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Sir Stamford Raffles was born at sea off the coast of Jamaica on July 5, 1781.
Answer: True
Explanation: Sir Stamford Raffles was born on July 5, 1781, aboard the ship *Ann* off the coast of Port Morant, Jamaica.
Stamford Raffles attended the Mansion House Academy in Hammersmith for his early education.
Answer: True
Explanation: Stamford Raffles received his early education at the Mansion House Academy in Hammersmith, a boarding school preparing boys for clerkships or military service.
Raffles began his career with the East India Company as a clerk at age 14.
Answer: True
Explanation: At the age of 14, Raffles commenced his employment with the East India Company in 1795, serving as a clerk.
Stamford Raffles's first wife, Olivia Mariamne Devenish, was ten years his junior.
Answer: False
Explanation: Sources indicate that Olivia Mariamne Devenish was a widow who was ten years older than Sir Stamford Raffles.
In 1805, Raffles was sent to Prince of Wales Island, Malaya, where he served as assistant secretary.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 1805, Raffles was dispatched to Prince of Wales Island (modern-day Penang) in Southeast Asia, where he assumed the role of assistant secretary.
Sir Stamford Raffles was born on July 5, 1781, aboard which vessel?
Answer: The *Ann*
Explanation: Sir Stamford Raffles was born on July 5, 1781, while his parents were aboard the ship named *Ann*.
What was the profession of Captain Benjamin Raffles, Sir Stamford Raffles's father?
Answer: A ship master
Explanation: Captain Benjamin Raffles, the father of Sir Stamford Raffles, was a ship master engaged in the trade between England and the West Indies.
At what age did Stamford Raffles begin his career as a clerk for the East India Company?
Answer: 14
Explanation: Stamford Raffles commenced his professional career at the young age of 14, joining the East India Company as a clerk in 1795.
How did Raffles describe his first wife, Olivia Mariamne Devenish, in relation to his own age?
Answer: She was ten years his senior.
Explanation: Sir Stamford Raffles's first wife, Olivia Mariamne Devenish, was a widow who was ten years older than him.
In which year did Raffles first travel to Southeast Asia, and where did he initially serve?
Answer: 1805, Prince of Wales Island (Penang)
Explanation: Raffles's initial journey to Southeast Asia occurred in 1805, leading him to serve as assistant secretary under Governor Philip Dundas on Prince of Wales Island (modern-day Penang).
Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles served as governor of the Dutch East Indies *after* his governorship in Bencoolen.
Answer: False
Explanation: The source indicates that Raffles served as Lieutenant-Governor of the Dutch East Indies from 1811 to 1816, and later as Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen from 1818 to 1824. Therefore, his governorship in the Dutch East Indies preceded his time in Bencoolen.
Raffles was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Dutch East Indies after leading a military expedition that captured Java during the Napoleonic Wars.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following the British capture of Java from the Dutch in 1811 during the Napoleonic Wars, Raffles was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Dutch East Indies.
Raffles's 1817 publication, "The History of Java," focused exclusively on the island's geography and flora.
Answer: False
Explanation: "The History of Java," published by Raffles in 1817, provided a comprehensive account that included the island's historical background, its geography, and its natural elements such as flora and fauna.
The British invasion of Java in 1811 was a swift campaign lasting approximately 45 days.
Answer: True
Explanation: The British invasion and subsequent capture of Java from Dutch and French forces in 1811 concluded efficiently within a period of approximately 45 days.
In 1812, Raffles ordered the Royal Palace of Yogyakarta to be preserved untouched as a historical monument.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contrary to preserving the palace, Raffles's forces captured, sacked, and burnt the Royal Palace of Yogyakarta in 1812, confiscating its archives.
Raffles attempted to reform the economy in Java by reinforcing the Dutch system of forced agricultural deliveries.
Answer: False
Explanation: Raffles sought to reform Java's economy by introducing a cash-based land tenure system, thereby moving away from the previous Dutch practice of forced agricultural deliveries.
Java was returned to Dutch control following the Napoleonic Wars under the terms of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814.
Answer: True
Explanation: Post the Napoleonic Wars, Java was formally returned to Dutch administration as stipulated by the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814.
Raffles was removed from his post in Java due to allegations of financial impropriety and the colony's poor financial performance.
Answer: True
Explanation: The East India Company recalled Raffles from his position in Java due to the colony's unsatisfactory financial results during his tenure and accusations of financial misconduct.
What significant event led to Raffles's appointment as Lieutenant-Governor of the Dutch East Indies?
Answer: The British capture of Java from the Dutch during the Napoleonic Wars.
Explanation: The British conquest of Java from the Dutch during the Napoleonic Wars provided the context for Raffles's subsequent appointment as Lieutenant-Governor of the Dutch East Indies.
What major work did Raffles publish in 1817?
Answer: "The History of Java"
Explanation: In 1817, Raffles authored and published "The History of Java," a significant work detailing the island's past and its natural environment.
How long did the British invasion and capture of Java from the Dutch take in 1811?
Answer: Exactly 45 days
Explanation: The British military campaign to capture Java from the Dutch in 1811 was notably swift, concluding in approximately 45 days.
