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The Southern Tiwa language belongs to the Athabaskan language family.
Answer: False
Explanation: Southern Tiwa is classified within the Kiowa-Tanoan language family, specifically as part of the Tiwa subgroup, not the Athabaskan family.
Picurís and Taos languages are considered distantly related to Southern Tiwa.
Answer: False
Explanation: Picurís and Taos are considered closely related to Southern Tiwa, forming the Tiwa subgroup within the Kiowa-Tanoan language family, rather than being distantly related.
Historical observations suggested that speakers of Taos and Picurís could easily understand Southern Tiwa.
Answer: False
Explanation: Historical observations, such as those by Harrington, indicated that speakers of Taos and Picurís had difficulty understanding Southern Tiwa, with Southern Tiwa speakers sometimes using a 'Mexican jargon' for communication.
The Tanoan language family includes the Tiwa branch, Jemez (Towa), Kiowa, and Tewa.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately outlines the major branches within the Tanoan language family, demonstrating the linguistic relationships among these indigenous languages.
Besides Tanoan languages, Keresan and Zuni are classified as Southern Athabaskan languages in New Mexico.
Answer: False
Explanation: Keresan and Zuni are classified as language isolates in New Mexico, distinct from the Southern Athabaskan language family.
New Mexican English and New Mexican Spanish are mentioned as spoken European languages in New Mexico.
Answer: True
Explanation: The linguistic landscape of New Mexico includes these prominent European languages, reflecting historical settlement patterns.
Southern Tiwa is linguistically classified as part of which larger language family?
Answer: Kiowa-Tanoan
Explanation: Southern Tiwa is a member of the Tiwa subgroup, which falls under the broader Kiowa-Tanoan language family.
Which languages are identified as being closely related to Southern Tiwa?
Answer: Picurís and Taos
Explanation: Picurís and Taos are linguistically the closest relatives to Southern Tiwa, forming the Tiwa subgroup within the Kiowa-Tanoan family.
What historical observation regarding mutual intelligibility between Southern Tiwa and Taos speakers was noted?
Answer: Southern Tiwa speakers used a 'Mexican jargon' to communicate with Taos speakers.
Explanation: Historical accounts suggest that communication between Southern Tiwa and Taos speakers was not always straightforward, with evidence of a 'Mexican jargon' being employed by Southern Tiwa speakers.
In the Tanoan language family structure, which branch is distinct from Tiwa, Jemez (Towa), and Kiowa?
Answer: Tewa
Explanation: Within the Tanoan family, Tewa represents a distinct branch alongside Tiwa, Jemez (Towa), and Kiowa.
Which languages are classified as isolates in New Mexico according to the provided navbox?
Answer: Keresan and Zuni
Explanation: The navbox indicates that Keresan and Zuni are classified as language isolates within New Mexico, meaning they do not belong to larger established language families.
The Southern Tiwa language is primarily spoken within the communities of Sandia Pueblo and Isleta Pueblo in New Mexico, as well as Ysleta del Sur in Texas.
Answer: True
Explanation: This statement accurately reflects the primary geographical distribution of the Southern Tiwa language, encompassing specific Pueblo communities in both New Mexico and Texas.
The three recognized dialectal variants of Southern Tiwa are Sandia, Isleta, and Tigua.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Southern Tiwa language is recognized as having three primary dialectal variants: Sandia, Isleta, and Tigua (associated with Ysleta del Sur).
The Sandia and Isleta dialects of Southern Tiwa are known to have significant differences and are not mutually intelligible.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Sandia and Isleta dialects of Southern Tiwa are reported to be very similar and mutually intelligible, indicating a high degree of shared linguistic features.
The dialect of Southern Tiwa spoken at Ysleta del Sur is also known as Tigua.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Tigua dialect is specifically associated with the community at Ysleta del Sur Pueblo in Texas, representing one of the recognized variants of Southern Tiwa.
