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Snorri Sturluson was born in Norway and later moved to Iceland.
Answer: False
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson was born in 1179 at Hvammur í Dölum within the Icelandic Commonwealth, not in Norway.
In Icelandic naming conventions, 'Sturluson' is Snorri's given name.
Answer: False
Explanation: In accordance with Icelandic naming conventions, 'Sturluson' is a patronymic, signifying 'son of Sturla,' rather than Snorri's given name.
Jón Loftsson played a minor role in Snorri Sturluson's upbringing and education.
Answer: False
Explanation: Jón Loftsson played a crucial role in Snorri Sturluson's early life, taking him in from a young age and providing him with a comprehensive education at Oddi, which was instrumental in his development.
The title 'skutilsvein' given to Snorri Sturluson in Norway indicated he was a lowly servant.
Answer: False
Explanation: The title 'skutilsvein,' bestowed upon Snorri Sturluson in Norway, denoted a senior courtly rank, akin to a knight, signifying his recognized status and relationship with the Norwegian monarchy.
Snorri Sturluson's fosterage at Oddi was arranged as part of a legal settlement following an attack on his father.
Answer: True
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's fosterage at Oddi was indeed arranged as part of a legal settlement following an attack on his father, Páll Sölvason's wife, with Jón Loftsson offering to raise Snorri.
Who was Snorri Sturluson?
Answer: An Icelandic historian, poet, knight, and politician.
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson (1179–1241) was a preeminent Icelandic historian, poet, knight, and statesman. His distinguished career included two terms as lawspeaker of the Althing, Iceland's national parliament, and he is celebrated for his profound literary achievements.
Where was Snorri Sturluson educated from a young age?
Answer: At Oddi, Iceland, under the care of Jón Loftsson
Explanation: From approximately the age of three or four, Snorri Sturluson received his education at Oddi, Iceland, under the tutelage of Jón Loftsson, a prominent chieftain and scholar.
What does the Icelandic patronymic 'Sturluson' mean?
Answer: Son of Sturla
Explanation: In Icelandic naming conventions, 'Sturluson' is a patronymic, meaning 'son of Sturla,' reflecting the practice of deriving surnames from the father's given name.
What does the title 'skutilsvein' signify in the context of Snorri Sturluson's relationship with the Norwegian monarchy?
Answer: A senior courtly rank, similar to a knight
Explanation: The title 'skutilsvein,' bestowed upon Snorri Sturluson in Norway, denoted a senior courtly rank, akin to a knight, signifying his recognized status and relationship with the Norwegian monarchy.
What role did Jón Loftsson play in Snorri Sturluson's early life?
Answer: He took Snorri in and provided him with a comprehensive education at Oddi.
Explanation: Jón Loftsson was instrumental in Snorri Sturluson's upbringing, taking him in at a young age and providing him with a comprehensive education at Oddi, which was crucial for his future development as a scholar and statesman.
Which of the following is true about Snorri Sturluson's parents?
Answer: His parents were Sturla Þórðarson the Elder and Guðný Böðvarsdóttir.
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's parents were Sturla Þórðarson the Elder and Guðný Böðvarsdóttir. He belonged to the influential Sturlungar clan.
What was the primary role of Jón Loftsson in Snorri Sturluson's life?
Answer: His foster father and educator at Oddi.
Explanation: Jón Loftsson served as Snorri Sturluson's foster father and primary educator at Oddi, playing a pivotal role in shaping Snorri's intellectual development and future career.
The Prose Edda, authored by Snorri Sturluson, is a minor source for understanding Norse mythology.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Prose Edda, a seminal work attributed to Snorri Sturluson, is considered a primary and indispensable source for comprehending Norse mythology and the intricacies of Old Norse poetry.
Snorri Sturluson's writings helped preserve the knowledge of Norse gods like Odin and Thor.
Answer: True
Explanation: Through works such as the Prose Edda, Snorri Sturluson meticulously documented and organized Norse myths and legends, thereby preserving crucial knowledge of deities like Odin and Thor for subsequent generations.
