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Under the First Treaty of Indian Springs in 1821, the Muscogee ceded their territory located west of the Flint River to the state of Georgia.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 1821 treaty involved the cession of Muscogee territory located east of the Flint River to Georgia.
In exchange for land cession under the First Treaty of Indian Springs, the U.S. federal government paid the Muscogee a single lump sum of $200,000.
Answer: False
Explanation: The compensation included $200,000 paid in installments, and the U.S. government also assumed existing Muscogee debts to Georgian citizens.
What was the outcome of the First Treaty of Indian Springs in 1821?
Answer: The Muscogee ceded their territory located east of the Flint River to Georgia.
Explanation: The First Treaty of Indian Springs resulted in the Muscogee ceding their territory east of the Flint River to the state of Georgia.
What compensation did the Muscogee receive from the U.S. federal government under the First Treaty of Indian Springs?
Answer: $200,000 in installments and assumption of existing debts to Georgians
Explanation: The U.S. government agreed to pay the Muscogee $200,000 in installments and also assumed their existing debts to the people of Georgia.
The Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) is known by only one alternative name: the Second Treaty of Indian Springs.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) is also known as the Second Treaty of Indian Springs and the Treaty with the Creeks.
The original conclusion of the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) and the addition of a supplementary article both occurred on February 12, 1825.
Answer: False
Explanation: The treaty was originally concluded on February 12, 1825, but an additional article was added two days later, on February 14, 1825.
The Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) was a bilateral agreement between the Muscogee (Creek) Nation and the United States.
Answer: True
Explanation: The treaty was concluded between the Muscogee tribe, also known as the Creek Nation, and the United States.
The Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) was signed at a military installation near the Chattahoochee River.
Answer: False
Explanation: The treaty was signed at a location now known as the Indian Springs Hotel Museum, not a military fort.
The primary objective of the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) was to establish new trade routes between the Muscogee and the United States.
Answer: False
Explanation: The primary purpose of the treaty was land cession, meaning the transfer of territory from the Muscogee Nation to the United States.
Duncan Campbell and James Meriwether were the American envoys who attempted to negotiate a new treaty with the Muscogee in December 1824.
Answer: True
Explanation: In December 1824, U.S. envoys Duncan Campbell and James Meriwether were tasked with securing a new land cession treaty with the Muscogee.
The objective of the American envoys in December 1824 was to secure a treaty for the Muscogee to cede all their territory west of the Mississippi River.
Answer: False
Explanation: The envoys' objective was to secure the cession of all Muscogee territory east of the Mississippi River.
The attempt by American envoys Duncan Campbell and James Meriwether in December 1824 to secure a treaty for Muscogee land cession was ultimately successful.
Answer: False
Explanation: The negotiation attempt in December 1824 was unsuccessful, leading to the subsequent effort in 1825.
The Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) was negotiated with a large, representative council of Upper Creek chiefs.
Answer: False
Explanation: The treaty was controversially negotiated with only six chiefs of the Lower Creek, led by William McIntosh, not the broader Muscogee leadership.
William McIntosh agreed to cede all Muscogee lands east of the Chattahoochee River, including the Ocmulgee National Monument, to Georgia and Alabama under the 1825 treaty.
Answer: True
Explanation: The terms of the 1825 treaty included the cession of all Muscogee lands east of the Chattahoochee River, which encompassed the sacred Ocmulgee National Monument.
As part of the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825), the Muscogee accepted relocation to an equivalent parcel of land situated along the Missouri River.
Answer: False
Explanation: The treaty stipulated relocation to an equivalent parcel of land along the Arkansas River, west of the Mississippi River.
The Muscogee nation was to receive $200,000 in decreasing installments over several years as compensation for their relocation under the 1825 treaty.
Answer: True
Explanation: The compensation for moving to unimproved land was set at $200,000, to be paid in decreasing installments over a period of years.
Besides the 'Second Treaty of Indian Springs,' what is another alternative name for the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825)?
Answer: The Treaty with the Creeks
Explanation: The source material identifies two alternative names for the 1825 treaty: the Second Treaty of Indian Springs and the Treaty with the Creeks.
