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The Treaty of Rome was officially known as the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (EEC).
Answer: True
Explanation: The Treaty of Rome was officially designated as the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (EEC), serving as a foundational document for the creation of the EEC, which is now a core component of the European Union.
The six original signatories of the Treaty of Rome included Spain and Portugal.
Answer: False
Explanation: The six original signatories of the Treaty of Rome were Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. Spain and Portugal joined the European Communities at a later date.
The Treaty of Rome was signed on March 25, 1957, in Paris, France.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Treaty of Rome was signed on March 25, 1957, but the signing ceremony took place in Rome, Italy, not Paris, France.
The Treaty of Rome officially came into force on January 1, 1958.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Treaty of Rome officially entered into force on January 1, 1958, marking the formal establishment of the European Economic Community (EEC).
The Treaty of Paris, signed in 1951, established the European Economic Community (EEC).
Answer: False
Explanation: The Treaty of Paris, signed in 1951, established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). The European Economic Community (EEC) was established later by the Treaty of Rome in 1957.
The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Treaty expired in 2002 after its stipulated fifty-year duration.
Answer: True
Explanation: The ECSC Treaty, established by the Treaty of Paris in 1951, had a duration of fifty years and consequently expired on July 23, 2002.
The BBC's *Today* program reported in 2007 that the signed Treaty of Rome document contained blank pages between the frontispiece and signature page due to a printing error.
Answer: True
Explanation: A report by the BBC's *Today* program in 2007 highlighted that the signed Treaty of Rome document allegedly contained blank pages due to a printing oversight, suggesting a potential anomaly in the historical documentation.
Konrad Adenauer signed the Treaty of Rome on behalf of Italy.
Answer: False
Explanation: Konrad Adenauer signed the Treaty of Rome on behalf of West Germany, serving as its Chancellor at the time. The signatories for Italy were Prime Minister Antonio Segni and Foreign Minister Gaetano Martino.
Christian Pineau was a signatory for France for the Treaty of Rome.
Answer: True
Explanation: Christian Pineau, who served as the French Foreign Minister, was indeed one of the signatories for France for the Treaty of Rome.
Historian Tony Judt considered the Treaty of Rome a fundamental turning point, highlighting its immediate impact on daily European life.
Answer: False
Explanation: Historian Tony Judt offered a more nuanced view, suggesting the Treaty of Rome was not a fundamental turning point with immediate impact, but rather contained many declarations of intent. He identified the establishment of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) as its most significant, though initially unnoticed, innovation.
The 60th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome in 2017 included celebrations in Rome with projections on the Colosseum.
Answer: True
Explanation: In 2017, Rome hosted significant celebrations marking the 60th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome, which included events such as projections on the Colosseum, symbolizing European unity.
The Treaty of Rome established the European Parliament with significant budgetary control powers from its inception.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Treaty of Rome established the European Parliament, but it did not grant it significant budgetary control powers at its inception. These powers were gradually enhanced through subsequent treaty revisions.
The Treaty of Paris (1951) is significant because it established the: First major step in European integration, the ECSC.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Treaty of Paris, signed in 1951, is indeed significant as it established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), representing the first major supranational step in European integration.
The Euratom Treaty of 1957 primarily concerned the coordination of agricultural policies among member states.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Euratom Treaty, signed in 1957 alongside the Treaty of Rome, established the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) with the primary focus on coordinating policies for the peaceful use of nuclear energy.
What was the official name of the Treaty of Rome?
Answer: The Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (EEC)
Explanation: The Treaty of Rome was officially known as the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (EEC), a foundational document for European economic integration.
Which six countries were the original signatories of the Treaty of Rome?
Answer: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, West Germany
Explanation: The six founding member states that signed the Treaty of Rome were Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany.
On what date and in which city was the Treaty of Rome signed?
Answer: March 25, 1957, in Rome
Explanation: The Treaty of Rome was signed on March 25, 1957, in Rome, Italy, marking a pivotal moment in the establishment of the European Economic Community.
When did the Treaty of Rome officially come into effect?
Answer: January 1, 1958
Explanation: The Treaty of Rome officially came into effect on January 1, 1958, signifying the formal establishment of the European Economic Community (EEC).
What community was established by the Treaty of Paris signed in 1951?
Answer: The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
Explanation: The Treaty of Paris, signed in 1951, established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), marking the first major supranational organization in Europe.
How long did the ECSC Treaty last before expiring?
Answer: 50 years
Explanation: The ECSC Treaty, established for a duration of fifty years, expired in 2002, marking the end of its independent operational period.
