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The development of China's supercomputing centers originated from a collaborative project in the 1980s involving the State Planning Commission, the State Science and Technology Commission, and the World Bank.
Answer: True
Explanation: The foundational efforts for China's supercomputing infrastructure trace back to the 1980s, initiated through a collaborative project involving key governmental bodies and international financial institutions.
China's first independently designed supercomputer, Yinhe-1, was developed in 1983 and achieved 100 GFLOPS performance.
Answer: False
Explanation: China's first independently designed supercomputer, Yinhe-1, was developed in 1983 but achieved a performance of 100 MFLOPS (Million Floating-point Operations Per Second), not GFLOPS (GigaFLOPS).
China's involvement in the TOP500 supercomputer list began in the early 2010s, marked by the Tianhe-1A system.
Answer: False
Explanation: China's engagement with the TOP500 list commenced earlier than the early 2010s. Systems such as the DeepComp series appeared in the early 2000s, and while the Tianhe-1A system represented a significant advancement and achieved top rankings in 2010, it was not the commencement of China's participation.
By 2018, China held the largest number of supercomputers featured on the TOP500 list.
Answer: True
Explanation: Data from the TOP500 list indicates that by 2018, China had surpassed the United States in the number of supercomputers listed, possessing 206 systems compared to the U.S.'s 124. This reflects a significant expansion of China's computational infrastructure.
China's Tianhe-1A supercomputer achieved the top position on the TOP500 list in 2016.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Tianhe-1A supercomputer achieved the top position on the TOP500 list in November 2010, not in 2016. In 2016, the Sunway TaihuLight system held the top rank.
Early Chinese supercomputers like Tianhe-I exclusively used domestically produced processors.
Answer: False
Explanation: Early Chinese supercomputers, such as Tianhe-I, primarily utilized commercially available 'off-the-shelf' processors, including components from Intel and Nvidia, rather than exclusively domestic ones. The Yinhe-1, developed in 1983, was an exception as an independently designed system.
By November 2015, China's supercomputer count on the TOP500 list had decreased significantly.
Answer: False
Explanation: By November 2015, China's supercomputer count on the TOP500 list had increased significantly, reaching 109 systems, representing a substantial growth from previous periods.
In 2016, China surpassed the United States in total installed supercomputing capacity.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 2016, China achieved a significant milestone by surpassing the United States in terms of total installed supercomputing capacity, coinciding with the Sunway TaihuLight system holding the top rank.
In 2016, China led the TOP500 list in the number of supercomputers, but the U.S. maintained the lead for the fastest individual machine.
Answer: False
Explanation: In 2016, China not only led the TOP500 list in the number of supercomputers but also held the rank for the fastest individual machine with the Sunway TaihuLight system. The U.S. did not maintain the lead for the fastest machine in 2016.
China's Sunway TaihuLight supercomputer, launched in 2016, utilized processors designed and manufactured outside of China.
Answer: False
Explanation: China's Sunway TaihuLight supercomputer, launched in 2016, was notable for utilizing over 10 million processor cores that were designed and manufactured entirely within China, representing a significant achievement in indigenous capability.
The 'Magic Cube' supercomputer, launched by SSC in 2009, was the first Chinese supercomputer to surpass 100 GFLOPS.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Magic Cube' (Dawning 5000A), launched in 2009, surpassed 100 GFLOPS, reaching 180.6 TFLOPS. However, earlier systems like the Yinhe-1 (1983) achieved 100 MFLOPS, and other systems may have surpassed 100 GFLOPS prior to the Magic Cube's launch, though the Magic Cube was the first to surpass 100 TFLOPS.
Tianhe-1, unveiled in 2009, was the first supercomputer globally to exceed 10^16 operations per second.
Answer: True
Explanation: Upon its unveiling in 2009, the Tianhe-1 system achieved a significant global milestone by becoming the second system worldwide to exceed 10^16 operations per second (10 petaFLOPS).
The Tianhe-1A Hunan Solution supercomputer operated by the National Supercomputing Changsha Center achieved 1342 petaflops.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Tianhe-1A Hunan Solution supercomputer operated by the National Supercomputing Changsha Center achieved a performance of 1342 teraflops (TFLOPS), not petaflops (PFLOPS).
