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Socialist realism aimed to promote the values of the socialist state by depicting reality in its revolutionary development, often utilizing highly idealized figures, particularly in sculpture.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that the primary objective of Socialist realism was to depict reality in its revolutionary development, promoting state values through idealized figures that often drew upon classical conventions.
The primary purpose of Socialist realism was to encourage diverse forms of emotional expression in popular culture, prioritizing artistic form over ideological content.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that the primary purpose was to limit popular culture to a specific, highly regulated form of emotional expression that promoted Soviet ideals, prioritizing ideological content over form.
Within the framework of Socialist realism, 'Ideinost' signified that a work of art's aesthetic form was more important than its subject matter or ideological message.
Answer: False
Explanation: The concept of 'Ideinost' dictated the opposite: that a work must embody an approved idea and prioritize its ideological content over its formal or aesthetic aspects.
Socialist realism fostered a sense of forced optimism by portraying the present and future in an idealized manner, generally prohibiting the depiction of tragedy and negativity.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that Socialist realism portrayed life in an idealized fashion to create forced optimism, with tragedy and negativity generally being disallowed unless set in a different time or place.
Vladimir Lenin described socialist realist artists as 'engineers of souls,' highlighting their role in shaping citizens into ideal Soviets.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source attributes the phrase 'engineers of souls' to Joseph Stalin, not Vladimir Lenin, in describing the role of socialist realist artists.
Common images in Socialist realism included flowers, sunlight, and new technology, which were used to illustrate the utopian vision of communism.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source material lists flowers, sunlight, youth, industry, and new technology as common poetic images used in Socialist realism to convey a utopian message.
Artists practicing Socialist realism were encouraged to portray life exactly as they observed it, even if it reflected poorly on Communism, to ensure artistic integrity.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that artists were not permitted to portray life as they saw it if it reflected negatively on Communism; artistic integrity was secondary to adherence to party doctrine.
What was the primary stated objective of Socialist realism in the Soviet Union?
Answer: To depict reality in its revolutionary development
Explanation: The source material explicitly states that the primary official objective of Socialist realism was to depict reality in its revolutionary development, promoting the values and achievements of the socialist state.
Which of the following best describes the typical characterization of figures in Socialist realism, particularly in sculpture?
Answer: Highly idealized, often drawing upon conventions of classical sculpture
Explanation: The source material notes that figures in Socialist realism were often highly idealized, especially in sculpture, where they frequently drew upon the conventions of classical sculpture.
What was the primary purpose of Socialist realism in relation to popular culture?
Answer: To limit popular culture to a specific, highly regulated form of emotional expression that promoted Soviet ideals
Explanation: The source describes the primary purpose of Socialist realism as limiting popular culture to a specific, highly regulated form of emotional expression that promoted Soviet ideals and served the party's agenda.
What did the concept of 'ideinost' within Socialist realism dictate regarding the content and form of art?
Answer: That art should embody an approved idea and prioritize content over formal aspects
Explanation: The concept of 'ideinost' dictated that a work of art must embody an approved idea and that its ideological content was more important than its formal or aesthetic aspects.
How did Socialist realism generally portray the present and future?
Answer: In an idealized and agreeable fashion, fostering forced optimism
Explanation: The source states that Socialist realism portrayed the present and future in an idealized and agreeable way, fostering a sense of forced optimism and generally prohibiting negativity.
Who described socialist realist artists as 'engineers of souls'?
Answer: Joseph Stalin
Explanation: The source attributes the phrase 'engineers of souls' to Joseph Stalin, highlighting the artists' role in shaping citizens into ideal Soviets.
Which of the following images was NOT commonly used in Socialist realism to convey its utopian message?
Answer: Decaying urban landscapes
Explanation: Common images included sunlight, youth, and industry to illustrate a utopian vision. Decaying landscapes would contradict the required optimism of the style.
What was considered secondary to strict adherence to party doctrine for artists practicing Socialist realism?
Answer: Artistic integrity
Explanation: The source explicitly states that for artists practicing Socialist realism, artistic integrity was secondary to strict adherence to party doctrine.