The Ysleta del Sur Pueblo's inclusion in the Texas navbox signifies the language's reach beyond New Mexico.
Answer: True
Explanation: The mention of Ysleta del Sur Pueblo in a Texas context highlights the geographical extent of Southern Tiwa speakers beyond the borders of New Mexico.
Which of the following locations is NOT mentioned as a primary area where Southern Tiwa is spoken?
Answer: Taos Pueblo, New Mexico
Explanation: The primary areas mentioned for Southern Tiwa are Sandia Pueblo and Isleta Pueblo in New Mexico, and Ysleta del Sur in Texas. Taos Pueblo is associated with the closely related Taos language.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three recognized dialectal variants of Southern Tiwa?
Answer: Picurís
Explanation: The recognized dialectal variants of Southern Tiwa are Sandia, Isleta, and Tigua. Picurís is a closely related but distinct language within the Tiwa subgroup.
What is the reported relationship between the Sandia and Isleta dialects?
Answer: They are very similar and mutually intelligible.
Explanation: Linguistic reports indicate a high degree of similarity and mutual intelligibility between the Sandia and Isleta dialects of Southern Tiwa.
Which dialect of Southern Tiwa is also referred to by the name Tigua?
Answer: Ysleta del Sur
Explanation: The dialect spoken at Ysleta del Sur Pueblo in Texas is commonly referred to as Tigua, representing one of the three main variants of Southern Tiwa.
Southern Tiwa has a total of 29 consonants.
Answer: True
Explanation: The phonological inventory of Southern Tiwa includes a total of 29 distinct consonant sounds.
The primary categories of consonants in Southern Tiwa include Plosive/Affricate, Fricative, Rhotic, Nasal, and Approximant.
Answer: True
Explanation: These categories represent the major classes of consonant sounds based on their manner and place of articulation within the Southern Tiwa phonological system.
Southern Tiwa consonants are articulated only at Labial and Velar points of articulation.
Answer: False
Explanation: Southern Tiwa consonants are articulated at a wider range of points, including Labial, Dental, Alveolar, Palatal, Velar, and Glottal positions.
In Southern Tiwa, plosives and affricates can only be voiceless.
Answer: False
Explanation: Plosives and affricates in Southern Tiwa exhibit variation, including voiced, voiceless, aspirated, and glottalized forms.
The stops /p, t, k/ in Southern Tiwa can be fricated in certain positions, producing sounds like [f, θ, x].
Answer: True
Explanation: Phonetic variation in Southern Tiwa allows for the stops /p, t, k/ to be realized as fricatives [f, θ, x] in specific phonetic environments.
The rhotic consonant /r/ in Southern Tiwa is always pronounced as a trill [r].
Answer: False
Explanation: The rhotic consonant /r/ in Southern Tiwa can be pronounced as either a trill [r] or a retroflex sound [r], depending on the phonetic context.
Southern Tiwa has five vowels, each possessing both an oral and a nasal contrast.
Answer: True
Explanation: The vowel system of Southern Tiwa is characterized by five core vowels, each of which can be distinguished by oral or nasal articulation, impacting word meaning.
Vowels in Southern Tiwa are categorized based on tongue position into High, Mid, and Low.
Answer: True
Explanation: Vowel classification in Southern Tiwa, as in many languages, utilizes distinctions based on tongue height (High, Mid, Low) and frontness/backness.
Southern Tiwa utilizes only two tones: high and low.
Answer: False
Explanation: The tonal system of Southern Tiwa comprises three distinct tones: high, mid, and low, which are phonemically significant.
The basic syllable structure in Southern Tiwa is CVC (Consonant-Vowel-Consonant).
Answer: False
Explanation: The fundamental syllable structure in Southern Tiwa is typically CV (Consonant-Vowel), although other structures may occur.
The vowel component of a Southern Tiwa syllable can be an oral vowel, a nasal vowel, or a diphthong.