When was an additional article added to the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825)?
Answer: February 14, 1825
Explanation: The treaty was originally concluded on February 12, 1825, with an additional article being added two days later on February 14.
Which two parties were involved in the conclusion of the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825)?
Answer: The Muscogee tribe and the United States
Explanation: The treaty was an agreement concluded between the Muscogee tribe (also known as the Creek Nation) and the United States.
Where was the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) signed?
Answer: At what is currently known as the Indian Springs Hotel Museum
Explanation: The treaty was signed at the location that is now preserved as the Indian Springs Hotel Museum.
What was the primary purpose of the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825)?
Answer: To serve as a land cession treaty
Explanation: The treaty's main purpose was land cession, which is an agreement for the transfer of territory from one entity to another.
Who were the American envoys who attempted to negotiate a treaty with the Muscogee in December 1824?
Answer: Duncan Campbell and James Meriwether
Explanation: In December 1824, American envoys Duncan Campbell and James Meriwether were sent to secure a new treaty with the Muscogee.
What was the objective of the American envoys in their December 1824 negotiations with the Muscogee?
Answer: To secure a treaty for the Muscogee to cede all their territory east of the Mississippi River.
Explanation: The goal of the envoys was to persuade the Muscogee to cede all of their territory located east of the Mississippi River to the United States.
Was the December 1824 attempt by American envoys to secure a land cession treaty successful?
Answer: No, it was unsuccessful.
Explanation: The attempt by envoys Duncan Campbell and James Meriwether to secure a land cession treaty in December 1824 was unsuccessful.
Who led the faction of Muscogee chiefs that negotiated and signed the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825)?
Answer: William McIntosh
Explanation: The treaty was negotiated with six chiefs of the Lower Creek, a faction led by William McIntosh.
What specific lands did William McIntosh agree to cede under the 1825 treaty?
Answer: All Muscogee lands located east of the Chattahoochee River, including the Ocmulgee National Monument, to Georgia and Alabama.
Explanation: McIntosh agreed to cede all Muscogee lands east of the Chattahoochee River, which included the sacred Ocmulgee National Monument, to both Georgia and Alabama.
What was the relocation agreement for the Muscogee under the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825)?
Answer: Relocation to an equivalent parcel of land situated along the Arkansas River, west of the Mississippi River.
Explanation: The treaty stipulated that the Muscogee would accept relocation to an equivalent parcel of land along the Arkansas River, west of the Mississippi River.
What compensation was offered to the Muscogee nation for their relocation to unimproved land under the 1825 treaty?
Answer: $200,000 paid in decreasing installments over a period of years.
Explanation: To compensate for the move to unimproved land, the Muscogee nation was to receive $200,000, paid in decreasing installments over several years.
The United States Senate ratified the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) on March 7 of that year.
Answer: True
Explanation: The U.S. Senate formally ratified the treaty on March 7, 1825.
The United States Senate ratified the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) by a wide majority of votes.
Answer: False
Explanation: The treaty was ratified by a very narrow margin of only one vote, indicating significant opposition.
The Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) was unpopular with Georgians, leading to Governor George Troup's defeat in the 1825 gubernatorial election.
Answer: False
Explanation: The treaty was highly popular with Georgians and directly contributed to Governor Troup's reelection in the state's first popular election in 1825.
The Creek National Council denounced the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825), viewing the unauthorized alienation of tribal land as a capital crime.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Council denounced the treaty because it was signed by only a few chiefs without full tribal consent, an act they considered a capital crime punishable by death.
The Creek National Council ordered the exile of William McIntosh and the other Muscogee signatories of the 1825 treaty.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Council ordered the execution, not the exile, of William McIntosh and the other signatories for what they deemed a capital crime.
William McIntosh's plantation, McIntosh Reserve, was located on the Chattahoochee River in present-day Carroll County, Georgia.
Answer: True
Explanation: McIntosh's plantation was situated on the Chattahoochee River in what is now Carroll County, Georgia.
