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Thomas Bradley's early life was marked by his birth in Los Angeles, California, to parents who were established landowners.
Answer: False
Explanation: Thomas Bradley was born in Calvert, Texas, to parents who were poor sharecroppers, not well-off landowners in Los Angeles.
Where was Tom Bradley born, and what was his family's economic background?
Answer: Born in Texas to poor sharecroppers.
Explanation: Thomas Bradley was born in Calvert, Texas, to parents who were poor sharecroppers, indicating a humble economic origin for his family.
What significant event in American history influenced Tom Bradley's family's move to Los Angeles?
Answer: The Great Migration
Explanation: Thomas Bradley's family migrated to Los Angeles in 1924 as part of the Great Migration, a period of significant demographic shift for African Americans from the rural South to urban centers.
Which university did Tom Bradley attend on an athletic scholarship?
Answer: University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
Explanation: Thomas Bradley pursued his higher education at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he was awarded an athletic scholarship.
Thomas Bradley joined the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) after a brief career as a lawyer.
Answer: False
Explanation: Thomas Bradley joined the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) in 1940, and pursued his legal education and career after retiring from law enforcement.
During his time as an LAPD officer, Bradley never experienced racism.
Answer: False
Explanation: Thomas Bradley experienced significant racism during his tenure as an LAPD officer, including discriminatory service denials and restricted assignments.
What challenges did Tom Bradley face as one of the few Black officers in the LAPD during the 1940s?
Answer: He encountered significant racism, including discriminatory service denials and restricted assignments.
Explanation: As one of the few Black officers in the LAPD during the 1940s, Thomas Bradley confronted pervasive racism, manifesting in discriminatory practices such as denial of service in public establishments and limitations on his professional assignments.
How did Tom Bradley transition into law practice?
Answer: He attended law school while serving as a police officer and practiced after retiring from the LAPD.
Explanation: Thomas Bradley pursued legal studies at Southwestern University Law School concurrently with his service as a police officer, subsequently commencing his law practice after retiring from the LAPD.
Tom Bradley's initial political involvement began with leadership roles in a conservative business association.
Answer: False
Explanation: Thomas Bradley's initial political involvement commenced with leadership roles in the California Democratic Council, a liberal reform group, not a conservative business association.
Tom Bradley was the first African American elected to the Los Angeles City Council.
Answer: True
Explanation: Thomas Bradley achieved a significant political milestone by becoming the first African American elected to the Los Angeles City Council in 1963.
During his City Council tenure, Tom Bradley advocated for the establishment of a human relations commission.
Answer: True
Explanation: During his tenure on the City Council, Thomas Bradley expressed a desire to establish a human relations commission for the city.
Tom Bradley was the first Black mayor of San Francisco.
Answer: False
Explanation: Thomas Bradley was the first African American mayor of Los Angeles, not San Francisco.
What type of political group was the California Democratic Council, with which Bradley was initially involved?
Answer: A liberal reform group active in the 1950s.
Explanation: The California Democratic Council, an organization with which Thomas Bradley was initially involved, was characterized as a liberal reform group prominent during the 1950s.
What was the significance of Tom Bradley's election to the Los Angeles City Council in 1963?
Answer: He was the first African American elected to the City Council.
Explanation: Thomas Bradley's election to the Los Angeles City Council in 1963 was historically significant as he became the first African American to hold that office.
Tom Bradley successfully defeated incumbent Mayor Sam Yorty in his first mayoral election in 1969.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contrary to the statement, Thomas Bradley narrowly lost to incumbent Mayor Sam Yorty in the 1969 mayoral election. He would later defeat Yorty in the 1973 election.
Which incumbent mayor did Tom Bradley first challenge and eventually defeat in the mayoral race?
Answer: Sam Yorty
Explanation: Thomas Bradley first challenged incumbent Mayor Sam Yorty in 1969, ultimately defeating him in the 1973 mayoral election.
What is the historical significance of Tom Bradley's election as Mayor of Los Angeles in 1973?
Answer: He was the first African American to hold the office, marking a major political shift.
Explanation: Thomas Bradley's election as Mayor of Los Angeles in 1973 was historically significant as he became the first African American to hold the office, signifying a major political transformation for the city.
Tom Bradley's political coalition primarily consisted of conservative business leaders and working-class white voters.
Answer: False
Explanation: Thomas Bradley's political coalition was primarily composed of liberal African Americans and liberal white Americans, including Jewish Americans, rather than conservative business leaders and working-class white voters.
Tom Bradley served as Mayor of Los Angeles for exactly 10 years.
Answer: False
Explanation: Thomas Bradley served as Mayor of Los Angeles for 20 years, from 1973 to 1993.
Mayor Bradley was instrumental in the development of Los Angeles's light rail network.
Answer: True
Explanation: Mayor Bradley was a strong proponent and driving force behind the development and construction of Los Angeles's light rail network.