Answer: True
Explanation: The nucleus of a Southern Tiwa syllable's vowel component exhibits flexibility, accommodating single oral vowels, single nasal vowels, and diphthongs.
Diphthongs in Southern Tiwa are significantly longer than single vowels.
Answer: False
Explanation: Diphthongs in Southern Tiwa syllables maintain the same duration as single vowels, indicating they function similarly in terms of temporal structure within the syllable.
The five vowels in Southern Tiwa are /i/, /e/, /u/, /o/, and /a/.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Southern Tiwa has five core vowels, the specific phonetic realization may include variations such as a central high vowel (/ɨ/) in addition to the standard /i/, /e/, /u/, /o/, and /a/.
The term 'lab.' in the consonant chart refers to a labialized velar consonant.
Answer: True
Explanation: In phonetic notation, 'lab.' often denotes labialization, indicating that a consonant, such as a velar consonant, is produced with accompanying lip rounding.
The IPA symbol \u0294 represents a voiced glottal stop in Southern Tiwa.
Answer: False
Explanation: The IPA symbol \u0294 represents a voiceless glottal plosive (glottal stop), not a voiced one.
The IPA symbol \u0283 corresponds to the 'sh' sound in English 'ship'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The IPA symbol \u0283 denotes the voiceless postalveolar fricative, which is phonetically equivalent to the 'sh' sound found in English words like 'ship'.
How many consonants does the Southern Tiwa language possess?
Answer: 29
Explanation: The phonemic inventory of Southern Tiwa includes 29 distinct consonants.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a primary category of consonants in Southern Tiwa?
Answer: Trill
Explanation: While 'Rhotic' is a category, 'Trill' itself is not listed as a primary consonant category; rather, specific sounds like the rhotic /r/ might involve trilling as one of its articulations.
According to the source, what are the places of articulation for Southern Tiwa consonants?
Answer: Labial, Dental, Alveolar (both plain and lateral), Palatal, Velar (both plain and labialized), and Glottal (both plain and labialized)
Explanation: Southern Tiwa consonants are produced at a comprehensive range of articulatory sites, including labial, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal locations, with further distinctions like plain and labialized variants.
What variations can occur with plosives and affricates in Southern Tiwa?
Answer: They can be voiced, voiceless, aspirated, or glottalized.
Explanation: The plosive and affricate consonants in Southern Tiwa exhibit significant phonetic variation, encompassing voicing, aspiration, and glottalization.
How can the stops /p, t, k/ be modified in Southern Tiwa?
Answer: They can be fricated.
Explanation: The stops /p, t, k/ (and their voiced counterparts) in Southern Tiwa can undergo frication in certain phonetic contexts, altering their sound quality.
What are the possible pronunciations for the rhotic consonant /r/ in Southern Tiwa?
Answer: As a trill [r] or a retroflex sound [r]
Explanation: The Southern Tiwa rhotic consonant /r/ exhibits phonetic variation, being realized either as a trill [r] or as a retroflex sound [r].
Southern Tiwa has five vowels, and a key characteristic is:
Answer: Each vowel has both an oral and a nasal contrast.
Explanation: A defining feature of the Southern Tiwa vowel system is the presence of phonemic nasalization, where each of the five basic vowels can be distinguished by oral or nasal articulation.
Which of the following is NOT a category for vowel distinctions based on tongue position in Southern Tiwa?
Answer: Back
Explanation: Vowel distinctions based on tongue position typically refer to height (High, Mid, Low) and backness/frontness (Front, Central, Back). While 'Back' is a dimension, 'High', 'Mid', and 'Low' are the specific categories used for classification in this context.
How many distinct tones are present in the Southern Tiwa language?
Answer: Three (high, mid, and low)
Explanation: Southern Tiwa is a tonal language that utilizes three distinct phonemic tones: high, mid, and low, which can differentiate word meaning.