Socialist realism was the official cultural doctrine of the Soviet Union from its development in the early 1920s until its official decline began in the late 1960s, and it was also adopted by other communist states after World War II.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source material confirms that Socialist realism was the predominant approved art form in the Soviet Union from the early 1920s until the late 1960s and was later adopted by other communist states.
The First Congress of Soviet Writers in 1934 provided explicit, formal guidelines concerning the specific style and subject matter for Socialist realism, ensuring strict adherence from artists.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the 1934 Congress established four key principles (Proletarian, Typical, Realistic, Partisan), the source states that no formal guidelines concerning specific style or subject matter were explicitly provided.
Compared to other nations that prescribed official art canons, Socialist realism in the Soviet Union was less enduring and more flexible in its application.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source material indicates that Socialist realism in the Soviet Union was more enduring and restrictive compared to the art canons prescribed by other countries.
The artistic techniques of early Russian realists, such as Ilya Yefimovich Repin and the Peredvizhnikis, influenced Socialist realism, even though their works lacked the same political connotations.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source identifies the Peredvizhnikis and Ilya Yefimovich Repin as early Russian realists whose techniques were later adopted by Socialist realism, despite their work not having the same political intent.
As head of Narkompros, Anatoly Lunacharsky immediately dictated a single aesthetic model for Soviet art based on the 'New Soviet man' concept, which directly became Socialist realism.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Lunacharsky's ideas about the 'New Soviet man' contributed to Socialist realism's principles, the source states he did not initially dictate a single aesthetic model for Soviet art.
Russian Futurists advocated for a revolutionary and abstract art style, positing that communism required a complete departure from past artistic traditions.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that Russian Futurists believed communism necessitated a complete break from the past and that Soviet art should be revolutionary and abstract.
The term 'Socialist realism' was first used in the press by Joseph Stalin in the newspaper Literaturnaya Gazeta in 1932.
Answer: False
Explanation: According to the Great Russian Encyclopedia, the term was first used in the press by Ivan Gronsky, chairman of the organizing committee of the Union of Soviet Writers.
The four guidelines established for Socialist realism at the 1934 Congress of Soviet Writers were Proletarian, Typical, Realistic, and Partisan.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source explicitly lists these four principles—Proletarian, Typical, Realistic, and Partisan—as the key guidelines established for Socialist realism at the 1934 Congress.
The Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia (AKhRR), established in 1922, later became the nucleus for the Stalinist USSR Union of Artists.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that the AKhRR, founded in 1922, eventually served as the nucleus for the Stalinist USSR Union of Artists before its disbandment in 1932.
The Union of Soviet Writers (USW) was created to promote diverse creative tendencies among writers, including those critical of Soviet ideals.
Answer: False
Explanation: The purpose of the USW was to unify Soviet writers and merge their aims with the country's creative working energies, not to promote diverse or critical tendencies.
In the early Soviet Union, revolutionary politics and radical non-traditional art forms like Constructivism were initially considered complementary.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that in the early years of the Soviet Union, revolutionary politics and radical non-traditional art forms were seen as complementary under the umbrella of Proletkult.
The Communist Party rejected modern art styles like Impressionism because they were deemed too complex for the proletariat and ineffective for state propaganda.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that the Communist Party rejected modern art styles as 'decadent' and unintelligible to the proletariat, making them unsuitable for state propaganda.
Andrei Zhdanov's speech at the 1934 Congress of Soviet Writers led to the strict enforcement of Socialist realism, resulting in the prohibition of abstract and religious art.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that Andrei Zhdanov's 1934 speech endorsed Socialist realism as the official style, leading to its ruthless enforcement and the prohibition of various art forms, including abstract and religious art.
When was the doctrine of Socialist realism first proclaimed as the approved method for Soviet cultural production?
Answer: At the First Congress of Soviet Writers in 1934
Explanation: The source specifies that the doctrine of Socialist realism was first proclaimed as the approved method for Soviet cultural production at the First Congress of Soviet Writers in 1934.
