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SuSanA was established in 2007 with the primary goal of coordinating efforts for the United Nations' International Year of Sanitation in 2008.
Answer: True
Explanation: SuSanA commenced operations in 2007. Its establishment was strategically motivated by the objective to create a unified designation for activities leading up to the United Nations' International Year of Sanitation in 2008 and to coordinate the efforts of relevant organizations.
The Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) officially began its operations in January 2007 in Eschborn, Germany.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) officially commenced its operations in January 2007. Its inaugural meeting was convened in Eschborn, Germany, hosted at the facilities of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.
SuSanA's development has been analyzed and divided into three phases: Alignment, Learning, and Directionality.
Answer: True
Explanation: Research analyzing SuSanA's evolution has categorized its development into three phases: Phase 1 (Alignment), Phase 2 (Learning), and Phase 3 (Directionality), reflecting its growth and strategic shifts over time.
The image of SuSanA members in Kigali, Rwanda, in 2011 documents the 13th SuSanA meeting.
Answer: True
Explanation: The image accurately documents the 13th SuSanA meeting, which convened in Kigali, Rwanda, in 2011.
Roland Schertenleib, identified as a founding father, presented at a SuSanA meeting in Eschborn, Germany, in April 2013.
Answer: True
Explanation: The record indicates that Roland Schertenleib, identified as a founding father of SuSanA, presented at a core group and key stakeholder meeting in Eschborn, Germany, in April 2013.
What was the principal objective motivating the establishment of SuSanA in 2007?
Answer: To establish a unified label for activities leading up to the UN's International Year of Sanitation in 2008 and coordinate efforts.
Explanation: SuSanA was established in 2007 with the primary aim of creating a unified designation for activities preceding the United Nations' International Year of Sanitation in 2008 and coordinating the collective efforts of relevant organizations.
In which year did SuSanA commence its operational activities?
Answer: 2007
Explanation: The Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) officially commenced its operations in the year 2007.
The Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) is formally constituted as a non-governmental organization (NGO) possessing a registered legal structure.
Answer: False
Explanation: SuSanA is characterized as a collaborative network rather than a formal NGO. It lacks a registered legal structure and does not collect membership fees, functioning as a loose network that encourages participation and collaboration among its member organizations.
As of March 2021, SuSanA comprised fewer than 100 partner organizations.
Answer: False
Explanation: As of March 2021, the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) encompassed a substantial network, comprising over 360 partner organizations and more than 13,000 individual members, indicating broad participation.
SuSanA operates without a formal budget or income because it lacks a legal structure.
Answer: True
Explanation: SuSanA operates without a formal budget or dedicated income stream due to its lack of legal structure. Its activities are sustained through the voluntary contributions of time and resources provided by its partner organizations.
The 2014 network analysis revealed that SuSanA partners generally had low levels of trust and cooperation.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contrary to the assertion, the 2014 network analysis revealed that SuSanA partners generally demonstrated high levels of trust and cooperation, indicating a cohesive network.
The 2014 network analysis identified a tendency for lower interaction between SuSanA partners located in different economic zones.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 2014 network analysis did indeed identify a tendency for lower interaction between SuSanA partners located in different economic zones, such as between developing and developed countries.
Individuals cannot become members of SuSanA; only organizations can join.
Answer: False
Explanation: Individuals are eligible to join SuSanA as members; the alliance reported nearly 13,000 individual members as of March 2021.
Considering its absence of a formal legal structure, how does SuSanA operate?
Answer: As a loose network encouraging participation and collaboration among organizations.
Explanation: SuSanA functions as a collaborative network, fostering participation and cooperation among its member organizations, rather than operating as a formal NGO with a defined legal structure.
What specific limitation concerning SuSanA partner relationships was identified in the 2014 network analysis?
Answer: Limited interaction between partners in different economic zones (e.g., developing vs. developed countries).
Explanation: The 2014 network analysis highlighted a limitation characterized by reduced interaction between SuSanA partners situated in distinct economic zones, such as between developing and developed nations.
Which of the following categories is NOT enumerated as a type of partner organization within the SuSanA network?
Answer: International governmental bodies
Explanation: The SuSanA network includes Local NGOs, private sector companies, and research institutions, among others. International governmental bodies are not explicitly listed as a partner organization type.
What fundamental requirement must prospective organizations fulfill to be admitted as partners within SuSanA?
Answer: Formally agree to the SuSanA vision document.
Explanation: To become partners, new organizations are required to formally assent to the SuSanA vision document, thereby aligning with the alliance's core principles and objectives.
SuSanA's definition of sustainable sanitation includes systems that are economically viable, socially acceptable, technically and institutionally appropriate, and protect health, environment, and natural resources.
Answer: True
Explanation: SuSanA's definition of sustainable sanitation, collaboratively developed in 2007, emphasizes a multi-faceted approach. It requires systems to be economically viable, socially acceptable, technically and institutionally appropriate, and to ensure the protection of health, the environment, and natural resources.
