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*Space Invaders*, a 1978 shoot 'em up game, is recognized for establishing the fixed shooter genre.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source identifies *Space Invaders* as a 1978 shoot 'em up that established the fixed shooter genre.
The primary objective in *Space Invaders* is to eliminate waves of descending alien invaders before they reach the bottom of the screen or destroy the player's cannon.
Answer: True
Explanation: The core gameplay objective is to defeat descending alien invaders before they reach the bottom or destroy the player's cannon.
The player controls a 'Laser Base' that can move freely in all directions across the screen.
Answer: False
Explanation: The player controls a 'Laser Base' that can only move horizontally across the bottom of the screen.
Alien invaders in *Space Invaders* typically begin as five rows of eleven aliens and move as a unified group.
Answer: True
Explanation: The invaders typically begin as five rows of eleven aliens and move as a group, shifting left and right.
A game over in *Space Invaders* can occur if the aliens reach the bottom of the screen or if the player's laser cannon is destroyed.
Answer: True
Explanation: The game ends if aliens reach the bottom of the screen or if the player's laser cannon is destroyed.
Stationary defense bunkers in *Space Invaders* are gradually destroyed by alien projectiles and the player's own fire.
Answer: True
Explanation: Defense bunkers are gradually destroyed by alien projectiles from above and by the player's fire from below.
As alien invaders are defeated, their movement speed and the background music in *Space Invaders* gradually increase.
Answer: True
Explanation: As aliens are defeated, their movement speed and the background music gradually increase.
Destroying the 'mystery ship' that occasionally moves across the top of the screen in *Space Invaders* awards bonus points.
Answer: True
Explanation: Successfully destroying the 'mystery ship' awards the player bonus points.
What is the primary goal in *Space Invaders* regarding the alien invaders?
Answer: To defeat waves of descending alien invaders
Explanation: The primary goal is to defeat waves of descending alien invaders before they reach the bottom of the screen.
How does the player's 'Laser Base' move across the screen in *Space Invaders*?
Answer: Horizontally
Explanation: The player controls a 'Laser Base' which can move horizontally across the bottom of the screen.
What is the typical initial formation of alien invaders in *Space Invaders*?
Answer: Five rows of eleven aliens
Explanation: The invaders typically begin as five rows of eleven aliens.
How are the stationary defense bunkers in *Space Invaders* primarily destroyed?
Answer: From above by alien projectiles and from below by the player's fire
Explanation: Defense bunkers are gradually destroyed from above by alien projectiles and from below by the player's fire.
What happens to the alien invaders' movement speed and background music as more aliens are defeated?
Answer: They gradually increase
Explanation: As alien invaders are defeated, their movement speed and the background music gradually increase.
What reward does the player receive for destroying the 'mystery ship' in *Space Invaders*?
Answer: Bonus points
Explanation: Successfully destroying the 'mystery ship' awards the player bonus points.
Tomohiro Nishikado was solely responsible for both the design of *Space Invaders* and its custom hardware.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source states that Tomohiro Nishikado developed the game and designed the necessary custom hardware to produce it.
The development of *Space Invaders* took several years and involved a large team, leading to significant costs for Taito.
Answer: False
Explanation: Tomohiro Nishikado spent one year designing the game and its hardware, working alone, which incurred minimal costs for Taito.
Taito initially did not credit a designer for *Space Invaders* due to a contractual anonymity requirement for Nishikado.
Answer: True
Explanation: Taito did not credit a designer initially because anonymity was a required part of Nishikado's contract.
Nishikado's inspirations for *Space Invaders* included the novel *The War of the Worlds* and the film *Star Wars*.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nishikado drew inspiration from *The War of the Worlds* and *Star Wars*, among other works.
Nishikado chose alien enemies for *Space Invaders* primarily due to technical limitations that prevented realistic human character animation.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nishikado considered shooting human characters immoral. While technical limitations made animating flying objects difficult, the primary reason for choosing aliens was moral.
Nishikado innovated by having enemies react to player movement and introducing a game over condition based on the player character's destruction.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nishikado incorporated interactive elements like enemies reacting to player movement and a game over triggered by the player character's death.
Nishikado personally balanced *Space Invaders*' difficulty, finding it easy to adjust for optimal player engagement.
Answer: False
Explanation: Nishikado relied on feedback from coworkers to balance difficulty, as he personally found the game challenging.
The original working title for *Space Invaders* was *Alien Attack*.
Answer: False
Explanation: The original working title for *Space Invaders* was *Space Monsters*.
Nishikado was inspired to use a microprocessor for *Space Invaders* after seeing the improved graphics of Midway's *Gun Fight*.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nishikado was inspired to adopt a microprocessor after observing Midway's *Gun Fight* and its improved graphics.
Who was the primary developer and designer of *Space Invaders*?