The Prose Edda, compiled by Snorri Sturluson, is considered secondary in importance for understanding Norse mythology compared to oral traditions.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Prose Edda, compiled by Snorri Sturluson, is considered a primary and foundational source for understanding Norse mythology, holding paramount importance for its preservation and study.
What are the two most significant literary works attributed to Snorri Sturluson?
Answer: The Prose Edda and the Heimskringla
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson is principally recognized for his authorship of the Prose Edda, a seminal work detailing Norse mythology and poetic techniques, and Heimskringla, a comprehensive historical chronicle of the Norwegian monarchs.
What was the primary significance of the Prose Edda?
Answer: It served as a primary source for Norse mythology and Old Norse poetry.
Explanation: The Prose Edda's primary significance lies in its role as a foundational source for understanding Norse mythology and the intricacies of Old Norse poetry, preserving these cultural elements for posterity.
Which of the following is NOT one of Snorri Sturluson's major literary contributions mentioned in the source?
Answer: Njáls Saga
Explanation: While Snorri Sturluson is credited with the Prose Edda and Heimskringla, and stylistically analysis suggests he may have authored Egil's Saga, Njáls Saga is not attributed to him in the provided source material.
Snorri Sturluson's writings are considered foundational for understanding which aspect of Norse culture?
Answer: Norse mythology and poetry
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's literary works, particularly the Prose Edda, are considered foundational for understanding Norse mythology and poetry, preserving these elements for scholarly study and cultural appreciation.
How did Snorri Sturluson's writings contribute to the preservation of Norse mythology?
Answer: By meticulously documenting and organizing myths in works like the Prose Edda.
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's writings, particularly the Prose Edda, meticulously documented and organized Norse myths and legends, thereby contributing significantly to their preservation and accessibility for future study.
Snorri Sturluson was primarily known as a military leader during the Age of the Sturlungs.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Snorri Sturluson was a prominent figure during the turbulent Age of the Sturlungs, his primary renown stems from his contributions as a historian, poet, and politician, rather than as a military leader.
Snorri Sturluson served as lawspeaker of the Icelandic parliament, the Althing, only once.
Answer: False
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson held the esteemed position of lawspeaker of the Althing on two separate occasions: first in 1215, and subsequently from 1222 to 1232.
Snorri Sturluson strongly opposed the union of Iceland with Norway throughout his political career.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contrary to opposing it, Snorri Sturluson actively supported the union of Iceland with Norway and served as a spokesman for the Norwegian king, a stance that generated considerable opposition among Icelandic chieftains.
The phrase 'Út vil ek' is associated with Snorri Sturluson's defiance when returning to Iceland from Denmark.
Answer: False
Explanation: The phrase 'Út vil ek,' meaning 'I will go home,' is associated with Snorri Sturluson's defiance when he returned to Iceland from Norway in 1239, not from Denmark.
The Age of the Sturlungs was a peaceful period in Icelandic history characterized by cooperation among chieftains.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Age of the Sturlungs, during which Snorri Sturluson was a central figure, was characterized by intense internal conflict, power struggles, and violence among Icelandic chieftains, leading to significant instability.
Snorri Sturluson received consistent support and praise from King Håkon IV of Norway throughout his life.
Answer: False
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's relationship with King Håkon IV was complex; while he received royal patronage, he also faced suspicion and ultimately assassination orders from the king, who sought to assert Norwegian authority over Iceland.
The clan feuds involving Snorri Sturluson's family led to peace and reconciliation in the 13th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: The clan feuds involving Snorri Sturluson and his relatives were marked by significant violence and loss of life, contributing to the instability of the 13th century and ultimately leading to Snorri's assassination.
Snorri Sturluson's political activities occurred during a time of Icelandic independence and isolation from foreign powers.
Answer: False
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's political career unfolded during the decline of the Icelandic Commonwealth and a period of increasing Norwegian influence, rather than a time of isolation.
Snorri Sturluson's first journey to Norway was prompted by a desire to escape political conflicts in Iceland.
