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The Society of United Irishmen was founded with the primary goal of achieving religious tolerance for all denominations in Ireland.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Society of United Irishmen was established with the primary objective of securing representative government in Ireland, advocating for principles of civil, political, and religious liberty.
Presbyterian founders of the United Irishmen were motivated by their shared civil and political disabilities, similar to those faced by the Catholic majority.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Presbyterian founders were motivated by their shared civil and political disabilities, recognizing similarities to those faced by the Catholic majority in Ireland.
The 'cordial union' sought by the United Irishmen was an alliance between the landed gentry and the British administration.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'cordial union' sought by the United Irishmen was an alliance between Catholics, Protestants, and Dissenters, intended to challenge the existing landed Anglican Ascendancy.
Theobald Wolfe Tone's 'An Argument on behalf of the Catholics of Ireland' argued for the necessity of Protestant-Catholic unity to achieve a representative government.
Answer: True
Explanation: Tone's pamphlet argued that Protestant-Catholic unity was essential for establishing a representative government in Ireland, challenging prejudices against Catholic participation.
Theobald Wolfe Tone's 'Argument on behalf of the Catholics of Ireland' argued against the necessity of Protestant-Catholic unity.
Answer: False
Explanation: Tone's 'Argument on behalf of the Catholics of Ireland' argued for the necessity of Protestant-Catholic unity to achieve a representative government.
The United Irishmen's call for 'equal representation' evolved to include 'universal manhood suffrage' by February 1794.
Answer: True
Explanation: The United Irishmen's call for 'equal representation' evolved by February 1794 to encompass 'universal manhood suffrage,' signifying a more radical democratic program.
The United Irishmen advocated for a 'complete and radical reform' of parliamentary representation, including equal representation for all people.
Answer: True
Explanation: The United Irishmen advocated for a 'complete and radical reform' of parliamentary representation, aiming for an 'equal, full and adequate representation of all the people of Ireland'.
The United Irishmen believed that liberty was achievable without political rights or representation.
Answer: False
Explanation: The United Irishmen believed that liberty was intrinsically tied to political rights and representation, arguing that true liberty required a 'full, free and frequent representation of the people'.
The United Irishmen argued for an 'impartial and adequate representation' of the Irish nation in parliament.
Answer: True
Explanation: The United Irishmen argued for an 'impartial and adequate representation' of the Irish nation in parliament, advocating for a 'complete and radical reform'.
The United Irishmen sought 'Real Independence to Ireland' through radical reform and potentially armed struggle.
Answer: True
Explanation: The United Irishmen sought 'Real Independence to Ireland' through radical reform and potentially armed struggle, aiming to subvert English authority and assert national independence.
What was the primary objective of the Society of United Irishmen upon its formation?
Answer: To secure representative government in Ireland.
Explanation: The Society of United Irishmen was established with the primary objective of securing representative government in Ireland, advocating for principles of civil, political, and religious liberty.
In which city and year was the Society of United Irishmen founded?
Answer: Belfast, 1791
Explanation: The Society of United Irishmen was founded in October 1791 at a gathering in Belfast.
Which group's shared experiences motivated the Presbyterian founders of the Society of United Irishmen?
Answer: Their shared civil and political disabilities.
Explanation: The Presbyterian founders were motivated by their shared civil and political disabilities, recognizing similarities to those faced by the Catholic majority in Ireland.
What was the intended nature of the 'cordial union' sought by the United Irishmen?
Answer: An alliance between Catholics, Protestants, and Dissenters.
Explanation: The 'cordial union' sought by the United Irishmen was an alliance between Catholics, Protestants, and Dissenters, intended to challenge the existing landed Anglican Ascendancy.
Theobald Wolfe Tone's 'An Argument on behalf of the Catholics of Ireland' primarily argued for:
Answer: The necessity of Protestant-Catholic unity for representative government.
Explanation: Tone's pamphlet argued that Protestant-Catholic unity was essential for establishing a representative government in Ireland, challenging prejudices against Catholic participation.
