Explanation: The official language designated for use throughout Spain is Spanish, also known as Castilian. Other regional languages exist but are not official nationwide.

Explanation: Basque (Euskara) is the sole surviving indigenous language of Iberia and is not related to the Indo-European language family, unlike Romance languages which evolved from Latin.

Explanation: Catalan and Galician are recognized as distinct Romance languages spoken in Spain, co-official in their respective regions, and are not considered dialects of Spanish (Castilian).

Explanation: Judaeo-Spanish, also known as Ladino, is a Romance language derived from Spanish, spoken by descendants of Sephardic Jews who were expelled from Spain. It is not a Germanic language.

Explanation: Chabacano is a Spanish creole language that developed and is spoken in the Philippines, a result of historical contact between Spanish and indigenous languages during colonial rule, not in Portugal.

Explanation: The Spanish language lexicon has been significantly enriched by approximately 4,000 words of Arabic origin, a direct result of the prolonged period of Arab presence and influence in the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus).

Explanation: The Spanish language lexicon contains a substantial number of Arabic loanwords, estimated at around 4,000, which significantly outnumber those derived from French, reflecting the historical influence of Al-Andalus.

Explanation: Basque (Euskara) is the sole indigenous language spoken in Spain that is not derived from Latin, making it a linguistic isolate unrelated to the Indo-European family.

Explanation: Chabacano is identified as a Spanish creole language that developed and is spoken in the Philippines, a legacy of Spanish colonial presence.

Explanation: Catalan (or Valencian) is a Romance language, a descendant of Latin, spoken in eastern Spain, including Catalonia and the Valencian Community.

Explanation: Judaeo-Spanish, or Ladino, is a Romance language spoken by descendants of Sephardic Jews who fled Spain after the Alhambra Decree of 1492, evolving from Spanish with influences from other languages.

Explanation: The Spanish language evolved from Vulgar Latin, with significant vocabulary influence from Arabic due to the historical presence of Al-Andalus, rather than solely from Arabic, being indigenous, or from Germanic languages.

Explanation: Portuguese is not mentioned as a language spoken in Spain; Catalan, Basque, and Galician are explicitly noted.

Explanation: The main reason cited for the significant Arabic influence on the Spanish language is the prolonged presence and dominance of Arabic during the period of Al-Andalus in the Iberian Peninsula.

Explanation: The Roman Empire's influence on the Iberian Peninsula was extensive, introducing Latin (the precursor to most modern Spanish languages), Roman law, and significant cultural and administrative structures, far exceeding mere infrastructure development.

Explanation: The term "Hispania" was the name applied to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans during their conquest and administration, long before the arrival and establishment of the Visigoths.

Explanation: After the decline of Roman authority, the Visigoths established a unified kingdom across the Iberian Peninsula, incorporating existing Roman provinces and adapting Roman legal and administrative systems.

Explanation: The Roman Empire's primary role in shaping Spanish identity involved the conquest of Hispania, the introduction of Latin, and the subsequent process of Romanization, which profoundly influenced the region's linguistic, cultural, and administrative foundations.

Explanation: The term "Hispania" originally referred to the Iberian Peninsula during the period of Roman rule.

Explanation: The Umayyad Caliphate's conquest in the 8th century established Al-Andalus. While this significantly altered the political landscape, small Christian kingdoms, such as Asturias, persisted in the northern regions, initiating the process of the Reconquista.

Explanation: The Reconquista, a centuries-long process, concluded in 1492 with the Christian conquest of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada. The Kingdom of Portugal had already established its independence centuries earlier.

Explanation: The year 1492 was pivotal, marked by Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas and the issuance of the Alhambra Decree, which mandated the expulsion of practicing Jews from Spain.

Explanation: The Alhambra Decree, issued in 1492, mandated the expulsion of practicing Jews from Spain. The expulsion of Moriscos (Muslims who had converted to Catholicism) occurred in subsequent decrees, primarily between 1609 and 1614.

Explanation: The Spanish Inquisition, established in the late 15th century, was instituted to maintain religious orthodoxy and enforce uniformity of Roman Catholicism throughout Spain, targeting religious minorities and perceived heretics, not Protestantism.

Explanation: The year 1492 marked the conclusion of the Reconquista with the fall of Granada, alongside the issuance of the Alhambra Decree and Columbus's voyage, representing a profound turning point for Spain.

Explanation: The Alhambra Decree, issued in 1492, mandated the expulsion of practicing Jews from Spain. The expulsion of Muslims (Moriscos) occurred later.

Explanation: The Alhambra in Granada is cited as a key architectural masterpiece reflecting the significant Islamic influence present in Spain during the period of Al-Andalus.

Explanation: The expulsion of Moriscos (Muslims baptized Catholic) from Spain was primarily enacted through decrees issued between 1609 and 1614, following earlier expulsions of Jews and the completion of the Reconquista.