Answer: False
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's first journey to Norway in 1218 was prompted by an invitation from King Håkon Håkonarson and Jarl Skúli, rather than a desire to escape Icelandic conflicts.
Snorri's support for Norwegian union improved his standing among all Icelandic chieftains.
Answer: False
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's support for Norwegian union and his role as a royal agent alienated many Icelandic chieftains, including members of his own clan, thereby exacerbating political tensions and conflicts.
Snorri's son, Órækja, was known for his peaceful diplomatic efforts during the Age of the Sturlungs.
Answer: False
Explanation: Snorri's son, Órækja, was involved in the conflicts of the Age of the Sturlungs, notably conducting guerrilla operations and being captured during peace negotiations, rather than engaging in peaceful diplomacy.
During his second trip to Norway, Snorri Sturluson was welcomed and encouraged by the king to return freely to Iceland.
Answer: False
Explanation: During his second trip to Norway, King Håkon IV became wary of Snorri Sturluson's loyalties and ordered him to remain in Norway, rather than encouraging his free return to Iceland.
Snorri Sturluson's nephew, Sturla Sighvatsson, was a close ally who supported Snorri's political ambitions.
Answer: False
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson and his nephew Sturla Sighvatsson were political rivals involved in clan feuds, rather than close allies supporting each other's ambitions.
The Althing, where Snorri served as lawspeaker, was a judicial body but not a legislative one.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Althing, Iceland's parliament where Snorri Sturluson served as lawspeaker, functioned as both a legislative and judicial assembly, playing a central role in the governance of the Icelandic Commonwealth.
Snorri Sturluson's life and activities are primarily associated with the Viking Age exploration period.
Answer: False
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's life and activities are primarily associated with the 13th century, specifically the Age of the Sturlungs and the decline of the Icelandic Commonwealth, rather than the earlier Viking Age exploration period.
What historical period is most closely associated with Snorri Sturluson's life and activities?
Answer: The Age of the Sturlungs and the decline of the Icelandic Commonwealth
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's life and activities are intrinsically linked to the Age of the Sturlungs, a period of intense internal conflict and the eventual decline of the Icelandic Commonwealth in the 13th century.
How many times did Snorri Sturluson serve as the lawspeaker of the Althing?
Answer: Twice, first in 1215 and later from 1222-1232
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson served as the lawspeaker of the Althing on two occasions: his first term was in 1215, followed by a second term from 1222 to 1232.
What political stance did Snorri Sturluson take regarding Iceland's relationship with Norway?
Answer: He supported the union of Iceland with Norway and acted as a spokesman for the Norwegian king.
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson adopted a political stance favoring the union of Iceland with Norway, actively serving as a representative and spokesman for the Norwegian monarchy.
What was the outcome of the clan feuds involving Snorri Sturluson and his relatives?
Answer: They led to significant violence, loss of life, and Snorri's assassination.
Explanation: The clan feuds involving Snorri Sturluson and his relatives culminated in considerable violence and loss of life, directly contributing to the political instability of the era and ultimately resulting in Snorri's assassination.
What was the historical context of Snorri Sturluson's political career?
Answer: The decline of the Icelandic Commonwealth and increasing Norwegian influence.
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's political career unfolded during the 13th century, a period marked by the decline of the Icelandic Commonwealth and the escalating influence of the Norwegian monarchy.
What was the relationship between Snorri Sturluson and his nephew Sturla Sighvatsson?
Answer: They were political rivals involved in clan feuds.
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson and his nephew Sturla Sighvatsson were political rivals, entangled in the clan feuds that characterized the turbulent Age of the Sturlungs, rather than allies.
What event prompted Snorri Sturluson's first journey to Norway in 1218?
Answer: An invitation from King Håkon Håkonarson and Jarl Skúli.
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's initial journey to Norway in 1218 was prompted by an invitation extended by King Håkon Håkonarson and Jarl Skúli, indicating a deliberate engagement with the Norwegian court.
What was the relationship between Snorri Sturluson and King Håkon IV of Norway?
Answer: Snorri received patronage but also faced suspicion and assassination orders from the king.