How did the United Irishmen's call for 'equal representation' evolve?
Answer: It evolved to include 'universal manhood suffrage' by February 1794.
Explanation: The United Irishmen's call for 'equal representation' evolved by February 1794 to encompass 'universal manhood suffrage,' signifying a more radical democratic program.
What did the United Irishmen advocate for regarding parliamentary representation?
Answer: A complete and radical reform for an equal representation of all people.
Explanation: The United Irishmen advocated for a 'complete and radical reform' of parliamentary representation, aiming for an 'equal, full and adequate representation of all the people of Ireland'.
What was the main argument of the United Irishmen regarding the concept of 'country'?
Answer: A country is intrinsically linked to a free constitution and representative government.
Explanation: William Drennan argued that 'what is a country properly considered but a free constitution?', highlighting the United Irishmen's view that national identity and independence were intrinsically linked to a just and representative political system.
What was the main argument of the United Irishmen regarding the concept of 'liberty'?
Answer: Liberty was intrinsically tied to political rights and representation.
Explanation: The United Irishmen believed that liberty was intrinsically tied to political rights and representation, arguing that true liberty required a 'full, free and frequent representation of the people'.
What was the main argument of the United Irishmen regarding the concept of 'representation'?
Answer: They argued for an impartial and adequate representation of the Irish nation in parliament.
Explanation: The United Irishmen argued for an 'impartial and adequate representation' of the Irish nation in parliament, advocating for a 'complete and radical reform'.
The United Irishmen primarily sought international support from the Spanish First Republic.
Answer: False
Explanation: The United Irishmen actively sought assistance from the French First Republic, not the Spanish First Republic.
The American Revolution had little influence on the United Irishmen's perspective on British rule.
Answer: False
Explanation: The American Revolution provided a significant example of successful resistance and republicanism, influencing the United Irishmen's perspective on British rule and their own aspirations.
Bastille Day celebrations in Belfast in 1791 and 1792 showed indifference towards the ideals of the French Revolution.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Bastille Day celebrations in Belfast demonstrated strong support for the ideals of the French Revolution, with declarations hailing French soldiers as 'the advance guard of the world'.
Authorities found concrete evidence of a concerted United Irish plot to subvert the Royal Navy during the 1797 mutinies.
Answer: False
Explanation: While authorities alleged United Irish involvement in the 1797 naval mutinies, concrete evidence of a concerted plot to subvert the fleet was lacking.
The French Revolution had minimal impact on the United Irishmen's ideology and goals.
Answer: False
Explanation: The French Revolution had a profound impact on the United Irishmen's ideology and goals, providing inspiration and a model for their pursuit of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Irish Jacobin Clubs, influenced by the French Revolution, primarily comprised wealthy landowners.
Answer: False
Explanation: Irish Jacobin Clubs, influenced by the French Revolution, primarily comprised artisans and shopkeepers, advocating for democratic reforms.
The 'Northern Star' newspaper was a key publication for the United Irishmen, disseminating radical ideas.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Northern Star' newspaper was a crucial publication for the United Irishmen, serving to disseminate their radical ideas and influence public opinion.
The 'United Britons' addressed the French Directory advocating for the overthrow of the British government and cooperation with French forces.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'United Britons' addressed the French Directory, advocating for the overthrow of the British government and cooperation with French forces to achieve the independence of Great Britain and Ireland.
The 'Declaration of the Rights of Man' was seen by the United Irishmen as evidence of Catholic France undergoing its own revolution.
Answer: True
Explanation: The United Irishmen viewed the French 'Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen' as evidence of Catholic France undergoing its own revolution, inspiring their own calls for liberty and equality.
The French Revolution's 'Declaration of the Rights of Man' discouraged Irish Presbyterians from pursuing radical reforms.
Answer: False
Explanation: The French Revolution's 'Declaration of the Rights of Man' encouraged Irish Presbyterians by presenting a model of radical reform and republicanism that resonated with their grievances.