The Treaty of Paris (1951) established which key entity, marking a first step in integration?
Answer: The ECSC
Explanation: The Treaty of Paris, signed in 1951, established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which is widely regarded as the first major supranational organization and a foundational step in European integration.
What was the main focus of the Euratom Treaty of 1957?
Answer: Peaceful use of nuclear energy
Explanation: The Euratom Treaty of 1957 established the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) with the primary objective of promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy among its member states.
By the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009, the Treaty of Rome was renamed the 'Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.'
Answer: True
Explanation: The Treaty of Lisbon, which entered into force in 2009, indeed renamed the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (originally the Treaty of Rome) to the 'Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union' (TFEU).
The EEC and Euratom shared the Common Assembly and Court of Justice with the ECSC but had identical High Authorities.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the EEC and Euratom shared the Common Assembly and the Court of Justice with the ECSC, they replaced the ECSC's High Authority with less powerful 'Commissions,' reflecting a different institutional structure.
The Hague meeting in 1969 focused primarily on expanding the ECSC's coal and steel quotas.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Hague meeting in 1969 was significant for agreeing on the 'own resources' system, increasing the European Parliament's budget, and initiating the process for the UK's accession, rather than focusing on ECSC quotas.
The 2007 celebrations marking the 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Lisbon in Berlin.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 50th anniversary celebrations of the Treaty of Rome in 2007 culminated in the signing of the Berlin Declaration, not the Treaty of Lisbon. The Treaty of Lisbon was signed later in 2007 in Lisbon.
The Merger Treaty of 1965 consolidated the executive institutions of the ECSC, EEC, and Euratom into a single Council and Commission.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Merger Treaty, effective from 1967, consolidated the executive bodies of the three European Communities (ECSC, EEC, and Euratom) into a single Council and a single Commission, streamlining the institutional framework.
The Single European Act (SEA), signed in 1986, aimed to complete the internal market by 1992.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Single European Act (SEA), signed in February 1986 and entering into force in July 1987, was a significant revision of the Treaty of Rome that aimed to complete the internal market by the deadline of 1992.
The Maastricht Treaty established the European Parliament's primary legislative power.
Answer: False
Explanation: While the Maastricht Treaty (1993) significantly enhanced the European Parliament's role, it did not establish its primary legislative power. This power evolved further through subsequent treaties, notably the Treaty of Lisbon.
The Treaty of Lisbon entered into force on December 1, 2009, introducing institutional reforms like the President of the European Council.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Treaty of Lisbon, signed in 2007, entered into force on December 1, 2009, and introduced significant institutional reforms, including the creation of the permanent President of the European Council and the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.
Which subsequent treaty renamed the original Treaty of Rome to the 'Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union'?
Answer: Treaty of Lisbon
Explanation: The Treaty of Lisbon, which entered into force in 2009, renamed the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (originally the Treaty of Rome) to the 'Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union' (TFEU).
How did the EEC/Euratom Commissions compare to the ECSC's High Authority?
Answer: They were less powerful, reflecting French concerns.
Explanation: The Commissions of the EEC and Euratom were designed to be less powerful than the ECSC's High Authority, reflecting French concerns about supranational authority and national sovereignty.
What was a significant outcome of the Hague meeting in 1969?
Answer: Increased budget for the European Parliament
Explanation: The Hague meeting in 1969 was significant for agreeing to increase the European Parliament's budget and for initiating the process of enlargement, among other key developments in European integration.
The Merger Treaty (effective 1967) consolidated the institutions of which three communities?
Answer: ECSC, EEC, Euratom
Explanation: The Merger Treaty, effective in 1967, consolidated the executive institutions of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC), and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) into a single Council and Commission.
What was a primary goal of the Single European Act (SEA) signed in 1986?
Answer: Completing the internal market by 1992
Explanation: A primary goal of the Single European Act (SEA), signed in 1986, was to complete the European internal market by the end of 1992, removing remaining barriers to the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people.
Which treaty established the European Union (EU) and introduced EU citizenship?
Answer: Maastricht Treaty
Explanation: The Maastricht Treaty, signed in 1992 and effective in 1993, formally established the European Union (EU) and introduced the concept of EU citizenship.
The Treaty of Lisbon (2009) introduced which significant new role?
Answer: President of the European Council
Explanation: The Treaty of Lisbon introduced the significant new role of a permanent President of the European Council, intended to provide greater continuity and coherence to the EU's leadership.
The primary goal of the Treaty of Rome was to establish a common currency for its member states.