Los Angeles hosted the 1984 Summer Olympics under Mayor Bradley's leadership, and the event was financially successful.
Answer: True
Explanation: Under Mayor Bradley's leadership, Los Angeles hosted the 1984 Summer Olympics, which achieved remarkable financial success, becoming the first profitable Olympic Games in history.
Tom Bradley chose to run for a sixth term as Mayor of Los Angeles in 1993.
Answer: False
Explanation: Thomas Bradley concluded his tenure in 1993, choosing not to seek a sixth term as Mayor.
Tom Bradley's political coalition was credited with transforming Los Angeles into a more conservative city.
Answer: False
Explanation: Thomas Bradley's political coalition was instrumental in transforming Los Angeles from a conservative, white-dominated city into a more liberal and multiracial metropolis.
Tom Bradley served as President of the National League of Cities in 1974.
Answer: True
Explanation: Thomas Bradley held a significant national role when he served as the 47th President of the National League of Cities in 1974.
Who was Thomas Bradley, and what significant role did he hold?
Answer: The 38th Mayor of Los Angeles, serving from 1973 to 1993.
Explanation: Thomas Bradley served as the 38th Mayor of Los Angeles for two decades, from 1973 to 1993, a tenure marked by significant transformations in the city.
What were Tom Bradley's key distinctions as Mayor of Los Angeles?
Answer: He was the first African American mayor, the first liberal mayor, and the longest-serving mayor.
Explanation: Thomas Bradley's tenure as Mayor of Los Angeles was distinguished by several firsts: he was the city's first African American mayor, its first liberal mayor, and its longest-serving mayor.
What demographic groups formed the core of Tom Bradley's political coalition?
Answer: Liberal African Americans and liberal white Americans, including Jewish Americans.
Explanation: Thomas Bradley's political coalition was primarily built upon the support of liberal African Americans and liberal white Americans, notably including Jewish Americans.
How long did Tom Bradley serve as the Mayor of Los Angeles?
Answer: 20 years
Explanation: Thomas Bradley served as the Mayor of Los Angeles for a total of 20 years, from 1973 to 1993.
Which of the following was NOT a major contribution attributed to Mayor Bradley's administration?
Answer: Establishing a city-wide ban on all fossil fuels.
Explanation: While Mayor Bradley's administration was responsible for significant developments, establishing a city-wide ban on all fossil fuels was not among his major contributions.
What was the financial outcome of the 1984 Summer Olympics hosted by Los Angeles under Mayor Bradley?
Answer: They were the first Olympic Games in history to be profitable.
Explanation: The 1984 Summer Olympics, hosted by Los Angeles during Mayor Bradley's tenure, achieved a historic financial success by becoming the first Olympic Games to generate a profit.
What was Tom Bradley's role in the development of public transportation in Los Angeles?
Answer: He was a strong proponent and drove the construction of the Metro light rail network.
Explanation: Thomas Bradley was a significant proponent of public transportation, actively championing and driving the development of the Metro light rail network in Los Angeles.
What was Tom Bradley's stance on business development during his mayoralty?
Answer: He believed business prosperity was beneficial for job creation and city growth.
Explanation: Thomas Bradley maintained that business prosperity was crucial for fostering job creation and promoting the overall growth and development of the city.
Sam Yorty's campaign against Tom Bradley in 1969 appealed to voters' racial anxieties.
Answer: True
Explanation: Sam Yorty's campaign tactics in 1969 reportedly questioned Bradley's credibility on crime and portrayed him as a threat, appealing to racial anxieties among some voters.
Mayor Bradley's political philosophy remained consistently liberal throughout his entire tenure.
Answer: False
Explanation: While initially a political liberal, Mayor Bradley adopted a more business-oriented approach in his later terms due to evolving city challenges and funding changes.
Daryl Gates, Chief of the LAPD, was a close political ally of Mayor Tom Bradley.
Answer: False
Explanation: Mayor Tom Bradley and LAPD Chief Daryl Gates had a complex and often adversarial relationship, marked by disagreements and budget disputes, rather than being close political allies.
Worsening traffic congestion and air pollution were factors contributing to a decline in Mayor Bradley's political strength.
Answer: True
Explanation: Indeed, escalating traffic congestion and persistent air pollution were among the significant urban challenges that contributed to a perceived decline in Mayor Bradley's political influence during his later years.
Tom Bradley's administration was criticized for its support of a controversial oil drilling project near the Pacific Palisades.
Answer: True
Explanation: Criticism was leveled against Thomas Bradley's administration, notably concerning its support for a controversial oil drilling project situated near the Pacific Palisades.
The 1992 Los Angeles riots led to an increase in Mayor Bradley's approval ratings.
Answer: False
Explanation: The aftermath of the 1992 Los Angeles riots led to a decline, not an increase, in Mayor Bradley's approval ratings.
