philosophical trends.
Pope Pius XII criticized the 'new theology' movement in his encyclical *Humani generis*.
Answer: True
Explanation: In his 1950 encyclical *Humani generis*, Pope Pius XII issued criticisms directed at certain trends within the 'new theology' movement, which had implications for theological discourse leading up to the council.
The First Vatican Council was cut short by the outbreak of World War I.
Answer: False
Explanation: The First Vatican Council (1869-1870) was interrupted and ultimately suspended due to the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War and the subsequent Italian unification, not World War I.
What was the significance of Pope Pius XII's 1943 encyclical *Divino afflante Spiritu*?
Answer: It revitalized Catholic Bible studies by encouraging new translations and engagement.
Explanation: Pope Pius XII's encyclical *Divino afflante Spiritu* (1943) revitalized Catholic engagement with scripture by encouraging new translations from original languages and promoting a pastoral effort for ordinary Catholics to engage with the Bible as a source of spiritual life.
The theological movement known as *ressourcement* advocated for:
Answer: A return to the foundational sources of scripture and Church Fathers.
Explanation: The *ressourcement* movement advocated for a return to foundational sources of theology, namely scripture and the Church Fathers, rather than exclusively contemporary philosophical trends.
How did Pope Pius XII respond to the 'new theology' movement in his 1950 encyclical *Humani generis*?
Answer: He criticized certain trends within it, leading to restrictions on authors.
Explanation: In his 1950 encyclical *Humani generis*, Pope Pius XII issued criticisms directed at certain trends within the 'new theology' movement, which had implications for theological discourse leading up to the council.
Which historical event caused the First Vatican Council (1869-1870) to be cut short?
Answer: The Italian unification
Explanation: The First Vatican Council (1869-1870) was interrupted and ultimately suspended due to the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War and the subsequent Italian unification, not World War I.
What practical decision following Vatican II involved the use of local languages in worship?
Answer: The widespread use of vernacular languages in the Mass.
Explanation: The widespread use of vernacular languages in the Mass, replacing Latin, was a significant practical decision following Vatican II that allowed for greater participation and understanding by the congregation.
The concept of *aggiornamento*, central to Pope John XXIII's vision, means:
Answer: Updating or bringing up to date.
Explanation: *Aggiornamento* is an Italian word meaning 'updating' or 'bringing up to date.' Pope John XXIII used it to describe his vision for the Church to adapt its practices and teachings to better engage with the modern world and its people.
Four participants of the Second Vatican Council who later became Pope include:
Answer: Pope Paul VI, Pope John Paul I, Pope John Paul II, Pope Benedict XVI
Explanation: Four individuals who participated in the Second Vatican Council and later ascended to the papacy are Pope Paul VI (Giovanni Montini), Pope John Paul I (Albino Luciani), Pope John Paul II (Karol Wojtyła), and Pope Benedict XVI (Joseph Ratzinger).
According to Adrian Hastings, which category included developments like the Church as the 'People of God' and the primacy of Scripture?
Answer: New general orientations and themes
Explanation: Adrian Hastings categorized developments from Vatican II into three types: new general orientations and themes (e.g., Church as People of God, primacy of Scripture), specific texts with shifts from prior teaching, and practical decisions requiring new institutions or behaviors.
The phrase 'The Spirit of Vatican II' is described as referring to:
Answer: Teachings attributed to the council that go beyond its literal text.
Explanation: 'The Spirit of Vatican II' refers to interpretations and applications of the council's teachings that are sometimes seen as extending beyond or diverging from the literal text of its documents, leading to varied understandings and sometimes controversy.
Pope Paul VI stated that the council's teachings possessed the authority of the:
Answer: Supreme ordinary magisterium, requiring docile acceptance.
Explanation: Pope Paul VI stated that the council, while avoiding solemn dogmatic definitions, endowed its teachings with the authority of the supreme ordinary magisterium, which requires docile and sincere acceptance from the faithful.
How did Pope Benedict XVI characterize the most important and essential message of Vatican II?
Answer: The Paschal Mystery as the center of Christian life.
Explanation: Pope Benedict XVI identified the most important and essential message of Vatican II as the Paschal Mystery being the central focus of Christian life, the Christian year, and the Christian seasons.
The council's liturgical changes, such as the use of vernacular languages, had a positive impact on relations with:
Answer: Protestant and Orthodox Christians
Explanation: The council's liturgical changes, including the use of vernacular languages, resonated with the sensibilities of Protestant and Orthodox Christians, making Vatican II a significant milestone for ecumenism.
According to Adrian Hastings, which category included practical decisions like the vernacular liturgy and the establishment of Episcopal Conferences?
Answer: Practical decisions requiring new institutions or behaviors
Explanation: Adrian Hastings categorized developments from Vatican II into three types: new general orientations and themes, specific texts with shifts from prior teaching, and practical decisions requiring new institutions or behaviors, such as the vernacular liturgy and the establishment of Episcopal Conferences.
What did the 1983 Code of Canon Law state regarding non-definitive teachings of an ecumenical council?
Answer: They must be accepted with religious submission of intellect and will.
Explanation: The 1983 Code of Canon Law states that Catholics must give religious submission of intellect and will to doctrines declared by the Pope or College of Bishops on faith or morals, even if not proclaimed definitively, and should avoid things that disagree with them.