For approximately how long did Socialist realism remain the predominant form of approved art in the Soviet Union?
Answer: From the early 1920s until the late 1960s
Explanation: The source indicates that Socialist realism was the predominant form of approved art from its development in the early 1920s until its official status began to decline in the late 1960s.
Who was instrumental in shaping the direction of art in the new Soviet state as head of Narkompros?
Answer: Anatoly Lunacharsky
Explanation: The source identifies Anatoly Lunacharsky, head of Narkompros, as being instrumental in shaping the direction of art in the new Soviet state.
What was the artistic stance of the Traditionalists in the debate over the future of Soviet art?
Answer: They advocated for the importance of realistic representations of everyday life
Explanation: The source states that the Traditionalists, in contrast to the Futurists, advocated for the importance of realistic representations of everyday life.
According to the Great Russian Encyclopedia, who first used the term 'Socialist realism' in the press?
Answer: Ivan Gronsky
Explanation: The source credits Ivan Gronsky, chairman of the organizing committee of the Union of Soviet Writers, with first using the term 'Socialist realism' in the press in May 1932.
Which of the following was NOT one of the four key guidelines established for Socialist realism at the 1934 Congress of Soviet Writers?
Answer: Abstract
Explanation: The four guidelines established were Proletarian, Typical, Realistic, and Partisan. Abstract art was explicitly forbidden under Socialist realism.
Which influential artist group, established in 1922, enjoyed support from officials like Leon Trotsky and later served as the nucleus for the Stalinist USSR Union of Artists?
Answer: The Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia (AKhRR)
Explanation: The source identifies the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia (AKhRR) as the influential group established in 1922 that received official support and later formed the nucleus for the USSR Union of Artists.
What was the initial approach to art in the early years of the Soviet Union under Proletkult?
Answer: Exploration of a wide variety of art forms, including avant-garde
Explanation: The source indicates that in the early years of the Soviet Union, under Proletkult, artists explored a wide variety of art forms, including radical non-traditional and avant-garde styles.
Why did the Communist Party ultimately reject modern art styles like Impressionism and Cubism?
Answer: They were considered 'decadent' and unintelligible to the proletariat
Explanation: The source states that the Communist Party rejected modern art styles because they were considered 'decadent' and unintelligible to the proletariat, making them ineffective for state propaganda.
Who delivered a speech at the 1934 First Congress of Soviet Writers that strongly endorsed Socialist realism as 'the official style of Soviet culture'?
Answer: Andrei Zhdanov
Explanation: The source identifies Andrei Zhdanov, Joseph Stalin's representative, as the individual who delivered the speech endorsing Socialist realism as the official style at the 1934 Congress.
Which of the following art forms or content was explicitly forbidden under Socialist realism in the Soviet Union?
Answer: Abstract and surrealist art
Explanation: The source explicitly states that abstract, surrealist, expressionist, religious, and erotic art were forbidden under the strict enforcement of Socialist realism.
What did art exhibitions between 1935 and 1940 in the Soviet Union suggest about the nature of artistic suppression?
Answer: That a significant number of exhibited works pursued purely technical purposes and appeared free from overt ideological content
Explanation: The source suggests that these exhibitions serve as a counterpoint to claims of total suppression, as many works appeared free from overt ideology and focused on technical purposes.
Chetan Anand's 'Neecha Nagar' and Bimal Roy's 'Two Acres of Land' are notable Soviet films that applied Socialist realism.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source identifies these as Hindi films from the 1940s and 1950s that applied Socialist realism, not Soviet films.
Fritz Cremer's bronze monument in Buchenwald depicted the liberation of the camp by Soviet forces, reaffirming the German Democratic Republic's claim to the anti-fascist struggle.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that Fritz Cremer's monument depicts the liberation of the Buchenwald camp by the detainees themselves in April 1945, not by Soviet forces.
In Chinese socialist realist theater, individual heroism was often emphasized over collective action, particularly during the Cultural Revolution.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that themes in Chinese socialist realist plays, especially during the Cultural Revolution, emphasized collective action over individual heroism.
