Explanation: Muhammad of Ghor's coronation at Ghazni in 1173, following his victory over the Ghuzz Turks, marked a crucial step in consolidating his power base in eastern Afghanistan and establishing Ghurid authority.

Explanation: Muhammad of Ghor experienced a significant setback in Rajasthan during the Battle of Kasahrada, where he was defeated by the Solanki ruler Mularaja II, which temporarily impeded his direct advance into territories beyond that region.

Explanation: By the close of the 12th century, Muhammad of Ghor's dominion had expanded significantly, encompassing most of the Indo-Gangetic Plain and reaching as far east as Bengal.

Explanation: Muhammad of Ghor's first raid on Lahore occurred in 1180. His second raid, which involved annexing Sialkot, took place in 1185.

Explanation: While Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad was a prominent Ghurid ruler, the commander of the Ghurid forces during the 1186 Siege of Lahore was his brother, Muhammad of Ghor (also known as Shahabuddin).

Explanation: Following his consolidation of power, Muhammad of Ghor's campaigns involved advancing from the Gomal Pass, capturing key cities like Multan and Uch, and proceeding down the Indus Plain.

Explanation: By 1190, following the conquest of Lahore and subsequent campaigns, Muhammad of Ghor had established control over the majority of the Indus and Punjab plains.

Explanation: Muhammad of Ghor, also known as Shahabuddin, was the Ghurid commander who led the successful campaign culminating in the capture of Lahore in 1186.

Explanation: Following his second raid on Lahore in 1185, Muhammad of Ghor annexed the city of Sialkot and fortified it, establishing a strategic military base within Ghaznavid territory.

Explanation: The annexation of Ghazni in 1173 was significant as it solidified Muhammad of Ghor's control over eastern Afghanistan, establishing it as his primary base of operations after defeating the Ghuzz Turks.

Explanation: During his second raid in 1185, Muhammad of Ghor not only attacked Lahore's surroundings but also annexed and fortified the strategic city of Sialkot.

Explanation: The Second Battle of Tarain (1192) was a pivotal victory for Muhammad of Ghor, where he defeated and executed Prithviraj Chauhan, thereby paving the way for extensive Ghurid expansion into North India.

Explanation: Muhammad of Ghor conquered Multan and Uch prior to his final campaign against Lahore. Peshawar was also annexed. Sialkot was annexed during his second raid in 1185, shortly before the final conquest of Lahore.

Explanation: Muhammad of Ghor conducted two prior incursions into Ghaznavid territories before the final conquest of Lahore in 1186.

Explanation: Following Muhammad of Ghor's fortification of Sialkot after his 1185 raid, Khusrau Malik attempted to recapture it, but his siege, aided by the Khokhars, was unsuccessful.

Explanation: The Ghaznavid dynasty's western territories were primarily lost due to external pressures, most notably their defeat by the Seljuk Empire at the Battle of Dandanaqan, which significantly weakened their dominion.

Explanation: Khusrau Malik dispatched his son, Malik Shah, along with an elephant and gifts during Muhammad of Ghor's *first* raid in 1180, as a gesture of submission to secure peace, not during the 1185 raid.

Explanation: The incursions and victories of the Ghuzz Turks against the Ghaznavids led to the loss of Ghazni and other territories, compelling the dynasty to shift its capital eastward to Lahore.

Explanation: Chronicler Ferishta suggests Khusrau Malik's reign was precarious, noting his throne was 'tottering' due to pressures from the Rais of Delhi, indicating a lack of stability.

Explanation: In response to Muhammad of Ghor's initial raid in 1180, Khusrau Malik sent his son, Malik Shah, along with an elephant and other gifts, to demonstrate submission and negotiate peace.

Explanation: The Ghuzz Turks inflicted significant defeats upon the Ghaznavids, leading to the loss of Ghazni and forcing the dynasty to relocate its capital to Lahore.

Explanation: Khusrau Malik, attempting to dislodge the Ghurids from Sialkot, received assistance from the Khokhars in his siege of the Ghurid stronghold.

Explanation: The chronicler Mohammad Qasim Firishta noted that Khusrau Malik's reign was unstable, describing his throne as 'tottering' due to pressures exerted by the Rais of Delhi, likely referring to the Chahamanas.

Explanation: The conquest of Lahore in 1186 by Muhammad of Ghor represented the definitive end of the Ghaznavid dynasty's rule and its last significant military confrontation with the ascendant Ghurids.

Explanation: Historical accounts indicate that Muhammad of Ghor's army numbered approximately 20,000 troopers during the 1186 siege of Lahore, not 50,000.

Explanation: The provided text explicitly states that the strength of the Ghaznavid forces during the 1186 siege is not specified.