During the attack by Menawa's warriors, William McIntosh's house was spared from destruction.
Answer: False
Explanation: In addition to the killings, McIntosh's house at his plantation was set on fire during the attack.
Both of William McIntosh's sons-in-law, Samuel and Benjamin Hawkins, Jr., were successfully executed following his death.
Answer: False
Explanation: While both were slated for execution and Samuel was hanged, Benjamin Hawkins, Jr. managed to escape and lived for another decade.
On what date did the United States Senate ratify the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825)?
Answer: March 7
Explanation: The U.S. Senate ratified the controversial treaty on March 7, 1825.
By what margin did the United States Senate ratify the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825)?
Answer: By a narrow margin of only one vote
Explanation: The treaty's ratification was highly contentious, passing the U.S. Senate by a slim margin of just one vote.
How did the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) impact the political career of George Troup in Georgia?
Answer: It contributed to his reelection as governor in 1825.
Explanation: The treaty was very popular among Georgians, and this popularity was a direct factor in Governor George Troup's successful reelection in 1825.
What was the reaction of the Creek National Council to the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825)?
Answer: They denounced it as a capital crime due to lack of full tribal consent.
Explanation: The Creek National Council denounced the treaty, considering the act of alienating tribal land without the full consent of the tribe to be a capital crime.
What action did the Creek National Council take against William McIntosh and other signatories of the 1825 treaty?
Answer: They ordered their execution.
Explanation: Because they considered the unauthorized cession of land a capital crime, the Creek National Council ordered the execution of William McIntosh and the other Muscogee signatories.
Where was William McIntosh's plantation located when he was attacked and executed?
Answer: On the Chattahoochee River in present-day Carroll County, Georgia.
Explanation: McIntosh was attacked at his plantation, known as McIntosh Reserve, which was located on the Chattahoochee River in what is now Carroll County, Georgia.
What happened to McIntosh's plantation during the attack led by Menawa?
Answer: McIntosh's house was set on fire.
Explanation: During the attack by Menawa's warriors that resulted in McIntosh's death, his house at the plantation was also set on fire.
What was the fate of William McIntosh's sons-in-law, Samuel and Benjamin Hawkins, Jr., after his execution?
Answer: Samuel was hanged, but Benjamin managed to escape.
Explanation: Both sons-in-law were targeted for execution. Samuel Hawkins was hanged, but his brother Benjamin managed to escape and survived for another ten years.
Chief Opothleyahola led a delegation from the Creek National Council to Washington, D.C., to protest the controversial 1825 treaty.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following the treaty, Chief Opothleyahola led a delegation from the Creek National Council to Washington, D.C. to address the issue.
The purpose of the Creek National Council's delegation to Washington, D.C., was to negotiate a new land cession agreement with the United States.
Answer: False
Explanation: The delegation's purpose was to petition President John Quincy Adams to have the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) revoked, not to negotiate a new cession.
The negotiations between the Creek National Council delegation and President John Quincy Adams resulted in the 1826 Treaty of Washington.
Answer: True
Explanation: The outcome of the negotiations was the 1826 Treaty of Washington, which was intended to resolve the issues created by the 1825 treaty.
Under the 1826 Treaty of Washington, the Muscogee were required to surrender all their remaining lands in Georgia.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the Muscogee surrendered most of the lands sought by Georgia, they were able to retain a small piece of land on the Georgia-Alabama border and the sacred Ocmulgee National Monument.
A significant term of the 1826 Treaty of Washington was that the Muscogee were not required to move west.
Answer: True
Explanation: Unlike the previous treaty, a key provision of the 1826 Treaty of Washington was that the Muscogee were not required to relocate west.
Georgia Governor George Troup readily recognized the 1826 Treaty of Washington and halted all land surveys.
Answer: False
Explanation: Governor Troup refused to recognize the new treaty and instead ordered the Muscogee lands to be surveyed for a land lottery.
After refusing to recognize the 1826 Treaty of Washington, Governor Troup ordered the Muscogee lands surveyed for a land lottery and began forcibly evicting the Lower Creek people.