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia adopted Socialist realism more strictly than other communist countries after the Tito–Stalin split.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that Yugoslavia was a notable exception, abandoning Socialist realism after the Tito–Stalin split in 1948.
Albrecht Dürer's legacy was referenced in early East German Socialist realism due to his perceived support for revolutionary forces and his association with humanism.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that Dürer's legacy was a significant point of reference in East Germany, as he was seen as a supporter of revolutionary forces and an embodiment of humanism and German national identity.
The paintings of East German artist Werner Tübke strictly conformed to Socialist realism and avoided any references to Renaissance art.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that Werner Tübke's work demonstrated an expansive nature of Socialist realism and often drew from the Renaissance art movement, referencing painters like Dürer.
The Basic Treaty of 1972 increased artistic exchange for East German artists but failed to bring more attention to Socialist realism from outside East Germany.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that the Basic Treaty of 1972 not only increased artistic exchange but also brought more attention to Socialist realism from outside East Germany.
DEFA, the German Democratic Republic's official film studio, aimed to re-educate German youth towards genuine democracy and humanism through its films.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that a primary goal of DEFA was to use film as a teaching tool to re-educate the German people, especially youth, towards an understanding of genuine democracy and humanism.
The 'Bitterfelder Weg' in East German literature was an initiative that sent writers to industrial centers to foster cultural production through direct interaction with workers.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source describes the 'Bitterfelder Weg' as an initiative where writers were sent to industrial centers to foster 'cultural production' by interacting directly with the working class.
Which of the following Hindi films from the 1940s and 1950s is noted for applying Socialist realism and won the Grand Prize at the 1st Cannes Film Festival?
Answer: 'Neecha Nagar'
Explanation: The source identifies Chetan Anand's 'Neecha Nagar' (1946) as a Hindi film applying Socialist realism that won the Grand Prize at the 1st Cannes Film Festival.
Fritz Cremer's bronze monument in Buchenwald, a striking example of Socialist realism in GDR sculpture, depicts what event?
Answer: The liberation of the camp by detainees in April 1945
Explanation: The source states that Fritz Cremer's monument in Buchenwald depicts the liberation of the camp by the detainees themselves in April 1945.
What was a key characteristic of themes in Chinese socialist realist plays, especially during the Cultural Revolution?
Answer: Emphasis on collective action over individual heroism
Explanation: The source notes that themes in Chinese socialist realist plays, particularly during the Cultural Revolution, emphasized collective action over individual heroism.
How did the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia differ from other communist countries regarding Socialist realism?
Answer: It abandoned Socialist realism after the Tito–Stalin split in 1948
Explanation: The source identifies Yugoslavia as a notable exception among communist countries, as it abandoned Socialist realism following the Tito–Stalin split in 1948.
What was the initial aim of cultural leaders in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) regarding art after World War II?
Answer: To establish a national East German culture that moved away from fascist, Nazi, and militaristic doctrines
Explanation: The source states that the initial aim of cultural leaders in East Germany was to establish a national culture that moved away from fascist, Nazi, and militaristic doctrines.
Which Renaissance-era German painter's legacy became a significant point of reference for the early development of Socialist realism in East Germany?
Answer: Albrecht Dürer
Explanation: The source identifies Albrecht Dürer's works and legacy as a significant point of reference for the early development of Socialist realism in East Germany.
What impact did the Basic Treaty of 1972 have on East German artists and Socialist realism?
Answer: It allowed East German artists to travel to West Germany and increased attention to Socialist realism from outside
Explanation: The source indicates that the Basic Treaty of 1972 allowed East German artists to travel, which increased artistic exchange and brought more attention to Socialist realism from outside the GDR.
What was the primary goal of DEFA, the GDR's official film studio, as stated by Sergei Tiulpanov?
Answer: To re-educate the German people, especially the young, to a true understanding of genuine democracy and humanism
Explanation: The source quotes Sergei Tiulpanov stating that DEFA's primary goal was to re-educate the German people, particularly the youth, to a true understanding of genuine democracy and humanism.