Answer: Tomohiro Nishikado
Explanation: Tomohiro Nishikado was the primary developer and designer of *Space Invaders*.
Why was Tomohiro Nishikado not initially credited as the designer of *Space Invaders*?
Answer: Anonymity was a required part of his contract with Taito.
Explanation: Taito initially did not credit a designer because anonymity was a required part of Nishikado's contract.
Which of the following was NOT an inspiration for Tomohiro Nishikado's design of *Space Invaders*?
Answer: The film *2001: A Space Odyssey*
Explanation: Nishikado drew inspiration from *The War of the Worlds*, *Star Wars*, and *Space Battleship Yamato*, but *2001: A Space Odyssey* is not mentioned as an inspiration.
Beyond technical limitations, what was a primary reason Nishikado chose alien enemies over human characters?
Answer: He considered shooting human characters immoral
Explanation: Nishikado considered shooting human characters immoral, which was a primary reason for choosing alien enemies.
Which of the following was an innovative interactive element Nishikado incorporated into *Space Invaders*?
Answer: Enemies reacting to the player's movement and returning fire
Explanation: Nishikado introduced interactive elements such as enemies reacting to player movement and returning fire.
What was the original working title for *Space Invaders* before it was changed by Nishikado's superiors?
Answer: *Space Monsters*
Explanation: The game was originally titled *Space Monsters*, but Nishikado's superiors changed it to *Space Invaders*.
What was the duration of *Space Invaders*' development?
Answer: One year
Explanation: Tomohiro Nishikado spent one year designing *Space Invaders* and developing its necessary hardware.
Nishikado used a light pen to adjust alien designs on-screen after creating initial bitmap images and animating two frames of movement.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nishikado created bitmap images, animated two frames of movement, and then adjusted designs on-screen with a light pen.
*Space Invaders* utilized an Intel 8080 CPU and displayed raster graphics on a CRT monitor using a bitmapped framebuffer.
Answer: True
Explanation: The game used an Intel 8080 CPU and displayed raster graphics on a CRT monitor with a bitmapped framebuffer.
The monaural sound in *Space Invaders* was produced using analog circuitry and a Texas Instruments SN76477 sound chip.
Answer: True
Explanation: Monaural sound was produced using analog circuitry and a Texas Instruments SN76477 sound chip.
Nishikado found hardware development for *Space Invaders* challenging, partly due to the Control Program board's limitations and his limited English skills for reference materials.
Answer: True
Explanation: Nishikado found hardware development difficult due to the Control Program board's limitations and his limited English for reference materials.
The increasing speed of aliens as they were defeated was an intentional design choice from the outset, not a technical limitation.
Answer: False
Explanation: The increasing speed of aliens was initially an 'undocumented feature' resulting from a technical limitation, which Nishikado then kept as an intentional gameplay feature.
Upright *Space Invaders* cabinets created a sense of depth and color using a hidden black-and-white CRT, a semi-transparent mirror, and physical cellophane strips.
Answer: True
Explanation: Upright cabinets used a hidden black-and-white CRT, a semi-transparent mirror, and cellophane strips to create depth and color effects.
The *Space Invaders* cabinet artwork featured large humanoid monsters, differing from the in-game graphics because the artist based designs on the original title.
Answer: True
Explanation: The cabinet artwork featured humanoid monsters, differing from in-game graphics, as the artist based designs on the original title *Space Monsters*.
Which CPU did *Space Invaders* utilize?
Answer: Intel 8080
Explanation: *Space Invaders* utilized an Intel 8080 central processing unit (CPU).
Which component was crucial for producing the monaural sound in *Space Invaders*?
Answer: A Texas Instruments SN76477 sound chip
Explanation: The game produced monaural sound through a combination of analog circuitry and a Texas Instruments SN76477 sound chip.
What was one of the major challenges Nishikado faced during hardware development for *Space Invaders*?
Answer: The Control Program board was not powerful enough for color graphics or faster enemies
Explanation: Nishikado found hardware development difficult, as the Control Program board was not powerful enough to display graphics in color or move enemies faster.
What unique visual technique was used in upright *Space Invaders* cabinets to create depth and color?
Answer: Reflecting black-and-white graphics onto a background with physical elements and cellophane strips
Explanation: Upright cabinets used a hidden black-and-white CRT, a semi-transparent mirror, and physical cellophane strips to create depth and color.
What was a significant innovation of *Space Invaders*' audio design?
Answer: Its use of continuously looped background music with dynamically changing tempo
Explanation: *Space Invaders* introduced continuously looped background music with dynamically changing tempo, a fundamental audio technique.
Midway Manufacturing was responsible for the initial release of *Space Invaders* in Japan in April 1978.
Answer: False
Explanation: Taito released *Space Invaders* in Japan in April 1978. Midway Manufacturing handled the overseas release later that year.