What action did Raffles take regarding the Royal Palace of Yogyakarta in 1812?
Answer: He led a force that captured, sacked, and burnt the palace, removing its archives.
Explanation: In 1812, Raffles led a British force that captured, sacked, and burnt the Royal Palace of Yogyakarta, confiscating its archives.
How did Raffles attempt to reform the agricultural economy in Java?
Answer: By replacing forced deliveries with a cash-based land tenure system.
Explanation: Raffles sought to reform Java's economy by introducing a cash-based land tenure system, thereby moving away from the previous Dutch practice of forced agricultural deliveries.
Under what agreement was Java returned to Dutch control after the Napoleonic Wars?
Answer: The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
Explanation: Post the Napoleonic Wars, Java was formally returned to Dutch administration as stipulated by the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814.
Why was Raffles removed from his post in Java before its handover to the Dutch?
Answer: The colony experienced poor financial performance under his administration.
Explanation: The East India Company recalled Raffles from his position in Java due to the colony's unsatisfactory financial results during his tenure and accusations of financial misconduct.
Upon arriving in Bencoolen in 1818, Raffles found the colonial post to be in excellent condition and immediately began implementing expansionist policies.
Answer: False
Explanation: Raffles described Bencoolen upon his arrival in 1818 as a 'wrecked,' poor, and disease-ridden settlement, contrary to being in excellent condition.
Raffles recognized Singapore's strategic importance primarily for its potential as a religious center.
Answer: False
Explanation: Raffles identified Singapore's strategic value not as a religious center, but as a crucial location for a British outpost to counter Dutch dominance and facilitate trade in the region.
Raffles established a post in Singapore on January 29, 1819, finding no Dutch presence on the island at that time.
Answer: True
Explanation: On January 29, 1819, Raffles founded a British settlement in Singapore, noting the absence of any Dutch presence and capitalizing on Johor's weakened control over the island.
William Farquhar served as the first Resident of Singapore from 1819 to 1823, managing its day-to-day operations.
Answer: True
Explanation: William Farquhar, previously the British Resident of Malacca, assumed the role of the first Resident of Singapore, overseeing its daily administration from 1819 to 1823.
The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 formalized spheres of influence, with the Dutch relinquishing claims to Singapore.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 delineated distinct spheres of influence for Britain and the Netherlands, wherein the Dutch formally ceded their claims over Singapore to the British.
Raffles's 1823 administrative regulations for Singapore included the banning of slavery and the outlawing of gambling.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 1823, Raffles instituted administrative measures in Singapore that encompassed the prohibition of gambling and the abolition of slavery.
Who was the British colonial official known for his significant role in the founding of modern Singapore and his governorship in the Dutch East Indies?
Answer: Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles
Explanation: Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles is widely recognized for his pivotal role in establishing modern Singapore and previously served as Lieutenant-Governor of the Dutch East Indies.
Upon arriving in Bencoolen in 1818, Raffles found the colonial post to be:
Answer: In poor condition, described as wrecked and disease-ridden.
Explanation: Raffles described Bencoolen upon his arrival in 1818 as a 'wrecked,' poor, and disease-ridden settlement, contrary to being in excellent condition.
What strategic importance did Raffles recognize in Singapore?
Answer: To secure a British presence challenging Dutch hegemony and trade routes.
Explanation: Raffles identified Singapore's strategic value not as a religious center, but as a crucial location for a British outpost to counter Dutch dominance and facilitate trade in the region.
Who was William Farquhar in the context of early Singapore?
Answer: The British Resident of Malacca and the first Resident of Singapore.
Explanation: William Farquhar, previously the British Resident of Malacca, assumed the role of the first Resident of Singapore, overseeing its daily administration from 1819 to 1823.
What did the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 stipulate regarding Singapore?
Answer: The Dutch relinquished their claims to Singapore, solidifying British control.
Explanation: The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 delineated distinct spheres of influence for Britain and the Netherlands, wherein the Dutch formally ceded their claims over Singapore to the British.
Which of the following was included in Raffles's administrative regulations for Singapore in 1823?
Answer: The outlawing of gambling
Explanation: In 1823, Raffles instituted administrative measures in Singapore that encompassed the prohibition of gambling and the abolition of slavery.
In 1817, Raffles was created a Knight Bachelor by the Prince Regent.
Answer: True
Explanation: In recognition of his service, Raffles was conferred the honour of Knight Bachelor by the Prince Regent in 1817.
Stamford Raffles married his second wife, Sophia Hull, on February 22, 1817.
Answer: True
Explanation: Sir Stamford Raffles entered into his second marriage with Sophia Hull on February 22, 1817.
Most of Raffles's natural history specimens were lost when the ship *Fame* caught fire shortly after departing Bencoolen in 1824.
Answer: True
Explanation: The ship *Fame*, carrying Raffles and his family back to England, caught fire and was destroyed at sea shortly after departing Bencoolen in 1824, resulting in the loss of most of his collected natural history specimens.
Sir Stamford Raffles died on July 5, 1826, exactly on his 45th birthday.