The 'Belfast Politics' collection documented debates reflecting conservative sentiments and opposition to reform.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Belfast Politics' collection documented debates reflecting strong republican and reformist sentiments in Belfast, not conservative opposition.
From which nation did the United Irishmen primarily seek international support?
Answer: France
Explanation: The United Irishmen actively sought assistance from the French First Republic, trading on the prospect of French support for their cause.
How did the American Revolution influence the United Irishmen?
Answer: It provided an example of successful resistance and republicanism.
Explanation: The American Revolution provided a powerful example of successful resistance against the Crown and the establishment of a republic, influencing the United Irishmen's perspective on British rule and their own aspirations.
What did the Bastille Day celebrations in Belfast in 1791 and 1792 signify?
Answer: Strong support for the ideals of the French Revolution.
Explanation: The Bastille Day celebrations in Belfast demonstrated strong support for the French Revolution and its ideals, with declarations hailing French soldiers as 'the advance guard of the world'.
What was the impact of the French Revolution on the United Irishmen's ideology?
Answer: It provided inspiration and a model for their goals and rhetoric.
Explanation: The French Revolution had a profound impact on the United Irishmen's ideology and goals, providing inspiration and a model for their pursuit of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
What was the significance of the 'Northern Star' newspaper to the United Irishmen?
Answer: It disseminated radical ideas and influenced public opinion.
Explanation: The 'Northern Star' newspaper was a crucial publication for the United Irishmen, serving to disseminate their radical ideas and influence public opinion.
What was the significance of the 'Belfast Politics' collection of debates and resolutions?
Answer: It reflected strong republican and reformist sentiments in Belfast.
Explanation: The 'Belfast Politics' collection documented debates reflecting strong republican and reformist sentiments in Belfast, capturing key discussions on Catholic emancipation and parliamentary reform.
The structure of Freemasonry had no influence on the organizational methods of the Society of United Irishmen.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Society of United Irishmen drew upon the structure and ritual of Freemasonry, which provided a framework for organization, secrecy, and the establishment of sworn associations.
The 'New System' adopted in May 1795 involved splitting local societies into smaller cells for better organization and secrecy.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'New System' constitution established a clandestine organization with smaller cells and delegate conferences to enhance coordination and secrecy.
The 'New Plan of Organisation' after the 1798 rebellion aimed to restore the United Irish network on a strictly military basis.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'New Plan of Organisation' aimed to restore the United Irish network on a strictly military basis, with the objective of soliciting a French invasion and coordinating simultaneous risings.
The United Scotsmen and United Englishmen adopted organizational structures and advocacy methods distinct from the Irish United Irishmen.
Answer: False
Explanation: The United Scotsmen and United Englishmen mirrored the Irish United Irishmen by adopting similar constitutional documents, oath-taking, and advocacy methods, including organization in parish-based cells.
The United Irish network dissolved primarily due to a lack of government repression.
Answer: False
Explanation: The United Irish network dissolved due to government repression, the failure of French support, and internal divisions, not a lack of repression.
The 'New System' of organization in 1795 was designed to create a more open and less clandestine structure.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'New System' was designed to create a more clandestine and effective organization, involving smaller cells and delegate conferences to evade government detection.
The Dublin society of United Irishmen quickly adopted the clandestine methods favored by the Belfast society.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Dublin society initially preferred operating openly as a 'legal, constitutional reform movement' and was slower to adopt the clandestine methods favored by the Belfast society.
The United Irishmen sought to 'unionise' in Britain primarily to foster support for the established Anglican Church.
Answer: False
Explanation: The United Irishmen sought to 'unionise' in Britain to foster support for their cause and coordinate action against British authority, not to support the Anglican Church.
How did the structure of Freemasonry influence the United Irishmen?
Answer: It offered a framework for organization, secrecy, and sworn associations.
Explanation: The Society of United Irishmen drew upon the structure and ritual of Freemasonry, which provided a framework for organization, secrecy, and the establishment of sworn associations.
What was the purpose of the 'New System' adopted by the United Irishmen in May 1795?