SuSanA's main objective is to advance the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with a specific focus on SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy).
Answer: False
Explanation: SuSanA's primary focus is on advancing SDG 6, which addresses the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all, not SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy).
What is the principal definition of sustainable sanitation as articulated by SuSanA?
Answer: Systems that are economically viable, socially acceptable, technically and institutionally appropriate, and protect health, environment, and natural resources.
Explanation: SuSanA defines sustainable sanitation as systems that are economically viable, socially acceptable, technically and institutionally appropriate, and crucially, protect human health, the environment, and natural resources.
Which specific Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) receives particular focus from SuSanA's strategic objectives?
Answer: SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
Explanation: SuSanA places a significant strategic emphasis on advancing SDG 6, which is dedicated to ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
In terms of system design, how does SuSanA define sustainable sanitation?
Answer: It must be designed to safely manage human excreta and wastewater, preventing disease and environmental pollution.
Explanation: SuSanA's definition of sustainable sanitation, particularly concerning system design, mandates the safe management of human excreta and wastewater to prevent disease transmission and environmental contamination.
The discussion forum hosted by SuSanA serves the function of a formal administrative body for the alliance.
Answer: False
Explanation: The SuSanA discussion forum operates as a Community of Practice (CoP), facilitating knowledge exchange and interaction among members, rather than functioning as a formal administrative entity.
SuSanA is the sole knowledge management platform within the WASH sector.
Answer: False
Explanation: SuSanA is recognized as one of several key knowledge management platforms operating within the WASH sector, alongside other initiatives like Akvopedia and the International Water Association (IWA).
SuSanA members actively contribute to improving Wikipedia articles related to WASH topics.
Answer: True
Explanation: Members of SuSanA actively contribute to Wikipedia by enhancing articles pertinent to WASH topics, aiming to disseminate accurate information and elevate the quality of publicly accessible online resources.
SuSanA members focus their Wikipedia editing efforts primarily around World Environment Day.
Answer: False
Explanation: SuSanA members focus their Wikipedia editing efforts particularly around World Water Day (March 22) and World Toilet Day (November 19), not World Environment Day.
SuSanA manages 13 thematic working groups dedicated to specific areas within sustainable sanitation.
Answer: True
Explanation: SuSanA manages thirteen thematic working groups. These groups are dedicated to addressing specific areas within sustainable sanitation where conceptual development and knowledge management are paramount.
A primary reason cited by many SuSanA partners for their membership in the 2014 study was to receive information from the alliance's discussion forum.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 2014 network analysis confirmed that a primary motivation for many SuSanA partners to join was to access information and engage with content shared via the alliance's discussion forum.
What is the principal function of the SuSanA discussion forum?
Answer: To serve as a Community of Practice (CoP) for knowledge sharing.
Explanation: The primary role of the SuSanA discussion forum is to function as a Community of Practice (CoP), facilitating knowledge exchange, collaborative learning, and professional interaction among its members.
According to the findings of the 2014 network analysis, what was identified as a primary motivation for many SuSanA partners to join the alliance?
Answer: To receive information from the alliance's discussion forum.
Explanation: The 2014 network analysis indicated that a principal reason cited by many SuSanA partners for their membership was the acquisition of information disseminated through the alliance's discussion forum.
Which of the following topics is NOT enumerated among the 13 thematic working groups operated by SuSanA?
Answer: Global trade policy for sanitation products
Explanation: While SuSanA operates working groups on topics such as renewable energies, sanitation systems, and community sanitation, 'Global trade policy for sanitation products' is not listed among them.
SuSanA members focus their Wikipedia editing efforts particularly around World Water Day (March 22) and World Toilet Day (November 19).
Answer: World Water Day (March 22) and World Toilet Day (November 19)
Explanation: SuSanA members focus their Wikipedia editing efforts particularly around World Water Day (March 22) and World Toilet Day (November 19), enhancing public knowledge on these occasions.
What does the 2014 network analysis suggest regarding the primary utility derived by many SuSanA partners from their membership?
Answer: To receive information and updates.
Explanation: The 2014 network analysis indicated that many SuSanA partners primarily utilized their membership as a channel to receive information and updates from the alliance.
Funding for the SuSanA secretariat is primarily provided by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Answer: False
Explanation: The secretariat of the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) receives its principal funding from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), not the World Health Organization (WHO).
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided co-funding for improvements to the SuSanA platform between 2012 and 2018.
Answer: True
Explanation: Between 2012 and 2018, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided co-funding for significant improvements to the SuSanA platform, including its Discussion Forum and website.
The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) merged its Community of Practice platform into the SuSanA Discussion Forum in 2020.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 2020, WSSCC integrated its Community of Practice platform into the SuSanA Discussion Forum and provided support for its moderation, signifying a significant collaborative outcome.