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson maintained a complex relationship with King Håkon IV of Norway, receiving royal patronage and titles while simultaneously facing the king's suspicion, which ultimately led to assassination orders.
What role did Snorri's son, Órækja, play during the conflicts of the 13th century?
Answer: He conducted guerrilla operations and was captured.
Explanation: Snorri's son, Órækja, actively participated in the clan feuds of the 13th century by conducting guerrilla operations and was subsequently captured during peace negotiations, reflecting the volatile political landscape of the era.
What was the primary reason for Snorri Sturluson's first journey to Norway in 1218?
Answer: To accept an invitation from the Norwegian King and Jarl Skúli.
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's first journey to Norway in 1218 was primarily motivated by an invitation extended by King Håkon Håkonarson and Jarl Skúli, signifying his engagement with the Norwegian court.
What was the political climate in Iceland during Snorri Sturluson's lifetime?
Answer: The Age of the Sturlungs, marked by internal conflict and power struggles.
Explanation: During Snorri Sturluson's lifetime, Iceland experienced the Age of the Sturlungs, a period characterized by intense internal conflict, power struggles among chieftains, and the eventual erosion of the Icelandic Commonwealth.
What was the outcome of Snorri Sturluson's second trip to Norway concerning his relationship with the king?
Answer: The king became wary of his loyalties and ordered him to stay.
Explanation: Following Snorri Sturluson's second trip to Norway, King Håkon IV grew wary of his loyalties and consequently ordered him to remain in Norway, altering their relationship.
What was the significance of Snorri Sturluson's political activities during the Age of the Sturlungs?
Answer: His support for Norway alienated chieftains and contributed to instability.
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's political activities, particularly his support for Norwegian union, alienated many Icelandic chieftains and exacerbated the instability and internal conflicts characteristic of the Age of the Sturlungs.
What was the role of the Althing in Snorri Sturluson's political career?
Answer: It was the Icelandic parliament where he served as lawspeaker.
Explanation: The Althing, Iceland's national parliament, played a central role in Snorri Sturluson's political career, as he served as its lawspeaker on two occasions, wielding significant influence.
Snorri Sturluson built a famous library at his estate in Reykholt.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Snorri Sturluson resided at Reykholt and made significant improvements, including the construction of the Snorralaug bath, the source material does not specifically mention the construction of a famous library at his estate.
The Snorralaug is historically insignificant, being a minor feature of Snorri's estate.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Snorralaug, an outdoor bath constructed by Snorri Sturluson at his estate in Reykholt, is historically significant as a well-preserved example of medieval Icelandic architecture and a testament to his life.
Snorri Sturluson's marriage to Herdís Bersadóttir was long and harmonious until his death.
Answer: False
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson married Herdís Bersadóttir in 1199, but their union was estranged by 1206, leading him to establish his residence separately at Reykholt.
Snorri Sturluson's marriage to Hallveig Ormsdóttir was significant because she was a poor farmer's daughter.
Answer: False
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's marriage to Hallveig Ormsdóttir in 1224 was significant because she was a wealthy widow, and their union involved joint property ownership, thereby enhancing Snorri's status.
What notable architectural feature did Snorri Sturluson construct at his estate in Reykholt?
Answer: An outdoor bath known as Snorralaug
Explanation: At his estate in Reykholt, Snorri Sturluson constructed the Snorralaug, a notable outdoor bath supplied with water from nearby hot springs.
What was the nature of Snorri Sturluson's marriage to Herdís Bersadóttir?
Answer: They were married in 1199 but were estranged by 1206.
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson married Herdís Bersadóttir in 1199; however, their marriage became estranged by 1206, leading Snorri to establish his primary residence at Reykholt.
What is the Snorralaug?
Answer: An outdoor bath constructed by Snorri Sturluson at Reykholt
Explanation: The Snorralaug is an outdoor bath constructed by Snorri Sturluson at his estate in Reykholt, notable for its historical significance and preservation as a medieval architectural feature.
What was the significance of Snorri Sturluson's marriage to Hallveig Ormsdóttir in 1224?
