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The Trade Boards Act 1909 was primarily enacted to establish Trade Boards responsible for setting legally enforceable minimum wages.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Trade Boards Act 1909 was enacted to establish Trade Boards empowered to set legally enforceable minimum wage criteria, addressing historically low wages in specific industries.
The long title of the Trade Boards Act 1909 indicated its purpose was to regulate working hours.
Answer: False
Explanation: The long title of the Trade Boards Act 1909 stated its purpose was 'to provide for the establishment of Trade Boards for certain Trades,' focusing on wage setting rather than working hours.
The main provision of the Trade Boards Act 1909 was to establish minimum wages in certain trades that historically suffered from low pay.
Answer: True
Explanation: The primary provision of the Trade Boards Act 1909 was indeed to establish minimum wages in trades historically characterized by low pay.
What was the primary objective of the Trade Boards Act 1909 in the United Kingdom?
Answer: To establish Trade Boards to set legally enforceable minimum wages.
Explanation: The primary objective of the Trade Boards Act 1909 was to establish Trade Boards tasked with setting legally enforceable minimum wages in specific industries.
What was the primary function of the Trade Boards established by the 1909 Act?
Answer: To set minimum wage rates that were legally binding.
Explanation: The primary function of the Trade Boards established by the 1909 Act was to set minimum wage rates that were legally binding.
Winston Churchill was the Chancellor of the Exchequer when the Trade Boards Act 1909 was introduced.
Answer: False
Explanation: Winston Churchill served as the President of the Board of Trade when the Trade Boards Act 1909 was introduced, not the Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Winston Churchill described receiving less than a living wage for dedicated labor as a 'serious national evil' that the Act aimed to fix.
Answer: True
Explanation: Winston Churchill indeed characterized the situation where workers received less than a living wage for their labor as a 'serious national evil,' which the Trade Boards Act aimed to rectify.
Churchill defined 'healthy' bargaining as occurring in trades with no worker organization.
Answer: False
Explanation: Churchill defined 'healthy' bargaining as occurring in trades with strong organization on both sides, responsible leadership, and mechanisms like arbitration, not in trades with no worker organization.
Churchill characterized 'unhealthy' bargaining as common in 'sweated trades' lacking organization and parity between employers and workers.
Answer: True
Explanation: Churchill described 'unhealthy' bargaining as prevalent in 'sweated trades,' characterized by a lack of organization and parity between employers and workers, which left workers vulnerable.
Churchill argued that unhealthy bargaining in sweated trades benefited good employers by reducing competition.
Answer: False
Explanation: Churchill argued that unhealthy bargaining in sweated trades harmed good employers by allowing unfair competition from those paying lower wages, rather than benefiting them.
Churchill used 'progressive degeneration' to describe the improvement of standards in sweated trades.
Answer: False
Explanation: Churchill used 'progressive degeneration' to describe the downward trend in standards within sweated trades due to a lack of fair bargaining and organization, not an improvement.
Churchill believed supply and demand worked perfectly in sweated trades to ensure fair wages.
Answer: False
Explanation: Churchill believed that supply and demand failed to regulate wages properly in 'sweated trades' due to a lack of organization and parity between employers and workers, which perpetuated low wages.
The mention of 'Liberal reforms' implies the Act was opposed by the Liberal government.
Answer: False
Explanation: The mention of 'Liberal reforms' suggests the Act was part of a broader social reform agenda pursued by the Liberal government, indicating support rather than opposition.
The Board of Trade, led by President Winston Churchill, was central to the Act's passage, with Churchill actively advocating for the legislation.
Answer: True
Explanation: Winston Churchill, as President of the Board of Trade, was instrumental in the passage of the Act and actively advocated for its implementation.
What was Winston Churchill's position when the Trade Boards Act 1909 was introduced?
Answer: President of the Board of Trade
Explanation: Winston Churchill held the position of President of the Board of Trade when the Trade Boards Act 1909 was introduced.
According to Winston Churchill, what constituted a 'serious national evil' that the Trade Boards Act 1909 aimed to address?
Answer: Segments of the population receiving less than a living wage for their labor.
Explanation: Winston Churchill identified segments of the population receiving less than a living wage for their labor as a 'serious national evil' that the Act was intended to rectify.
How did Winston Churchill describe the bargaining conditions in 'sweated trades'?
Answer: Lacking organization and parity between employers and workers.
Explanation: Churchill described bargaining conditions in 'sweated trades' as lacking organization and parity between employers and workers, leading to exploitation.