During the Russian Civil War, Soviet poster propaganda frequently depicted women as combat heroes and blacksmiths, embodying physical strength.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source states that during the Russian Civil War, women in propaganda posters were typically depicted symbolically (e.g., as Mother Russia) or in roles like nurses and victims, while men were shown as workers and heroes.
After 1920, Soviet art began to portray women proletarians who resembled male workers in stature and clothing, embodying dignity and masculinity.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that after 1920, the first images of women proletarians appeared, depicting them as closely resembling male workers in stature and dress, thus embodying dignity and masculinity.
The Stalin era's regulation of art led to a more hierarchical artistic community that favored realist oil paintings and made explicit discourse on gender difference taboo.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source indicates that during the Stalin era, art became more hierarchical, favoring male-dominated realist oil painting, and explicit discussions of gender difference and sexuality became taboo.
The 'New Soviet Woman' in Socialist realist art was primarily depicted as a housewife-activist, emphasizing unpaid domestic labor over professional work.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'New Soviet Woman' was often depicted in traditionally male jobs like aviation and engineering to encourage women to join the workforce, although the 'housewife-activist' role was also promoted.
How were women typically represented in Soviet poster propaganda during the Russian Civil War (1917–1922)?
Answer: To symbolize abstract concepts like Mother Russia or 'freedom', or as nurses and victims
Explanation: The source states that during this period, women in propaganda were often used to symbolize abstract concepts or were shown in roles like nurses and victims, while men were depicted as workers and heroes.
What significant shift occurred in the depiction of women proletarians in Soviet art after 1920?
Answer: They began to closely resemble male workers in stature and clothing, embodying dignity and masculinity
Explanation: The source indicates that after 1920, a significant shift occurred where women proletarians were depicted in a way that closely resembled male workers, embodying dignity and masculinity.
What was the status of women artists in the early Soviet avant-garde movement?
Answer: They were significantly represented, and the post-revolutionary shift benefited their careers
Explanation: The source states that women artists were significantly represented in the avant-garde movement and that the post-revolutionary shift away from a market-based system benefited their careers.
How did the Stalin era impact the representation of gender in Socialist realist art regarding the 'woman question'?
Answer: The 'woman question' was declared resolved, and explicit discourse on gender difference and sexuality was taboo
Explanation: The source explains that during the Stalin era, the 'woman question' was declared resolved, and as a result, explicit discussions of gender difference and sexuality became taboo in art.
What was the primary purpose of depicting the 'New Soviet Woman' in Socialist realist art?
Answer: To encourage women to join the workforce and showcase Soviet advancements in women's equality
Explanation: The source indicates that the purpose of portraying the 'New Soviet Woman' was to encourage women to join the workforce and to highlight the Soviet Union's progress in women's equality.
Leon Trotsky viewed Socialist realism as an arbitrary construct of the Stalinist bureaucracy, based on falsification rather than idealization.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source indicates that Leon Trotsky was highly critical of Socialist realism, regarding it as an arbitrary bureaucratic construct based on falsification to glorify the 'Leader'.
After Stalin's death, Nikita Khrushchev's 'Thaw' permanently ended stringent state controls over art, leading to lasting artistic freedom in the Soviet Union.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source explains that 'Khrushchev's Thaw' only temporarily lessened state controls over art; his successor, Leonid Brezhnev, later reversed many of these policies.
In the 1990s, Russian artists began using Socialist realism characteristics ironically, indicating a shift in power away from the Communist Party.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that after the fall of the Soviet Union, many Russian artists used Socialist realism's characteristics in an ironic fashion, marking a power transfer away from the deposed Communist Party.
Western cultures generally view Socialist realism positively, considering it a period of significant artistic and cultural progress.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that Western cultures generally do not view Socialist realism positively, often seeing it as a form of deception produced during a period of repression that hindered cultural progress.
The Institute of Russian Realist Art (IRRA) is a museum in Moscow dedicated to preserving 20th-century Russian realist paintings.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms that the Institute of Russian Realist Art (IRRA) in Moscow is a museum whose purpose is to preserve 20th-century Russian realist paintings.