Answer: To establish a constitution for a clandestine organization with smaller cells.
Explanation: The 'New System' was a constitution drafted for a clandestine organization, involving splitting local societies into smaller cells and establishing delegate conferences to create a more coordinated and secret structure.
What was the purpose of the 'New Plan of Organisation' adopted after the 1798 rebellion?
Answer: To restore the network on a strictly military basis, seeking French invasion.
Explanation: The 'New Plan of Organisation' aimed to restore the United Irish network on a strictly military basis, with the objective of soliciting a French invasion and coordinating simultaneous risings.
What was the primary reason for the United Irishmen's focus on 'unionising' in Britain?
Answer: To foster support for their cause and coordinate action against British authority.
Explanation: The United Irishmen sought to 'unionise' in Britain to foster support for their cause and coordinate action against British authority, believing a united front across Britain and Ireland was necessary to challenge British rule.
After its proscription in 1794, the Society of United Irishmen softened its stance, focusing solely on parliamentary reform.
Answer: False
Explanation: Following its proscription in 1794, the Society of United Irishmen restated its goals in more uncompromising terms, linking Catholic emancipation and parliamentary reform with calls for universal manhood suffrage and the establishment of a republic.
The suppression of the 1798 rebellion led to the immediate incorporation of Ireland into the United Kingdom with Great Britain.
Answer: True
Explanation: The suppression of the 1798 rebellion led directly to the British government abolishing the Irish Parliament and incorporating Ireland into the United Kingdom through the Acts of Union 1800.
The Irish Volunteers were instrumental in pressuring Parliament to surrender legislative powers to Ireland in 1782.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Irish Volunteers, through their mobilization and pressure, were instrumental in Parliament conceding legislative independence to Ireland in 1782.
The oath sworn on Cave Hill in June 1795 committed leaders to seeking French military intervention but not necessarily independence.
Answer: False
Explanation: The oath sworn on Cave Hill committed leaders to subverting English authority and asserting Irish independence, explicitly including the pursuit of French military intervention.
The planned United Irish uprising on May 23, 1798, failed due to a lack of government forewarning and the arrest of key organizers.
Answer: False
Explanation: The planned 1798 uprising failed due to government forewarning, the arrest of key organizers like Samuel Neilson, and the wounding of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, leading to uncoordinated local uprisings.
The Treaty of Amiens in March 1802 revived the United Irishmen's hopes for French intervention.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Treaty of Amiens in March 1802 dashed the United Irishmen's hopes for French intervention, although these hopes briefly revived when war resumed in May 1803.
Emmet's Rebellion in 1803 successfully gained significant traction across the country.
Answer: False
Explanation: Emmet's Rebellion in 1803 resulted in street skirmishes in Dublin and failed to gain significant traction across the country.
Theobald Wolfe Tone died by execution after being captured by British forces.
Answer: False
Explanation: Theobald Wolfe Tone died by suicide after being captured by British forces, rather than by execution.
The Battle of the Big Cross in Munster was a significant United Irish uprising that occurred after a strong local organization had been established.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Battle of the Big Cross in Munster was not a significant United Irish uprising; it occurred after local Defenderism had been suppressed and a strong Cork city United organization had been broken.
The Declaration of Irish Rights in 1782 asserted Ireland's legislative independence from Britain, which London conceded.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Declaration of Irish Rights in 1782 asserted Ireland's legislative independence from Britain, a claim that London conceded, leading to the constitutional changes of 1782.
What shift occurred in the Society's goals after its proscription in 1794?
Answer: Their goals became more uncompromising, including calls for a republic.
Explanation: Following its proscription in 1794, the Society of United Irishmen restated its goals in more uncompromising terms, linking Catholic emancipation and parliamentary reform with calls for universal manhood suffrage and the establishment of a republic.
What was the direct consequence of the suppression of the 1798 rebellion?
Answer: The abolition of the Irish Parliament and incorporation into the UK.