Answer: True
Explanation: In defiance of the new treaty, Governor Troup ordered the lands surveyed and began the forcible eviction of the Lower Creek people from their homes.
President John Quincy Adams successfully used federal intervention to stop Governor Troup's actions regarding the Muscogee lands.
Answer: False
Explanation: President Adams threatened federal intervention, but he ultimately backed down after Governor Troup mobilized the Georgia militia in response.
Who led the delegation from the Creek National Council to Washington, D.C., after the 1825 treaty?
Answer: Chief Opothleyahola
Explanation: In the wake of the controversial treaty, Chief Opothleyahola led a delegation from the Creek National Council to Washington, D.C.
What was the primary purpose of the Creek National Council's delegation to Washington, D.C.?
Answer: To petition President John Quincy Adams to have the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825) revoked.
Explanation: The delegation, led by Chief Opothleyahola, traveled to Washington to petition President John Quincy Adams to revoke the fraudulent 1825 treaty.
What was the outcome of the negotiations between the Creek National Council delegation and President John Quincy Adams?
Answer: The 1826 Treaty of Washington, which nullified the previous treaty.
Explanation: The negotiations resulted in the 1826 Treaty of Washington, which was intended to resolve the issues and nullify the fraudulent Treaty of Indian Springs.
What were the key terms of the 1826 Treaty of Washington regarding Muscogee lands in Georgia?
Answer: The Muscogee retained a small piece of land on the Georgia-Alabama border and the Ocmulgee National Monument.
Explanation: Under the new treaty, the Muscogee surrendered most of the lands Georgia sought, but under more generous terms that allowed them to retain a small border territory and the sacred Ocmulgee National Monument.
Did the 1826 Treaty of Washington require the Muscogee to move west?
Answer: No, a significant term was that they were not required to move west.
Explanation: A key difference from the 1825 treaty was that the 1826 Treaty of Washington did not require the Muscogee people to move west.
How did Georgia Governor George Troup react to the 1826 Treaty of Washington?
Answer: He refused to recognize it and ordered Muscogee lands surveyed for a land lottery.
Explanation: Governor Troup refused to recognize the new federal treaty and, in defiance, ordered the Muscogee lands to be surveyed for distribution in a land lottery.
What actions did Governor Troup take after refusing to recognize the 1826 Treaty of Washington?
Answer: He ordered the Muscogee lands surveyed and began forcibly evicting the Lower Creek people.
Explanation: After rejecting the new treaty, Governor Troup ordered the lands surveyed for a lottery and began the process of forcibly evicting the Lower Creek people from their homes.
How did President John Quincy Adams respond to Governor Troup's defiance of the 1826 treaty?
Answer: He threatened federal intervention but ultimately backed down after Troup mobilized the Georgia militia.
Explanation: President Adams threatened to intervene with federal force, but when Governor Troup mobilized the Georgia militia in response, Adams backed down, avoiding a direct conflict.
A map of Georgia by Charles C. Royce illustrates that the lands ceded under the Treaty of Indian Springs are colored green.
Answer: False
Explanation: The referenced map by Charles C. Royce from 'Indian land cessions in the United States' depicts the lands ceded under the treaty in pink.
The image titled 'Muscogee cessions in Georgia under the treaty' depicts the specific areas of land in Georgia ceded by the Muscogee as a result of the 1825 treaty.
Answer: True
Explanation: The image provides a visual representation of the specific Georgian territories ceded by the Muscogee people under the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825).
According to the source material, what color are the lands ceded under the Treaty of Indian Springs on the map by Charles C. Royce?
Answer: Pink
Explanation: The map of Georgia from 'Indian land cessions in the United States' by Charles C. Royce illustrates the lands ceded under the treaty in the color pink.
What does the image titled 'Muscogee cessions in Georgia under the treaty' depict?
Answer: The specific areas of land in Georgia that were ceded by the Muscogee people as a result of the Treaty of Indian Springs (1825).
Explanation: The image provides a visual representation of the specific areas of land within Georgia that the Muscogee people ceded under the 1825 treaty.