How did Leon Trotsky characterize Socialist realism?
Answer: As an arbitrary construct of the Stalinist bureaucracy based on falsification
Explanation: The source states that Leon Trotsky was highly critical of Socialist realism, viewing it as an arbitrary construct of the Stalinist bureaucracy based on falsification to glorify the 'Leader'.
What was the effect of 'Khrushchev's Thaw' on state controls over art after Stalin's death in 1953?
Answer: They were temporarily less stringent
Explanation: The source explains that during the period known as 'Khrushchev's Thaw,' state controls over art became temporarily less stringent, though this policy was later reversed.
How did many Russian artists engage with Socialist realism in the 1990s after the fall of the Soviet Union?
Answer: They used its characteristics in an ironic fashion
Explanation: The source indicates that in the 1990s, many Russian artists began to use the characteristics of Socialist realism ironically, as a commentary on the Soviet legacy.
How do non-Marxist art historians generally perceive the effect of communism on artistic expression?
Answer: As a totalitarian system that stifled artistic expression and hindered cultural progress
Explanation: The source states that non-Marxist art historians tend to view communism as a totalitarian system that stifled artistic expression and hindered cultural progress.
What is the purpose of the Institute of Russian Realist Art (IRRA) in Moscow?
Answer: To preserve 20th-century Russian realist paintings
Explanation: The source identifies the purpose of the Institute of Russian Realist Art (IRRA) as the preservation of 20th-century Russian realist paintings.
Which countries are arguably still primarily focused on Socialist realist aesthetic principles today?
Answer: North Korea, Laos, and Vietnam
Explanation: The source argues that today, the only countries still primarily focused on Socialist realist aesthetic principles are North Korea, Laos, and to some extent, Vietnam.
Socialist Realism in Various Media
Hanns Eisler was a composer known for complex symphonic music that avoided contemporary political themes.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source describes Hanns Eisler as a composer who created many workers' songs, marches, and ballads on contemporary political themes, such as 'Song of Solidarity' and 'Requiem for Lenin'.
Leon Trotsky believed cinema was a valuable tool for propaganda and education, capable of supplanting the influence of the Orthodox Church in Russia.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that Leon Trotsky argued cinema could be effectively used by the Soviet state for propaganda and education, potentially supplanting the influence of the Orthodox Church.
Maxim Gorky's novel 'Mother' is considered the first socialist-realist novel, and he also outlined the needs of Soviet art in a pamphlet.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source material identifies Maxim Gorky's 'Mother' as the first socialist-realist novel and notes his pamphlet 'On Socialist Realism' which detailed the needs of Soviet art.
Who was a notable author associated with the Union of Soviet Writers (USW) and whose novel 'Mother' is considered the first socialist-realist novel?
Answer: Maxim Gorky
Explanation: The source identifies Maxim Gorky as a key figure in the USW and the author of 'Mother,' which is considered the first socialist-realist novel.
Which composer is recognized as a founder of a new style of revolutionary song for the masses, with works including 'Song of Solidarity' and 'Requiem for Lenin'?
Answer: Hanns Eisler
Explanation: The source identifies Hanns Eisler as a composer who founded a new style of revolutionary song and created works on contemporary political themes, such as 'Song of Solidarity'.
According to Leon Trotsky, what was cinema's potential role in the early Soviet state?
Answer: To serve as a valuable tool for propaganda and education, supplanting the Orthodox Church
Explanation: The source states that Leon Trotsky argued cinema was a valuable tool for propaganda and education that could be used to supplant the influence of the Orthodox Church.
Which painter, associated with Socialist realism, is known for expressionist and patriotic scenes of World War II, collective farms, and sports?
Answer: Aleksandr Deineka
Explanation: The source identifies Aleksandr Deineka as a prominent painter known for his expressionist and patriotic scenes of World War II, collective farms, and sports.
Which novel is widely considered the first socialist-realist novel?
Answer: 'Mother' by Maxim Gorky
Explanation: The source material widely considers Maxim Gorky's 1906 novel 'Mother' to be the first socialist-realist novel.