What was a consequence of 'unhealthy' bargaining in sweated trades, according to Churchill?
Answer: Good employers were undercut by those paying lower wages.
Explanation: According to Churchill, 'unhealthy' bargaining in sweated trades resulted in good employers being undercut by those who paid lower wages, disrupting fair competition.
What did Winston Churchill mean by 'progressive degeneration' in the context of sweated trades?
Answer: A downward trend in standards due to lack of fair bargaining.
Explanation: Churchill used 'progressive degeneration' to describe the decline in standards within sweated trades resulting from the absence of fair bargaining and organization.
Why did Churchill suggest supply and demand failed to regulate wages properly in 'sweated trades'?
Answer: Because there was a lack of organization and parity between employers and workers.
Explanation: Churchill argued that supply and demand failed in 'sweated trades' due to the absence of worker organization and parity, which allowed low wages to persist.
What does the mention of 'Liberal reforms' in the 'See also' section imply about the Trade Boards Act 1909?
Answer: The Act was part of a broader social reform agenda by the Liberal government.
Explanation: The mention of 'Liberal reforms' implies that the Trade Boards Act 1909 was integrated into a wider social reform agenda pursued by the Liberal government of the period.
According to Churchill, what characterized 'healthy' bargaining in industrial settings?
Answer: Strong organization, responsible leadership, and mechanisms like arbitration.
Explanation: Churchill characterized 'healthy' bargaining as involving strong organization, responsible leadership capable of binding constituents, and mechanisms such as arbitration.
What was the primary motivation behind the Trade Boards Act 1909, as articulated by Winston Churchill?
Answer: To address the 'serious national evil' of workers receiving less than a living wage.
Explanation: The primary motivation, as articulated by Winston Churchill, was to address the 'serious national evil' of workers receiving less than a living wage for their labor.
Initially, the Trade Boards Act 1909 applied to industries like shipbuilding and coal mining.
Answer: False
Explanation: The initial five industries covered by the Trade Boards Act 1909 were chain-making, ready-made tailoring, paper-box making, machine-made lace making, and finishing trades. Shipbuilding and coal mining were not among the original five.
In 1912, the Trade Boards Act 1909's coverage was extended to the mining industry and other sectors with unskilled manual labor.
Answer: True
Explanation: The scope of the Trade Boards Act 1909 was indeed extended in 1912 to include the mining industry and subsequently other sectors predominantly employing unskilled manual labor.
Which of the following was NOT among the five industries initially covered by the Trade Boards Act 1909?
Answer: Coal mining
Explanation: Coal mining was not one of the five industries initially covered by the Trade Boards Act 1909. The covered industries were chain-making, ready-made tailoring, paper-box making, machine-made lace making, and finishing trades.
Which industry was specifically mentioned as being added to the scope of the Trade Boards Act in 1912?
Answer: The mining industry
Explanation: The mining industry was specifically mentioned as being added to the scope of the Trade Boards Act in 1912.
The 'See also' section lists unrelated topics to the Trade Boards Act 1909.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'See also' section typically lists related topics and legislation to guide further research, not unrelated subjects.
The Trade Boards Act 1918 is listed as unrelated to the 1909 Act.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Trade Boards Act 1918 is listed as related to the 1909 Act, indicating a legislative connection and evolution.
The National Minimum Wage Act 1998 is mentioned to show the Act's lack of connection to modern wage laws.
Answer: False
Explanation: The mention of the National Minimum Wage Act 1998 serves to illustrate the historical lineage of minimum wage legislation in the UK, positioning the 1909 Act as a precursor, not to show a lack of connection.
S. and B. Webb's 'Industrial Democracy' is cited because it argued against state intervention in wages.
Answer: False
Explanation: S. and B. Webb's 'Industrial Democracy' is cited likely because it provided foundational concepts relevant to labor reforms and the principles behind state intervention in wages, not because it argued against it.
The history of the welfare state is mentioned to show the Trade Boards Act 1909 was a step away from state intervention.
Answer: False
Explanation: The reference to the 'History of the welfare state' positions the Trade Boards Act 1909 as a key development in the expansion of state intervention, marking a step towards the modern welfare state, not away from it.
A. N. Holcombe's article discusses the impact of the Trade Boards Act 1909 on international trade.
Answer: False
Explanation: A. N. Holcombe's article primarily examines the British Minimum Wages Act of 1909 shortly after its passage, not its impact on international trade.