What is the fundamental syllable structure described for Southern Tiwa?
Answer: CV
Explanation: The basic and most common syllable structure in Southern Tiwa is CV, consisting of a consonant followed by a vowel.
What can the vowel component (V) in a Southern Tiwa syllable consist of?
Answer: A single oral vowel, a single nasal vowel, or a diphthong
Explanation: The vowel nucleus in a Southern Tiwa syllable can be realized as a monophthong (oral or nasal) or as a diphthong.
What is notable about the duration of diphthongs in Southern Tiwa syllables?
Answer: They have the same duration as single vowels.
Explanation: In Southern Tiwa, diphthongs exhibit the same temporal duration as monophthongs within the syllable structure.
The IPA symbol \u0294 in the Southern Tiwa consonant system represents which sound?
Answer: A voiceless glottal plosive
Explanation: The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbol \u0294 specifically denotes a voiceless glottal plosive, commonly known as a glottal stop.
In August 2015, an initiative began to teach the Tiwa language to children at Taos Elementary School.
Answer: False
Explanation: The initiative reported in August 2015 concerned teaching the Tiwa language to children at Isleta Elementary School, not Taos Elementary School.
The ISO 639-3 code assigned to the Southern Tiwa language is 'tix'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The designation 'tix' as the ISO 639-3 code signifies Southern Tiwa's formal recognition and cataloging within international linguistic databases.
Southern Tiwa is identified by the Glottolog identifier 'tanoan1234'.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Glottolog identifier for Southern Tiwa is 'sout2961', not 'tanoan1234'.
The Endangered Languages Project (ELP) lists Southern Tiwa under the name 'Southern Tiwa'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Endangered Languages Project (ELP) includes Southern Tiwa in its database under its common name, facilitating research into its endangered status.
The Linguasphere code for Southern Tiwa is '64-CAA-b'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Linguasphere code '64-CAA-b' provides a specific classification within the Linguasphere Observatory's framework for documenting global languages.
UNESCO classifies Southern Tiwa as 'Vulnerable' in its Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.
Answer: False
Explanation: UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger classifies Southern Tiwa as 'Definitely Endangered', indicating a more severe level of risk than 'Vulnerable'.
The language status icon Lang_Status_60-DE.svg indicates that Southern Tiwa is 'Safe'.
Answer: False
Explanation: The icon Lang_Status_60-DE.svg signifies 'Definitely Endangered', reflecting UNESCO's classification for the language's vulnerability.
Wiktionary serves as a lexical resource for Southern Tiwa, listing associated words.
Answer: True
Explanation: The presence of a dedicated category for Southern Tiwa on Wiktionary indicates its utility as a source for lexical information regarding the language.
The assignment of the 'tix' ISO 639-3 code means Southern Tiwa is recognized in international linguistic databases.
Answer: True
Explanation: Standardized codes like ISO 639-3 are crucial for the formal recognition and systematic cataloging of languages within global linguistic research infrastructure.
UNESCO's 'Definitely Endangered' classification implies that children are actively learning Southern Tiwa as their mother tongue.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Definitely Endangered' classification signifies that children are no longer acquiring the language as their native tongue in the home environment, indicating a critical threat to intergenerational transmission.
The dagger symbol (†) in the Tanoan languages navbox indicates a language is currently thriving.
Answer: False
Explanation: The dagger symbol (†) in linguistic navboxes typically signifies that a language is extinct, not thriving.
The reference to the Albuquerque Journal in 2015 highlights community efforts to teach the Tiwa language.
Answer: True
Explanation: The mention of the Albuquerque Journal in 2015 points to contemporary community-led initiatives focused on the revitalization and transmission of the Tiwa language.
The inclusion of language codes implies Southern Tiwa is not formally recognized in linguistic systems.
Answer: False
Explanation: The presence of standardized language codes (e.g., ISO 639-3, Glottolog) signifies formal recognition and cataloging within international linguistic frameworks.