Which event marked a significant increase in China's supercomputing presence on the TOP500 list around 2010?
Answer: The Tianhe-1A system achieving the top position.
Explanation: The Tianhe-1A system achieving the top position on the TOP500 list in November 2010 marked a significant leap in China's supercomputing presence, signaling its rapid advancement in the field.
Which statement accurately describes the components used in early Chinese supercomputers like Tianhe-I?
Answer: They utilized 'off-the-shelf' processors, including Intel and Nvidia chips.
Explanation: Early Chinese supercomputers, such as Tianhe-I, primarily utilized commercially available 'off-the-shelf' processors, notably including components from Intel and Nvidia, alongside the Linux operating system.
What significant milestone did China achieve in supercomputing capacity in 2016?
Answer: It surpassed the United States in total installed supercomputing capacity.
Explanation: In 2016, China achieved a significant milestone by surpassing the United States in terms of total installed supercomputing capacity, with its Sunway TaihuLight system also holding the top rank globally.
Which supercomputer held the world's fastest title in 2016 and was developed in China?
Answer: Sunway TaihuLight
Explanation: The Sunway TaihuLight, developed in China, held the title of the world's fastest supercomputer in 2016, achieving a peak performance of 93 petaflops per second.
What was the reported peak performance of China's Sunway TaihuLight supercomputer in 2016?
Answer: 93 petaflops per second
Explanation: In 2016, China's Sunway TaihuLight supercomputer reported a peak performance of 93 petaflops per second, making it the fastest system globally at that time.
What was the significance of Tianhe-1 in the global supercomputing landscape upon its unveiling?
Answer: It was the second system globally to exceed 10^16 operations per second.
Explanation: Upon its unveiling in 2009, the Tianhe-1 system achieved a significant global milestone by becoming the second system worldwide to exceed 10^16 operations per second (10 petaFLOPS).
What performance level did the 'Magic Cube' supercomputer, launched by SSC in June 2009, achieve?
Answer: 180.6 TFLOPS
Explanation: Launched on June 15, 2009, the 'Magic Cube' (Dawning 5000A) supercomputer achieved a maximum performance of 180.6 teraflops (TFLOPS), making it the fastest in Asia at that time.
What was the performance of the Tianhe-1A Hunan Solution supercomputer?
Answer: 1342 TFLOPS
Explanation: The Tianhe-1A Hunan Solution supercomputer, operated by the National Supercomputing Changsha Center, achieved a performance level of 1342 teraflops (TFLOPS).
SCCAS, the Supercomputing Center of the China Academy of Sciences, serves as the southern main node for the China National Grid (CNGrid).
Answer: False
Explanation: SCCAS, the Supercomputing Center of the China Academy of Sciences, serves as the northern main node and operation center for the China National Grid (CNGrid), not the southern node.
The Shanghai Supercomputer Center (SSC) was established in December 2000 and was the first public high-performance computing service platform in China.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Shanghai Supercomputer Center (SSC) was indeed established in December 2000, marking a significant development as the nation's first public high-performance computing service platform accessible for general use.
The Shanghai Supercomputer Center was initially funded by the national government and its first supercomputer was the Dawning 4000A.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Shanghai Supercomputer Center was initially funded by the Shanghai Municipal Government, not the national government. Its first deployed supercomputer was the Shenwei-I, not the Dawning 4000A, which was installed later.
In November 2004, the Dawning 4000A supercomputer was installed at SSC, capable of 10 trillion computations per second.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Dawning 4000A supercomputer was installed at the Shanghai Supercomputer Center (SSC) in November 2004. Its computational capability was rated at 10 trillion computations per second (10 TFLOPS).
Approximately 70% of the Shanghai Supercomputer Center's user base consists of industry clients.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contrary to the statement, approximately 70% of the Shanghai Supercomputer Center's user base comprises researchers from universities and public institutions, with industry clients making up the remaining 30%.
The National Supercomputing Center in Tianjin was approved in May 2009 and hosts the Tianhe-1 system.