Which specific German federal ministry is the primary provider of funding for the SuSanA secretariat?
Answer: Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)
Explanation: The SuSanA secretariat receives its primary funding from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).
Which philanthropic foundation provided co-funding for enhancements to the SuSanA platform during the period of 2012 to 2018?
Answer: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Explanation: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided crucial co-funding for improvements to the SuSanA platform, including its Discussion Forum and website, between 2012 and 2018.
What was the principal outcome of the collaborative initiative between WSSCC and SuSanA in 2020?
Answer: WSSCC merged its Community of Practice platform into the SuSanA Discussion Forum and provided moderation support.
Explanation: In 2020, WSSCC integrated its Community of Practice platform into the SuSanA Discussion Forum and provided support for its moderation, signifying a significant collaborative outcome.
Considering its lack of formal structure, what constitutes the primary financial model supporting SuSanA's activities?
Answer: Contributions of time and resources from partner organizations.
Explanation: Given its informal structure, SuSanA's activities are primarily sustained through the voluntary contributions of time and resources allocated by its partner organizations from their own budgets.
Which prominent philanthropic foundation has adopted the theme of innovative sanitation, reportedly influenced by SuSanA's initiatives?
Answer: The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Explanation: The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is recognized for adopting the theme of innovative sanitation, a focus that has been influenced, in part, by the discourse and work within the SuSanA network.
SuSanA has faced criticism for a perceived dominance of the 'ecosan' theme, partly due to the influence of its founding organizations.
Answer: True
Explanation: SuSanA has encountered criticism regarding a perceived overemphasis on the 'ecosan' (ecological sanitation) theme, a perception partly attributed to the influence of its founding organizations.
Criticisms directed at SuSanA include being too technology-centric, too dominated by the Global North, and too theoretical.
Answer: True
Explanation: Criticisms leveled against SuSanA encompass accusations of being excessively technology-centric, disproportionately influenced by the Global North, and overly theoretical in its approach.
SuSanA established local chapters in India, West Asia and North Africa (WANA), and Latin America starting in 2016 to increase local engagement.
Answer: True
Explanation: To enhance local engagement and representation, SuSanA initiated the establishment of regional chapters in India (commencing 2016), West Asia and North Africa (WANA) (commencing 2017), and Latin America (commencing 2018).
SuSanA has a strong impact in non-English speaking regions due to its numerous regional offices.
Answer: False
Explanation: SuSanA's impact in non-English speaking regions is reportedly limited, partly due to the absence of dedicated regional offices or nodes, contrary to the assertion of strong impact stemming from numerous regional offices.
The SuSanA core group has responded to criticisms by developing a mission statement, a roadmap, and hosting open discussion forums.
Answer: True
Explanation: In response to critiques, the SuSanA core group has implemented measures such as defining a mission statement, creating a development roadmap, and facilitating open discussion forums to address concerns and guide future actions.
What strategic action did SuSanA implement in 2016 to counteract the perceived dominance of the Global North within its network?
Answer: Established local chapters in India, WANA, and Latin America.
Explanation: In 2016, SuSanA initiated the establishment of local chapters in India, followed by WANA and Latin America, as a measure to increase regional representation and address concerns about Global North dominance.
What specific criticism has been directed at SuSanA concerning its thematic focus?
Answer: Perceived dominance of the 'ecosan' (ecological sanitation) theme.
Explanation: A notable criticism leveled against SuSanA pertains to the perceived dominance of the 'ecosan' (ecological sanitation) theme within its discourse and activities.
The 'See also' section for SuSanA lists topics such as 'List of water supply and sanitation by country' and 'Human right to water and sanitation'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'See also' section lists several related topics, including the List of abbreviations used in sanitation, List of water supply and sanitation by country, Sanitation, WASH (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene), the Human right to water and sanitation, and Water issues in developing countries.
The Medical Wikipedia app is an external link related to SuSanA that allows users to view health care articles offline.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Medical Wikipedia app is indeed an external resource linked from SuSanA-related content, designed to enable offline access to health care articles.
The SuSanA logo depicts a water droplet inside a gear mechanism.
Answer: False
Explanation: The SuSanA logo's design does not correspond to the description of a water droplet inside a gear mechanism.
Which of the following entities is NOT identified as a knowledge management platform within the WASH sector in conjunction with SuSanA?
Answer: The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Observatory
Explanation: While SuSanA, Akvopedia, and the International Water Association (IWA) are mentioned as WASH knowledge management platforms, the WHO Global Health Observatory is not listed in this context.
What is the stated purpose of the 'List of abbreviations used in sanitation' compiled by SuSanA?
Answer: To standardize and clarify terminology within the sanitation sector.
Explanation: The 'List of abbreviations used in sanitation' serves to standardize and clarify terminology within the sector, thereby enhancing communication and mutual understanding among professionals and organizations engaged in sanitation work.