By 1982, *Space Invaders* had grossed over $10 billion in 2023-adjusted terms.
Answer: True
Explanation: By 1982, *Space Invaders* had grossed $3.8 billion, which is equivalent to $10 billion in 2023-adjusted terms.
Taito began mass production of *Space Invaders* in April 1978, coinciding with its initial publication.
Answer: False
Explanation: Taito began mass production in July 1978, while initial publication was in April 1978.
*Space Invaders* was released in both upright arcade cabinets and cocktail-table cabinets.
Answer: True
Explanation: Taito released both upright arcade cabinets and cocktail-table cabinets for *Space Invaders*.
By the end of 1979, the United States had more *Space Invaders* machines installed than Japan.
Answer: False
Explanation: By the end of 1979, Japan had an estimated 400,000 machines installed, compared to 60,000 in the United States.
When was *Space Invaders* first released in Japan?
Answer: April 1978
Explanation: *Space Invaders* was released in Japan in April 1978 by Taito.
Which company published *Space Invaders* in North America and Europe?
Answer: Midway Manufacturing
Explanation: Midway Manufacturing released *Space Invaders* overseas, including in North America and Europe.
What was the 2023-adjusted net profit of *Space Invaders* by 1982?
Answer: $1.2 billion
Explanation: By 1982, *Space Invaders* generated a net profit of $450 million, equivalent to $1.2 billion in 2023-adjusted terms.
When did Taito begin mass production of *Space Invaders*?
Answer: July 1978
Explanation: Taito initiated mass production of *Space Invaders* in July 1978.
How many *Space Invaders* machines were installed in Japan by the end of 1979?
Answer: 400,000 units
Explanation: By the end of 1979, an estimated 400,000 *Space Invaders* machines were installed in Japan.
*Space Invaders* is widely credited with initiating the golden age of arcade video games.
Answer: True
Explanation: The game is credited with ushering in the golden age of arcade video games and marking a watershed moment for the Japanese video game industry.
*Space Invaders* is credited with ushering in which significant era for the video game industry?
Answer: The golden age of arcade video games
Explanation: *Space Invaders* ushered in the golden age of arcade video games.
What legal precedent did Taito establish with its victory regarding *Space Invaders Part II* in 1982?
Answer: The ability to pursue legal action against unauthorized reproductions of its games.
Explanation: Taito gained the ability to pursue legal action against unauthorized reproductions of its games after winning a case involving *Space Invaders Part II*.
How did the popularity of *Space Invaders* clones affect South Korea's semiconductor industry?
Answer: The demand for hardware required to create these machines helped spur the early growth of Korea's semiconductor industry.
Explanation: The significant market demand for hardware to create *Space Invaders* clones helped spur the early growth of Korea's semiconductor industry.
Which US town's ordinance to limit arcade games, inspired by *Space Invaders*, was eventually ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court?
Answer: Mesquite, Texas
Explanation: The Mesquite, Texas, ordinance to limit arcade games was eventually ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
What was the term 'Invader game' used to describe?
Answer: A generic classification for games that mimicked *Space Invaders*' style
Explanation: The term 'Invader game' emerged to identify the generic classification of games that mimicked *Space Invaders*' style.
Where did *Space Invaders* first find widespread popularity in Japan, despite initial rejection from amusement arcade owners?
Answer: Pachinko parlors and bowling alleys
Explanation: *Space Invaders* quickly caught on in pachinko parlors and bowling alleys, despite initial rejection from amusement arcade owners.
What award did *Space Invaders* receive at the inaugural Arcade Awards ceremony in 1981?
Answer: Best Coin-Op Electronic Game
Explanation: *Space Invaders* won the first Best Coin-Op Electronic Game award at the inaugural Arcade Awards ceremony in 1981.
Which musical group famously reproduced *Space Invaders*' sounds in their 1978 album and hit single?
Answer: Yellow Magic Orchestra
Explanation: The Japanese synthpop group Yellow Magic Orchestra reproduced *Space Invaders*' sounds in their 1978 album and hit single 'Computer Game'.
Beyond video games, the *Space Invaders* alien graphic has become a cultural icon, inspiring which of the following?
Answer: The naming of a spider species and an emoji
Explanation: The pixelated alien graphic inspired the naming of a spider species, *Taito spaceinvaders*, and was adapted into the 'alien monster' emoji.
What significant milestone did the 1980 Atari 2600 port of *Space Invaders* achieve?
Answer: It was the first official licensing of an arcade game for home consoles.
Explanation: The 1980 Atari 2600 port was the first official licensing of an arcade game for consoles.
Which *Space Invaders* sequel introduced the unique gameplay element of allowing players to control the aliens?
Answer: *Space Invaders Get Even*
Explanation: *Space Invaders Get Even* uniquely allowed players to control the aliens.