What shift in political philosophy did Mayor Bradley adopt in his later terms?
Answer: He adopted a more business-oriented approach due to city challenges and funding changes.
Explanation: In his later mayoral terms, Mayor Bradley evolved his approach, adopting a more business-oriented perspective in response to the city's evolving challenges and shifts in funding dynamics.
Who was identified as a primary political opponent of Mayor Tom Bradley, particularly concerning the LAPD?
Answer: LAPD Chief Daryl Gates
Explanation: LAPD Chief Daryl Gates emerged as a significant political opponent to Mayor Thomas Bradley, particularly in matters concerning the police department and its leadership.
Which of the following was cited as a reason for the decline in Mayor Bradley's political strength in his later years?
Answer: His support for a controversial oil drilling project and criticism over comments on Louis Farrakhan.
Explanation: The decline in Mayor Bradley's political strength was attributed, in part, to his support for a controversial oil drilling project and criticism stemming from his remarks concerning Louis Farrakhan.
What event significantly impacted Mayor Bradley's approval ratings towards the end of his tenure, influencing his decision not to seek re-election?
Answer: The aftermath of the 1992 Los Angeles riots.
Explanation: The aftermath of the 1992 Los Angeles riots had a significant negative impact on Mayor Bradley's approval ratings, contributing to his decision not to pursue re-election.
How did Tom Bradley's relationship with the LAPD, particularly Chief Daryl Gates, evolve?
Answer: Bradley had a complex relationship, opposing Gates at times and cutting LAPD funding, with Gates eventually resigning after the 1992 riots.
Explanation: Thomas Bradley's relationship with the LAPD and Chief Daryl Gates was complex, characterized by periods of opposition and budget adjustments, culminating in Gates's resignation following the 1992 riots.
Tom Bradley declined a cabinet-level position offered by President Richard Nixon.
Answer: False
Explanation: Thomas Bradley declined a cabinet-level position offered by President Jimmy Carter, not Richard Nixon.
The 'Bradley effect' describes the phenomenon where voters publicly support a Black candidate but vote for a white opponent due to hidden racial bias.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Bradley Effect' is indeed defined as the phenomenon where voters express support for a Black candidate in polls but ultimately vote for their white opponent, suggesting underlying racial bias.
Tom Bradley lost both of his campaigns for Governor of California.
Answer: True
Explanation: Thomas Bradley contested the governorship of California twice, in 1982 and 1986, and lost both elections to Republican George Deukmejian.
The Tom Bradley International Terminal at LAX is named in honor of his wife, Ethel Bradley.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Tom Bradley International Terminal at LAX is named in honor of Mayor Tom Bradley himself, not his wife, Ethel Bradley.
Tom Bradley passed away while undergoing treatment for a broken leg.
Answer: False
Explanation: Thomas Bradley passed away following a heart attack while hospitalized for gout treatment, not for a broken leg.
Tom Bradley's mayoral archives are housed at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Answer: True
Explanation: Thomas Bradley's mayoral archives are preserved and accessible at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Library Special Collections.
Tom Bradley was a member of Prince Hall Freemasonry.
Answer: True
Explanation: Thomas Bradley held membership in Prince Hall Freemasonry, a significant fraternal organization within the African American community.
In which national administration was Tom Bradley offered a cabinet-level position?
Answer: The administration of President Jimmy Carter
Explanation: Thomas Bradley was offered a cabinet-level position by President Jimmy Carter, though he declined the offer.
What term originated from Tom Bradley's narrow loss in the 1982 California gubernatorial election?
Answer: The 'Bradley Effect'
Explanation: The term 'Bradley Effect' originated from the unexpected outcome of Thomas Bradley's 1982 California gubernatorial election loss, describing a phenomenon in voter behavior.
Tom Bradley ran for Governor of California against which prominent Republican politician?
Answer: George Deukmejian
Explanation: Thomas Bradley's campaigns for Governor of California were primarily against the prominent Republican politician George Deukmejian.
Which of the following is named in honor of Tom Bradley?
Answer: The Tom Bradley International Terminal at LAX
Explanation: The Tom Bradley International Terminal at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) is named in recognition of Mayor Thomas Bradley's service and contributions to the city.
What was the primary reason for the 'Bradley effect' phenomenon?
Answer: Voters expressed support for a Black candidate in polls but voted for their white opponent in the election.
Explanation: The 'Bradley effect' phenomenon is primarily attributed to a discrepancy where voters publicly indicate support for a Black candidate but privately cast their ballot for a white opponent.
What did the Tom and Ethel Bradley Center at California State University, Northridge, focus on preserving?
Answer: Archived images documenting communities of color in Los Angeles and Latin America.
Explanation: The Tom and Ethel Bradley Center at California State University, Northridge, is dedicated to preserving archived images that document the history and experiences of communities of color in Los Angeles and Latin America.