Answer: True
Explanation: Sir Stamford Raffles passed away on July 5, 1826, which coincided with his 45th birthday.
The stated cause of Stamford Raffles's death was a prolonged illness related to tropical diseases.
Answer: False
Explanation: Sir Stamford Raffles died from apoplexy, a condition attributed to a brain tumour, rather than a prolonged illness from tropical diseases.
Raffles was refused burial within St Mary's Church, Hendon, because his family wealth was derived from the slave trade.
Answer: False
Explanation: The refusal to bury Raffles within St Mary's Church, Hendon, stemmed from the vicar's family's historical profit from the slave trade, which stood in opposition to Raffles's strong anti-slavery convictions.
The genus of parasitic flowering plants known for having the largest flowers in the world, *Rafflesia*, was named after Sir Stamford Raffles.
Answer: True
Explanation: The genus *Rafflesia*, comprising species renowned for the world's largest flowers, was named in honour of Sir Stamford Raffles in recognition of his contributions to natural history.
The Jackson Plan (Raffles Town Plan) aimed to create a racially integrated urban environment in Singapore.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Raffles Town Plan, also known as the Jackson Plan, established a racially segregated urban structure in Singapore, designating prime areas for European settlement.
Raffles strongly advocated for imposing the colonizer's language and culture on the colonized populations.
Answer: False
Explanation: Raffles's approach differed from many colonial administrators; he did not enforce the colonizer's language or culture and permitted religious freedom among the populations he governed.
Upon his return to England, Raffles was asked by the East India Company to pay over £22,000 for losses incurred during his administration.
Answer: True
Explanation: Upon his return to England, Raffles was not granted a pension and was instead required by the East India Company to pay a substantial sum of over £22,000 to cover alleged losses during his administration.
What honor was bestowed upon Stamford Raffles in 1817?
Answer: Creation as a Knight Bachelor
Explanation: In recognition of his service, Raffles was conferred the honour of Knight Bachelor by the Prince Regent in 1817.
When did Stamford Raffles marry his second wife, Sophia Hull?
Answer: February 22, 1817
Explanation: Sir Stamford Raffles entered into his second marriage with Sophia Hull on February 22, 1817.
What personal tragedy struck Raffles during his time in Bencoolen, Sumatra?
Answer: He suffered the loss of three of his children due to illness.
Explanation: During his tenure in Bencoolen, Raffles endured the profound personal tragedy of losing three of his children to illness.
What was the stated cause of Sir Stamford Raffles's death in 1826?
Answer: Apoplexy, likely caused by a brain tumour.
Explanation: Sir Stamford Raffles died from apoplexy, a condition attributed to a brain tumour, rather than a prolonged illness from tropical diseases.
Why was Raffles refused burial within the local parish church in Hendon?
Answer: The vicar's family had profited from the slave trade, conflicting with Raffles's anti-slavery stance.
Explanation: The refusal to bury Raffles within St Mary's Church, Hendon, stemmed from the vicar's family's historical profit from the slave trade, which stood in opposition to Raffles's strong anti-slavery convictions.
The genus *Rafflesia*, known for the world's largest flowers, was named in honor of Sir Stamford Raffles for his contributions to:
Answer: Natural history
Explanation: The genus *Rafflesia*, comprising species renowned for the world's largest flowers, was named in honour of Sir Stamford Raffles in recognition of his contributions to natural history.
What was the primary characteristic of the Jackson Plan, also known as the Raffles Town Plan, for Singapore?
Answer: It was a racially segregated town plan that allocated prime land to Europeans.
Explanation: The Raffles Town Plan, also known as the Jackson Plan, established a racially segregated urban structure in Singapore, designating prime areas for European settlement.
What was Raffles's stance on imposing the colonizer's language and culture on the populations he governed?
Answer: He did not impose the colonizer's language or culture and allowed religious freedom.
Explanation: Raffles's approach differed from many colonial administrators; he did not enforce the colonizer's language or culture and permitted religious freedom among the populations he governed.
What happened to most of Raffles's personal papers and drawings when he sailed for England in 1824?
Answer: They were lost when the ship *Fame* caught fire and was destroyed.
Explanation: The ship *Fame*, carrying Raffles and his family back to England, caught fire and was destroyed at sea shortly after departing Bencoolen in 1824, resulting in the loss of most of his collected drawings and papers.
What financial demand was made of Raffles by the East India Company upon his return to England?
Answer: To pay over £22,000 for losses incurred during his administration.
Explanation: Upon his return to England, Raffles was not granted a pension and was instead required by the East India Company to pay a substantial sum of over £22,000 to cover alleged losses during his administration.
What significant role did Raffles play in the founding of the Zoological Society of London (ZSL)?
Answer: He served as its first president after being a founder.
Explanation: Raffles was instrumental in founding the Zoological Society of London in 1825 and subsequently served as its first president in April 1826.
Which of the following species was named after Stamford Raffles?
Answer: *Macaca fascicularis* (crab-eating macaque)
Explanation: Several species were named in honour of Sir Stamford Raffles, including the crab-eating macaque (*Macaca fascicularis*).