Answer: She was a wealthy widow, and the marriage involved joint property ownership.
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's marriage to Hallveig Ormsdóttir in 1224 was significant as she was a wealthy widow, and their union involved a contract of joint property ownership, thereby bolstering Snorri's status as a powerful chieftain.
What is the historical significance of the Snorralaug bathhouse?
Answer: It is a well-preserved example of medieval Icelandic architecture.
Explanation: The Snorralaug bathhouse holds historical significance as a well-preserved example of medieval Icelandic architecture and a notable feature of Snorri Sturluson's estate at Reykholt.
What was the significance of Snorri Sturluson's second marriage to Hallveig Ormsdóttir?
Answer: She was a wealthy widow, and the marriage involved joint property ownership.
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's second marriage to Hallveig Ormsdóttir in 1224 was significant as she was a wealthy widow, and their union involved joint property ownership, enhancing Snorri's financial and social standing.
Snorri Sturluson's assassination was carried out by Icelandic chieftains seeking to seize power.
Answer: False
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson was assassinated in 1241 by individuals acting as agents of the King of Norway, following his return to Iceland against royal decree and his involvement in political conflicts.
Snorri Sturluson's final words were a plea for mercy during his assassination.
Answer: True
Explanation: As he faced his assassins, Snorri Sturluson uttered the defiant phrase 'Eigi skal heggva!' ('Do not strike!'), rather than a plea for mercy.
Snorri Sturluson's political career ended peacefully with his retirement from public life.
Answer: False
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's political career concluded abruptly and violently with his assassination in 1241, carried out by agents acting on behalf of the King of Norway.
Why was Snorri Sturluson assassinated?
Answer: He was killed by agents of the King of Norway after returning against orders and engaging in political conflicts.
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson was assassinated by agents acting on behalf of the King of Norway, following his return to Iceland against royal decree and his subsequent involvement in political disputes.
What was the outcome of Snorri Sturluson's political activities?
Answer: He was assassinated by agents of the King of Norway.
Explanation: The outcome of Snorri Sturluson's political activities and his complex relationship with the Norwegian crown was his assassination by agents acting on behalf of the King of Norway.
Snorri Sturluson's writings had little impact on later historical understanding or national identity.
Answer: False
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's literary works, particularly the Prose Edda and Heimskringla, profoundly influenced later historical narratives and played a significant role in shaping national identity, especially in Norway during the 19th century.
Snorri Sturluson is credited with the first written account of the discovery of Vinland.
Answer: True
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson provided an early written account of the discovery of Vinland, contributing significantly to the historical record of Norse exploration across the Atlantic.
Snorri Sturluson is commemorated by a statue created by the artist Edvard Munch.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Snorri Sturluson is commemorated by a statue at Reykholt, it was created by the artist Gustav Vigeland, not Edvard Munch.
The Snorrastofa Cultural / Research Centre focuses on contemporary Icelandic literature.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Snorrastofa Cultural / Research Centre is dedicated to preserving and promoting the legacy of Snorri Sturluson and medieval Icelandic culture, rather than contemporary literature.
Snorri Sturluson's historical writings, like Heimskringla, were ignored during the Norwegian romantic nationalism movement.
Answer: False
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's historical writings, particularly Heimskringla, were instrumental during the Norwegian romantic nationalism movement in the 19th century, serving as a vital resource for establishing national identity.
Carl Sagan referenced Snorri Sturluson's work in his book *Pale Blue Dot*.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Carl Sagan referenced Snorri Sturluson's writings, the specific reference was made in his work *Cosmos*, quoting Snorri's description of the Norse cosmology.
Snorri Sturluson's writings provide limited insight into Anglo-Scandinavian relations during the early medieval period.
Answer: False
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's historical accounts offer valuable and extensive insights into the interactions between England and Scandinavia during the 10th and 11th centuries, periods for which other records are often scarce.
The statue of Snorri Sturluson by Gustav Vigeland is located in the capital city of Norway, Oslo.