In August 2015, an educational initiative was announced to teach which language to children at Isleta Elementary School?
Answer: Tiwa
Explanation: An initiative reported in August 2015 aimed to teach the Tiwa language to students at Isleta Elementary School as part of its transition to tribal control.
What is the ISO 639-3 code assigned to the Southern Tiwa language?
Answer: tix
Explanation: The ISO 639-3 code 'tix' is the standardized identifier for the Southern Tiwa language in international linguistic databases.
What is the Glottolog identifier for Southern Tiwa?
Answer: sout2961
Explanation: The Glottolog catalog assigns the identifier 'sout2961' to the Southern Tiwa language.
How does UNESCO classify the endangerment level of the Southern Tiwa language?
Answer: Definitely Endangered
Explanation: According to UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, Southern Tiwa is classified as 'Definitely Endangered'.
What does the language status icon Lang_Status_60-DE.svg signify?
Answer: The language is 'Definitely Endangered'.
Explanation: The designation 'DE' within the icon Lang_Status_60-DE.svg corresponds to 'Definitely Endangered', indicating a severe risk of language loss.
What does Wiktionary provide concerning the Southern Tiwa language?
Answer: A category listing associated words.
Explanation: Wiktionary serves as a lexical resource, featuring a category dedicated to Southern Tiwa that includes a compilation of associated words.
What does UNESCO's classification 'Definitely Endangered' imply about language transmission?
Answer: Children no longer learn it as their mother tongue in the home.
Explanation: The 'Definitely Endangered' status signifies a critical breakdown in intergenerational language transmission, meaning children are not acquiring the language natively within the family unit.
What does the dagger symbol (†) signify next to a language name in the Tanoan languages navbox?
Answer: The language is extinct.
Explanation: In linguistic contexts, particularly in tables or navboxes, a dagger symbol (†) is conventionally used to denote that a language is extinct.
The map image mentioned in the article depicts the geographical distribution of the Tewa language.
Answer: False
Explanation: The map image, titled 'Pueblo Tanoan map.svg', specifically illustrates the geographical distribution of the Southern Tiwa language, not Tewa.
The bibliography mentions research on Southern Tiwa verb agreement and noun incorporation.
Answer: True
Explanation: These grammatical phenomena, verb agreement and noun incorporation, are cited as specific areas of academic study within the linguistic research on Southern Tiwa.
The bibliography suggests that academic research on Southern Tiwa began in the late 20th century.
Answer: False
Explanation: The bibliography indicates that academic research and documentation of Southern Tiwa date back to at least the early 20th century, with significant contributions from scholars like Harrington.
The semology of noun classes is one of the linguistic features of Southern Tiwa studied academically.
Answer: True
Explanation: The study of noun class systems falls under semology and is cited as an area of academic investigation within the linguistic research on Southern Tiwa.
The multiple entries by Barbara J. Allen and Donald G. Frantz suggest limited research on Southern Tiwa by these scholars.
Answer: False
Explanation: Multiple entries by these scholars in the bibliography suggest extensive and significant contributions to the research on Southern Tiwa, rather than limited work.
The citation for Harrington (1910) indicates early linguistic documentation of Tiwa languages.
Answer: True
Explanation: Harrington's 1910 publication represents an early foundational work in the linguistic documentation and study of the Tiwa languages.
Which of the following is listed in the bibliography as a research area for Southern Tiwa?
Answer: Verb agreement
Explanation: The bibliography explicitly mentions 'verb agreement' as one of the linguistic features of Southern Tiwa that has been subjected to academic study.
What does the bibliography suggest about the timeline of academic research on Southern Tiwa?
Answer: Research has been ongoing since the early 20th century.
Explanation: The bibliography, including references to early works like Harrington (1910), indicates that academic inquiry into Southern Tiwa has a history extending back to the early 20th century.