Answer: True
Explanation: The National Supercomputing Center in Tianjin received approval in May 2009 and subsequently became the host facility for the Tianhe-1 system, marking a significant step in China's supercomputing infrastructure development.
The National Supercomputing Center in Shenzhen (NSCS) was approved in May 2009 and initially housed the world's fastest supercomputer.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the National Supercomputing Center in Shenzhen (NSCS) was approved in May 2009, it initially housed the second fastest machine in China and the third fastest globally, not the world's fastest supercomputer.
The National Supercomputing Center in Changsha was established as the first National Supercomputing Center in Central China.
Answer: True
Explanation: The National Supercomputing Center in Changsha, established with foundations laid in November 2010, holds the distinction of being the first National Supercomputing Center established in Central China.
As of November 2022, the Tianhe-2 supercomputer in Guangzhou ranked as the world's most powerful supercomputer.
Answer: False
Explanation: As of November 2022, the Tianhe-2 supercomputer in Guangzhou was ranked as the tenth most powerful supercomputer globally, not the most powerful.
The National Supercomputing Zhengzhou Center passed its operational inspection in December 2020, becoming the seventh national center.
Answer: True
Explanation: The National Supercomputing Zhengzhou Center successfully passed its operational inspection in December 2020, marking its establishment as the seventh national supercomputing center in China.
The National Supercomputing Kunshan Center, which passed acceptance in 2020, is the first supercomputing center in Jiangsu Province.
Answer: False
Explanation: The National Supercomputing Kunshan Center passed acceptance in 2020 and became the eighth national supercomputing center in China. It was the second such center established in Jiangsu Province, not the first.
The National Supercomputing Center in Chengdu was launched in September 2020 and focuses solely on providing computing resources.
Answer: False
Explanation: The National Supercomputing Center in Chengdu, launched in September 2020, provides not only computing resources but also engages in software development and talent cultivation, indicating a broader scope than solely resource provision.
Which of the following was a core service offering of the Shanghai Supercomputer Center (SSC)?
Answer: Technical Consulting Services.
Explanation: Among its core service offerings, the Shanghai Supercomputer Center (SSC) provides Technical Consulting Services, offering expert guidance in areas such as CFD and algorithm optimization to its users.
When was the National Supercomputing Center in Tianjin approved, and what system did it host?
Answer: May 2009; Tianhe-1
Explanation: The National Supercomputing Center in Tianjin was approved in May 2009 and subsequently hosted the Tianhe-1 system, marking it as China's first state-level supercomputing facility.
Which supercomputer, installed at SSC in November 2004, was capable of 10 trillion computations per second?
Answer: Dawning 4000A
Explanation: The Dawning 4000A supercomputer was installed at the Shanghai Supercomputer Center (SSC) in November 2004, possessing a computational capability of 10 trillion operations per second (10 TFLOPS).
What percentage of the Shanghai Supercomputer Center's user base comprises industry clients?
Answer: 30%
Explanation: Industry clients constitute approximately 30% of the user base for the Shanghai Supercomputer Center, with the majority being researchers from academic and public institutions.
What is SCCAS, and what is its primary function mentioned in the source?
Answer: Supercomputing Center of the China Academy of Sciences; northern main node for CNGrid.
Explanation: SCCAS stands for the Supercomputing Center of the China Academy of Sciences. Its primary function is to serve as the northern main node and operation center for the China National Grid (CNGrid).
When was the Shanghai Supercomputer Center (SSC) established?
Answer: 2000
Explanation: The Shanghai Supercomputer Center (SSC) was established in December 2000, marking it as the first public high-performance computing service platform in China.
Which institution manages and operates the National Supercomputing Changsha Center?
Answer: Hunan University
Explanation: The National Supercomputing Changsha Center is managed and operated by Hunan University, which also laid its foundations in November 2010.
As of November 2022, what was the global ranking of the Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2) supercomputer located in Guangzhou?
Answer: 10th
Explanation: As of November 2022, the Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2) supercomputer, housed at the National Supercomputer Center in Guangzhou, held the tenth position among the world's most powerful supercomputers.
The Loongson processor was developed to enable Chinese supercomputers to reach petaflop speeds without relying on foreign technology.