Explanation: The suppression of the 1798 rebellion led directly to the British government abolishing the Irish Parliament and incorporating Ireland into the United Kingdom through the Acts of Union 1800.
What role did the Irish Volunteers play in the political climate of the 1780s?
Answer: They successfully pressured Parliament to grant legislative independence to Ireland.
Explanation: The Irish Volunteers, through their mobilization and pressure, were instrumental in Parliament conceding legislative independence to Ireland in 1782.
What commitment was made in the oath sworn on Cave Hill in June 1795?
Answer: To work towards the complete separation of Ireland from Britain.
Explanation: The oath sworn on Cave Hill committed leaders to subverting English authority and asserting Irish independence, explicitly including the pursuit of French military intervention.
What was the alleged role of United Irishmen in the 1797 naval mutinies?
Answer: They were accused of involvement, but concrete evidence of a plot was lacking.
Explanation: While authorities alleged United Irish involvement in the 1797 naval mutinies, concrete evidence of a concerted plot to subvert the fleet was lacking.
Which factor contributed to the failure of the planned United Irish uprising on May 23, 1798?
Answer: Key organizers were arrested on the morning of the planned rising.
Explanation: The planned 1798 uprising failed due to government forewarning, the arrest of key organizers like Samuel Neilson, and the wounding of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, leading to uncoordinated local uprisings.
How did the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802 affect the United Irishmen's hopes?
Answer: It dashed their hopes for French intervention.
Explanation: The Treaty of Amiens in March 1802 dashed the United Irishmen's hopes for French intervention, although these hopes briefly revived when war resumed in May 1803.
What was the outcome of Emmet's Rebellion in 1803?
Answer: It resulted in street skirmishes in Dublin and failed to gain significant traction.
Explanation: Emmet's Rebellion in 1803 resulted in street skirmishes in Dublin and failed to gain significant traction across the country, marking a final, failed attempt at armed uprising.
What was the significance of the Declaration of Irish Rights in 1782?
Answer: It asserted Ireland's legislative independence, which London conceded.
Explanation: The Declaration of Irish Rights in 1782 asserted Ireland's legislative independence from Britain, a claim that London conceded, leading to the constitutional changes of 1782.
Unionists argued that the United Irishmen's true legacy was their promotion of egalitarianism and the entry of the 'plain people' into history.
Answer: False
Explanation: Unionists argued that the United Irishmen's true legacy lay in their original goals of constitutional reforms, not in promoting egalitarianism or the entry of the 'plain people' into history.
Historian John A. Murphy identified the emergence of an 'incipient Irish democracy' as the most significant legacy of the United Irishmen.
Answer: True
Explanation: Historian John A. Murphy identified the emergence of an 'incipient Irish democracy,' characterized by the promotion of egalitarianism and the entry of the 'plain people' into history, as the most significant legacy of the United Irishmen.
Unionists argued that the United Irishmen's primary goals were constitutional reforms within the British system, not outright separation.
Answer: True
Explanation: Unionists argued that the United Irishmen's true objectives were constitutional reforms within the British system, such as Catholic Emancipation and parliamentary reform, rather than outright separation.
Unionists criticized later political movements for accurately representing the true objects of the United Irishmen.
Answer: False
Explanation: Unionists criticized later political movements for misrepresenting the true objects of the United Irishmen, arguing their original goals were constitutional reforms, not separation.
According to historian John A. Murphy, what was the most significant legacy of the United Irishmen?
Answer: The promotion of egalitarianism and the entry of the 'plain people' into history.
Explanation: Historian John A. Murphy identified the emergence of an 'incipient Irish democracy,' characterized by the promotion of egalitarianism and the entry of the 'plain people' into history, as the most significant legacy of the United Irishmen.
What was the main argument of Unionists regarding the United Irishmen's legacy?
Answer: That the United Irishmen's true goals were constitutional reforms within the British system.
Explanation: Unionists argued that the United Irishmen's true objectives were constitutional reforms within the British system, such as Catholic Emancipation and parliamentary reform, rather than outright separation.