The DOI 10.2307/1885215 is the citation number for the Trade Boards Act 1909 itself.
Answer: False
Explanation: The DOI 10.2307/1885215 is the citation for A. N. Holcombe's article on the British Minimum Wages Act of 1909, not for the Act itself.
The full text of the Trade Boards Act 1909 can only be accessed through physical archives.
Answer: False
Explanation: The full text of the Trade Boards Act 1909 is available online, for example, on Wikisource.
The 'Authority control' section indicates the Act is primarily cataloged under French parliamentary records.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Authority control' section indicates the Act is cataloged within UK Parliament records, linked by a specific identifier, not French parliamentary records.
What is the function of the 'See also' section in the article about the Trade Boards Act 1909?
Answer: To guide further research by listing related topics and legislation.
Explanation: The 'See also' section serves to guide further research by listing related topics, legislation, and historical contexts pertinent to the Trade Boards Act 1909.
What aspect of the Trade Boards Act 1909 does A. N. Holcombe's article primarily examine?
Answer: The British Minimum Wages Act of 1909 shortly after its passage.
Explanation: A. N. Holcombe's article primarily examines the British Minimum Wages Act of 1909 shortly after its passage.
Sheila Blackburn's article "Curse or cure? Why was the enactment of Britain's 1909 Trade Boards Act so controversial?" focuses on:
Answer: The controversy surrounding the Act's enactment.
Explanation: Sheila Blackburn's article specifically focuses on the controversy surrounding the enactment of the Trade Boards Act 1909.
How is the Trade Boards Act 1909 related to the 'History of the welfare state in the United Kingdom'?
Answer: It is considered a key development in the expansion of state intervention towards the modern welfare state.
Explanation: The Trade Boards Act 1909 is considered a significant development in the expansion of state intervention, contributing to the evolution towards the modern welfare state.
Why is the work 'Industrial Democracy' by S. Webb and B. Webb mentioned in relation to the Trade Boards Act 1909?
Answer: It provided foundational concepts relevant to the labour reforms and principles behind the Act.
Explanation: The work 'Industrial Democracy' by S. Webb and B. Webb is mentioned as it likely provided foundational concepts relevant to the labor reforms and principles underpinning the Trade Boards Act 1909.
Where can the full text of the Trade Boards Act 1909 be accessed online?
Answer: Wikisource.
Explanation: The full text of the Trade Boards Act 1909 is accessible online through platforms such as Wikisource.
What is the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) provided for A. N. Holcombe's article?
Answer: 10.2307/1885215
Explanation: The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) provided for A. N. Holcombe's article is 10.2307/1885215.
In which journal and year was Sheila Blackburn's article discussing the controversy of the Trade Boards Act 1909 published?
Answer: British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2009
Explanation: Sheila Blackburn's article was published in the British Journal of Industrial Relations in 2009.
The 'living wage' concept refers to the minimum income needed for a worker to meet basic needs and maintain a decent standard of living.
Answer: True
Explanation: The concept of a 'living wage' indeed refers to the minimum income required for a worker to cover essential living expenses and maintain a reasonable standard of life.
The term 'sweated trades' implies industries where workers were paid extremely low wages, often under poor conditions, due to a lack of bargaining power.
Answer: True
Explanation: The term 'sweated trades' refers to industries characterized by extremely low wages and poor working conditions, often resulting from workers' diminished bargaining power.
What is the concept of a 'living wage' as referenced in discussions about the Trade Boards Act 1909?
Answer: The minimum income needed to meet basic needs and maintain a decent standard of living.
Explanation: A 'living wage' is defined as the minimum income necessary for a worker to cover basic needs and maintain a decent standard of living.
In the context of the Trade Boards Act 1909, what does the term 'sweated trades' refer to?
Answer: Trades where workers were paid extremely low wages, often under poor conditions.
Explanation: The term 'sweated trades' refers to industries where workers received very low wages, frequently under poor conditions, due to a lack of bargaining power and potential for exploitation.
What conditions contributed to historically low wages in the trades targeted by the Trade Boards Act 1909?
Answer: A surplus of available workers and a lack of specialized skills.
Explanation: Historically low wages in the targeted trades were often attributed to a surplus of available workers and a general lack of specialized skills required for the jobs.
What does the term 'parity of bargaining' refer to in Winston Churchill's speech?
Answer: A state of equal negotiation power between employers and workers.
Explanation: The term 'parity of bargaining' refers to a state of equal negotiation power between employers and workers, a condition often absent in 'sweated trades'.