Answer: True
Explanation: The development of the Loongson processor was indeed aimed at enabling Chinese supercomputers to achieve petaflop speeds and reduce reliance on foreign technological components, as indicated by its role in powering future Dawning supercomputers and avoiding potential embargoes.
China's motivation for developing indigenous processors like Loongson was primarily to improve energy efficiency.
Answer: False
Explanation: The primary motivation cited for China's development of indigenous processors like the Loongson was to avoid potential future technology embargo restrictions imposed by other countries, rather than solely focusing on energy efficiency.
What was the primary reason cited for China's development of indigenous processors like the Loongson?
Answer: To avoid potential future technology embargoes from other countries.
Explanation: The development of indigenous processors like Loongson was primarily driven by China's strategic goal to mitigate risks associated with potential future technology embargoes imposed by other nations.
The 'Tianhe Xingyi' supercomputing system, unveiled in December 2023, is a domestically developed system designed to outperform its predecessor, Tianhe-2.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Tianhe Xingyi' supercomputing system, unveiled in December 2023 at the National Supercomputing Center in Guangzhou, is indeed a domestically developed system reported to outperform the Tianhe-2 in various aspects, including CPU computing power, networking, and storage.
The Zuchongzhi-3 quantum computer, announced in March 2025, is claimed to be quadrillions of times faster than the most powerful classical supercomputer for specific tasks.
Answer: True
Explanation: Researchers announced in March 2025 that the Zuchongzhi-3 quantum computer demonstrated capabilities claimed to be quadrillions of times faster than the most powerful classical supercomputer for specific computational tasks, such as random circuit sampling.
The Magic Cube III supercomputer at the Shanghai Supercomputer Center has a peak performance of 3.3 exaflops.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Magic Cube III supercomputer at the Shanghai Supercomputer Center has a peak performance of 3.3 petaflops (PFLOPS), not exaflops (EFLOPS).
Phase II of the National Supercomputing Center in Shenzhen aims to house a 200-exaflop supercomputer.
Answer: False
Explanation: Phase II of the National Supercomputing Center in Shenzhen is planned to house a 2-exaflop (2E-level) supercomputer, not a 200-exaflop system.
The National Supercomputing Center in Jinan (NSCCJN) launched the 'Shandong Computing Network,' described as China's first supercomputing internet project, in May 2024.
Answer: True
Explanation: In May 2024, the National Supercomputing Center in Jinan (NSCCJN) launched the 'Shandong Computing Network,' which is characterized as China's inaugural supercomputing internet project, connecting multiple cities within the province.
Chengdu hosts both a national supercomputing center and an intelligent computing center, unique among Chinese cities.
Answer: True
Explanation: Chengdu possesses a unique dual infrastructure, hosting both a national supercomputing center and an intelligent computing center, positioning it distinctively among Chinese cities in terms of advanced computing facilities.
The Chengdu Intelligent Computing Center has an initial computing power scale of 300 exaflops.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Chengdu Intelligent Computing Center has an initial computing power scale of 300 petaflops (PFLOPS), not exaflops (EFLOPS).
Chengdu was designated as a sub-node in a new cross-regional computing service hub initiative in early 2025.
Answer: False
Explanation: In early 2025, Chengdu was designated as the main node, not a sub-node, for a new cross-regional computing service hub initiative, with sub-nodes located in Yibin and Lushan.
By 2023, Chengdu's AI and robotics industry reached a scale of 78 billion RMB, with projections exceeding 100 billion RMB in 2024.
Answer: True
Explanation: Chengdu's AI and robotics industry demonstrated significant growth, reaching a scale of 78 billion RMB by 2023 and projecting an expansion beyond 100 billion RMB in 2024, supported by its status as a national AI pilot zone.
What is the peak performance of the Magic Cube III supercomputer at the Shanghai Supercomputer Center?
Answer: 3.3 PFLOPS
Explanation: The Magic Cube III supercomputer, located at the Shanghai Supercomputer Center, possesses a peak performance rating of 3.3 petaflops (PFLOPS).
Which system was unveiled in December 2023 at the National Supercomputing Center in Guangzhou, reportedly outperforming Tianhe-2?