Answer: False
Explanation: The statue of Snorri Sturluson by Gustav Vigeland is located at Reykholt, Iceland, his historical estate, not in Oslo, Norway.
Jorge Luis Borges translated Snorri Sturluson's Heimskringla into Spanish.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Jorge Luis Borges studied and translated Snorri Sturluson's *Gylfaginning* into Spanish, he did not translate the *Heimskringla*.
Snorri Sturluson's literary works played a minimal role in preserving Norse culture for future generations.
Answer: False
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's literary works, particularly the Prose Edda and Heimskringla, played a crucial and foundational role in preserving the rich heritage of Norse mythology, poetry, and history for future generations.
How did Snorri Sturluson's writings influence later national identity movements?
Answer: They were used during Norwegian romantic nationalism to establish national identity.
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's historical writings, particularly Heimskringla, were instrumental during the Norwegian romantic nationalism movement in the mid-19th century, serving as a vital resource for establishing a sense of national identity and historical continuity.
Which author studied and translated Snorri Sturluson's *Gylfaginning* and wrote a biographical account of him?
Answer: Jorge Luis Borges
Explanation: The renowned author Jorge Luis Borges studied and translated Snorri Sturluson's *Gylfaginning* into Spanish, also contributing a biographical account in the prologue to their translation.
What phrase, associated with Snorri Sturluson, means 'I will go home'?
Answer: 'Út vil ek'
Explanation: The Icelandic phrase 'Út vil ek,' meaning 'I will go home,' became an associated proverb reflecting Snorri Sturluson's defiance when he returned to Iceland from Norway against royal orders.
What is the significance of the statue of Snorri Sturluson by Gustav Vigeland?
Answer: It serves as a memorial recognizing his cultural importance and historical ties between Norway and Iceland.
Explanation: The statue of Snorri Sturluson by Gustav Vigeland, situated at Reykholt, serves as a significant memorial acknowledging his profound cultural importance and symbolizing the historical connections between Norway and Iceland.
How did Snorri Sturluson's writings contribute to the historical record of Norse exploration?
Answer: By detailing voyages to North America, including Vinland.
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's writings, particularly his account of the discovery of Vinland, contributed significantly to the historical record of Norse exploration, offering early documentation of voyages to North America.
What does the phrase 'Út vil ek' signify in relation to Snorri Sturluson?
Answer: A proverb associated with his defiance of royal orders.
Explanation: The phrase 'Út vil ek,' meaning 'I will go home,' became an Icelandic proverb associated with Snorri Sturluson's defiance of royal orders when he returned to Iceland from Norway.
What is the significance of Snorri Sturluson's appearance on Icelandic and Norwegian postage stamps?
Answer: It commemorates his contributions to literature and history.
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's appearance on Icelandic and Norwegian postage stamps serves as a commemoration of his significant contributions to literature and history, recognizing his enduring cultural importance.
What does the Snorrastofa Cultural / Research Centre aim to promote?
Answer:
Explanation: The Snorrastofa Cultural / Research Centre is dedicated to promoting the legacy of Snorri Sturluson and preserving medieval Icelandic culture, serving as a vital hub for research and cultural activities.
What historical insight do Snorri Sturluson's writings provide regarding the 10th and 11th centuries?
Answer: Information on interactions between England and Scandinavia.
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's writings offer valuable historical insights into the interactions between England and Scandinavia during the 10th and 11th centuries, periods for which other historical records are often limited.
How did Snorri Sturluson's literary work, Heimskringla, influence later movements?
Answer: It was used during Norwegian romantic nationalism to foster national identity.
Explanation: Snorri Sturluson's historical work, Heimskringla, significantly influenced later movements, particularly Norwegian romantic nationalism, where it was utilized to foster a sense of national identity and historical continuity.
What is the significance of the phrase 'Út vil ek' associated with Snorri Sturluson?
Answer: A proverb associated with his defiance of royal orders.
Explanation: The phrase 'Út vil ek,' meaning 'I will go home,' is associated with Snorri Sturluson as a proverb reflecting his defiance of royal orders when he returned to Iceland from Norway.