Explanation: The year 1492 is significant for marking the completion of the Reconquista with the conquest of Granada, the expulsion of Jews via the Alhambra Decree, and Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the New World.

Explanation: The Spanish Empire's most significant legacy is the global dissemination of the Spanish language and culture, resulting in millions of Hispanophones worldwide, rather than primarily the spread of architectural styles across Europe.

Explanation: The Iberian Union, a dynastic union lasting from 1580 to 1640, involved the rule of both the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Spain under the same Habsburg monarch, not the union of Spain and France.

Explanation: Within the historical context of the Spanish Empire, "Criollo people" designated individuals of pure Spanish descent who were born in the Spanish colonies in the Americas, distinguishing them from those born in Spain (Peninsulares).

Explanation: The Fuente de Cibeles in Mexico City is a replica of the fountain in Madrid, gifted by the Spanish community in Mexico. It serves as a cultural symbol rather than a monument originally erected by the Spanish Empire to commemorate its rule.

Explanation: The Spanish Empire's expansion was instrumental in the global spread of the Spanish language and culture, leading to a vast Hispanophone world.

Explanation: In the context of the Spanish Empire, "Criollo people" refers to individuals of Spanish ancestry born in the former Spanish colonies in the Americas.

Explanation: The Iberian Union, from 1580 to 1640, united the crowns of Portugal and Spain under the same Habsburg monarch.

Explanation: Historically, Spain has been home to diverse religious communities, including significant Jewish and Muslim populations, alongside Roman Catholicism. Periods of unification and consolidation led to efforts to enforce religious homogeneity.

Explanation: The Spanish Roma community, known as Gitanos, is estimated to number around one million, with the majority residing in the region of Andalusia, rather than the Basque Country.

Explanation: The indigenous inhabitants of the Canary Islands encountered and largely assimilated during the Spanish conquest were known as the Guanches, distinct from the ancient Iberian peoples of the mainland.

Explanation: While Spain encompasses numerous regional identities such as Andalusians, Aragonese, and Basques, Scottish identity is not mentioned as a significant regional identity within Spain.

Explanation: Roman Catholicism is identified as the primary religion in Spain, though its adherence has seen a decline in recent decades, with a notable increase in irreligious identification.

Explanation: The Gitanos, the Spanish Roma community, are estimated to number around one million people and primarily reside in Andalusia.

Explanation: The indigenous population of the Canary Islands during the Spanish conquest were known as the Guanches.

Explanation: According to the source, the primary ethnic group native to Spain is the Spanish people, also referred to as Spaniards.

Explanation: The genetic makeup of Spanish populations is a composite, influenced by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, Neolithic farmers from Anatolia, and Yamnaya Steppe herders, among other historical migrations.

Explanation: In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, Spain experienced a significant increase in immigration, becoming a major destination country. While economic prosperity contributed to this trend, subsequent economic downturns have also influenced migration patterns.

Explanation: Following the Spanish Civil War, an estimated 500,000 Spanish Republican refugees sought asylum in France, representing a significant displacement of the population due to the conflict.

Explanation: The primary destinations for Spaniards living abroad are predominantly in the Americas and European countries, not Asian countries, reflecting historical migration patterns and economic ties.

Explanation: The Spanish diaspora comprises individuals and their descendants who emigrated over various periods, including significant waves during the colonial era and later periods of economic migration, not solely during the 15th century.

Explanation: Genetic studies indicate that a primary contribution to the Neolithic populations of the Iberian Peninsula originated from farmers migrating from Anatolia approximately 9,000 years ago.

Explanation: The genetic makeup of Spanish populations is significantly influenced by three primary ancestral lineages: Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, Neolithic farmers originating from Anatolia, and Yamnaya Steppe herders.

Explanation: As of January 1, 2025, the source estimates approximately 3,045,966 Spanish nationals resided abroad.

Explanation: Following the Spanish Civil War, approximately 500,000 Spanish Republican refugees fled across the border into France.

Explanation: While Spanish nationals reside in numerous countries globally, Japan is not listed among the significant destinations for Spanish expatriates in the provided source material, unlike France, Argentina, and Germany.

Explanation: In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, Spain experienced a substantial increase in immigration from various continents, transforming its demographic landscape.

Explanation: The Spanish Civil War led to a significant emigration of Spanish Republican refugees, many of whom fled to France.

Explanation: The Spanish Golden Age was a period of remarkable cultural achievement, particularly in literature and the arts, with Miguel de Cervantes' "Don Quixote" being a quintessential example of its literary output.

Explanation: The Spanish Golden Age is the historical period renowned for artistic and literary achievements, including the works of painters like Diego Velázquez and authors such as Miguel de Cervantes with "Don Quixote."