Answer: Tianhe Xingyi
Explanation: The 'Tianhe Xingyi' supercomputing system, unveiled in December 2023 at the National Supercomputing Center in Guangzhou, is reported to outperform its predecessor, Tianhe-2, across multiple performance metrics.
According to the March 2025 announcement, how much faster was the Zuchongzhi-3 quantum computer than the classical supercomputer Frontier for a specific task?
Answer: A quadrillion times faster
Explanation: Researchers claimed in March 2025 that the Zuchongzhi-3 quantum computer was a quadrillion times faster than the classical supercomputer Frontier for a specific random circuit sampling task.
The National Supercomputing Center in Jinan (NSCCJN) launched the 'Shandong Computing Network' in May 2024. What is notable about this network?
Answer: It is China's first supercomputing Internet project.
Explanation: The 'Shandong Computing Network,' launched by the NSCCJN in May 2024, is notable for being described as China's first supercomputing Internet project, connecting 16 cities within the province.
What is unique about Chengdu regarding its supercomputing and AI infrastructure?
Answer: It hosts both a national supercomputing center and an intelligent computing center.
Explanation: Chengdu possesses a unique dual infrastructure, hosting both a national supercomputing center and an intelligent computing center, positioning it distinctively among Chinese cities in terms of advanced computing facilities.
What was the initial computing power scale of the Chengdu Intelligent Computing Center?
Answer: 300 PFLOPS
Explanation: The Chengdu Intelligent Computing Center commenced operations with an initial computing power scale of 300 petaflops (PFLOPS), supporting numerous enterprises in developing AI solutions.
In early 2025, Chengdu was designated as the main node for a new cross-regional computing service hub. What is the goal of this initiative?
Answer: To establish unified management and scheduling of computing resources.
Explanation: The initiative involving Chengdu as the main node for a cross-regional computing service hub aims to establish unified management and scheduling of computing resources, fostering an integrated ecosystem for the computing industry.
What were the projected figures for Chengdu's AI and robotics industry for 2024?
Answer: Exceeding 100 billion RMB
Explanation: By 2023, Chengdu's AI and robotics industry had reached a scale of 78 billion RMB, with projections indicating it would exceed 100 billion RMB in 2024.
U.S. sanctions imposed since 2019 have made information regarding the state of supercomputing in China more readily available.
Answer: False
Explanation: The imposition of U.S. sanctions since 2019 has, in fact, led to a decrease in the public availability of information concerning the state of supercomputing in China, rather than making it more readily accessible.
The U.S. Department of Commerce added seven Chinese supercomputing entities to its Entity List in April 2021 due to concerns about their involvement in civilian climate research.
Answer: False
Explanation: In April 2021, the U.S. Department of Commerce added seven Chinese supercomputing entities to its Entity List, but the stated concerns were related to their involvement in China's military modernization and weapons development programs, not civilian climate research.
Expanded U.S. restrictions in March 2025 primarily targeted the textile and agricultural sectors in China.
Answer: False
Explanation: Expanded U.S. restrictions announced in March 2025 primarily targeted advanced technologies, specifically exascale computing and high-performance AI chips, rather than the textile and agricultural sectors.
How did U.S. sanctions affect the availability of information on Chinese supercomputing after 2019?
Answer: Information became less readily available to the public.
Explanation: Following the imposition of U.S. sanctions on Chinese entities involved in supercomputing since 2019, the public availability of information regarding the state of supercomputing in China has diminished.
What action did the U.S. Department of Commerce take in April 2021 concerning Chinese supercomputing?
Answer: It added seven Chinese supercomputing entities to its Entity List.
Explanation: In April 2021, the U.S. Department of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security added seven Chinese supercomputing entities to its Entity List, imposing additional license requirements for exporting U.S. technology to these entities.
What specific technologies were targeted by the expanded U.S. restrictions announced in March 2025?
Answer: Exascale computing and high-performance AI chips.
Explanation: The expanded U.S. restrictions announced in March 2025 specifically targeted advanced technologies, including exascale computing capabilities and high-performance AI chips, citing their acquisition for military modernization.