Explanation: In Ibn al-Athir's account, the term 'aman' signifies a guarantee of peace or safety, indicating the terms under which Khusrau Malik surrendered Lahore, not a deceptive tactic.

Explanation: Muhammad of Ghor orchestrated a clever manoeuvre: he sent Khusrau Malik's son, Malik Shah, back to Lahore accompanied by officers tasked with ensuring he became intoxicated, while Muhammad advanced via an alternate route, catching the Ghaznavid ruler off guard.

Explanation: The Ghurid army deployed for the Siege of Lahore in 1186 is estimated to have numbered approximately 20,000 troopers.

Explanation: Malik Shah was sent with Ghurid officers with the specific instruction to ensure he became heavily intoxicated, facilitating Muhammad of Ghor's surprise attack on Lahore.

Explanation: Prior to the late 12th century, the Ghurids had existed as tributaries to both the Ghaznavids and the Seljuks, indicating a history of subjugation before their ascent to regional power.

Explanation: The Battle of Kasahrada resulted in a defeat for Muhammad of Ghor, who was repulsed by an alliance of Rajput rulers, notably the Solanki ruler Mularaja II.

Explanation: The Battle of Dandanaqan (1040) was a decisive Seljuk victory over the Ghaznavids, leading to the loss of western territories. The rivalry between the Ghurids and Ghaznavids intensified later, particularly in the latter half of the 12th century, following earlier conflicts such as the execution of a Ghurid leader by a Ghaznavid ruler.

Explanation: In retaliation for the execution of his brother, Ala al-Din Husayn led a devastating raid on Ghazni in 1151, during which he ordered the city to be burned and its monuments destroyed.

Explanation: The Seljuk Empire defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Dandanaqan (1040), which led to the loss of western territories. The Battle of Ghazni (1148) involved Ala al-Din Husayn of Ghur defeating Bahram Shah of Ghazni.

Explanation: The Ghaznavids lost their western domains in Persia and Khurasan primarily due to their decisive defeat by the Seljuk Empire at the Battle of Dandanaqan.

Explanation: Muhammad of Ghor faced a significant defeat at the Battle of Kasahrada against the Solanki ruler Mularaja II, which impeded his direct advance through Rajasthan.

Explanation: The Seljuk Empire's victory over the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Dandanaqan in 1040 was a pivotal event that led to the loss of the Ghaznavids' western territories and initiated their long-term decline.

Explanation: The Ghuzz Turk invasions significantly weakened the Ghaznavids, contributing to their loss of territories, including Ghazni itself, prior to the full ascendancy of the Seljuk Empire.

Explanation: The Ghuzz Turk invasions significantly weakened the Ghaznavids, contributing to their loss of territories, including Ghazni itself, prior to the full ascendancy of the Seljuk Empire.

Explanation: Before their rise to prominence in the late 12th century, the Ghurids had historically been tributaries to both the Ghaznavids and the Seljuk Empire.

Explanation: Ala al-Din Husayn, the Ghurid ruler, conducted a brutal raid on Ghazni in 1151, defeating the Ghaznavid ruler Bahram Shah and ordering the city to be sacked and burned.

Explanation: The account of the 1186 conquest of Lahore is supported by several historical sources, including the works of Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani, Ibn al-Athir, and Muhammad Aufi.

Explanation: The chronicle Tabaqat-i-Nasiri explicitly states that "No member from the house of Ghazni was allowed to survive," indicating the complete eradication of the Ghaznavid ruling lineage.

Explanation: Following the surrender of Lahore, Khusrau Malik and his son were initially granted safety under a treaty and were subsequently imprisoned in Gharjistan fort. Their execution occurred later, around 1192.

Explanation: The Ghurid victory in 1186 led to the capture of Lahore and the incorporation of a substantial part of the Punjab region into Muhammad of Ghor's expanding domain.

Explanation: The Tabaqat-i-Nasiri states that "No member from the house of Ghazni was allowed to survive," indicating the complete eradication of the dynasty.

Explanation: The Tabaqat-i-Nasiri asserts that the Ghaznavid dynasty was completely eradicated, stating that "No member from the house of Ghazni was allowed to survive."

Explanation: The source material notes that for a later siege of Lahore involving Ahmed Shah Abdali, readers should refer to specific historical accounts of that event (Siege of Lahore, 1761).

Explanation: After surrendering Lahore under treaty, Khusrau Malik and his son were deceitfully imprisoned in Gharjistan fort, despite assurances of safety.

Explanation: The Ghurid conquest of Lahore in 1186 signified the definitive end of the Ghaznavid dynasty's rule, which had lasted for approximately two centuries.