Answer: False
Explanation: The primary objective of the Treaty of Rome was the establishment of the European Economic Community (EEC), focusing on reducing customs duties and fostering a common market for goods, labor, services, and capital, rather than establishing a common currency.
The Treaty of Rome aimed to progressively increase customs duties among member states to protect national industries.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contrary to increasing customs duties, the Treaty of Rome aimed to progressively reduce them among member states to establish a customs union and facilitate a common market.
The Spaak Report provided the foundational framework for creating a common European market and was accepted at the Venice Conference.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Spaak Report, developed after the Messina Conference, provided the essential framework for establishing a common European market and was subsequently accepted at the Venice Conference, paving the way for the Treaty of Rome.
The Schengen Agreement, signed in 1985, created the European Central Bank.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Schengen Agreement, signed in 1985, established the Schengen Area, which abolished internal border controls among participating countries. The European Central Bank (ECB) was established later, primarily through the Maastricht Treaty.
The European Economic Area (EEA) extends the European Single Market to non-EU member states like Norway and Iceland.
Answer: True
Explanation: The European Economic Area (EEA) Agreement allows certain non-EU countries, notably Norway and Iceland (members of EFTA), to participate in the EU's internal market, thereby extending the principles of the Single Market.
A 'customs union', as proposed by the Treaty of Rome, involves member states abolishing internal tariffs and adopting a common external tariff.
Answer: True
Explanation: The concept of a customs union, central to the Treaty of Rome's objectives, entails the elimination of customs duties among member states and the adoption of a common external tariff policy towards non-member countries.
The European Social Fund was intended to support the free movement of capital but not labor.
Answer: False
Explanation: The European Social Fund, established by the Treaty of Rome, was designed to improve employment opportunities and facilitate the free movement of labor within the common market, not capital.
The 'Common Travel Area' is synonymous with the Schengen Area, allowing free movement across all EU member states.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Common Travel Area' (CTA), particularly between the UK and Ireland, is distinct from the Schengen Area. While both facilitate free movement, the Schengen Area involves the abolition of internal border controls among its participating states, which includes most EU members but not all, and some non-EU states.
The European Single Market ensures the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people across all EU member states.
Answer: True
Explanation: The European Single Market, a core objective stemming from the Treaty of Rome and further developed by subsequent treaties like the SEA, guarantees the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people throughout all EU member states.
The Schengen Information System (SIS) is a database used to track the movement of goods across EU borders.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Schengen Information System (SIS) is primarily a database used for security purposes, facilitating police and border cooperation by sharing information on persons and objects relevant to the Schengen Area, not for tracking goods.
Which of the following was a primary objective of the Treaty of Rome?
Answer: To progressively reduce customs duties and create a customs union.
Explanation: A primary objective of the Treaty of Rome was to progressively reduce customs duties among member states and establish a customs union, thereby laying the groundwork for a common market.
What was the primary objective regarding trade established by the Treaty of Rome?
Answer: To create a common market for goods, labor, services, and capital.
Explanation: The Treaty of Rome's primary objective concerning trade was to establish a common market, ensuring the free movement of goods, labor, services, and capital among member states.
The Spaak Report provided a framework for the common market and was accepted at which conference?
Answer: Venice Conference
Explanation: The Spaak Report, which laid the groundwork for the common market, was accepted at the Venice Conference, serving as a crucial step towards the negotiations for the Treaty of Rome.
The Schengen Agreement and Convention led to the creation of what?
Answer: The Schengen Area (abolishing internal borders)
Explanation: The Schengen Agreement and Convention led to the establishment of the Schengen Area, a zone comprising most European countries that have abolished internal border controls, facilitating free movement.
What was the purpose of the European Social Fund proposed by the Treaty of Rome?
Answer: Improving employment and facilitating labor movement
Explanation: The European Social Fund, established by the Treaty of Rome, was intended to improve employment opportunities and facilitate the free movement of labor within the common market.
The Schuman Declaration of 1950 proposed pooling French and West German coal and steel production.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Schuman Declaration, delivered on May 9, 1950, proposed the pooling of French and West German coal and steel production under a common High Authority, laying the groundwork for the ECSC.
The political objective behind the ECSC was to foster economic competition and prevent monopolies.
Answer: False
Explanation: The primary political objective behind the ECSC was to strengthen Franco-German cooperation and make war materially impossible by integrating key war industries, rather than solely fostering competition or preventing monopolies.
France proposed a European Defence Community (EDC) and a European Political Community (EPC) after the ECSC, but both were successfully ratified.
Answer: False
Explanation: While France did propose a European Defence Community (EDC) and a European Political Community (EPC) following the ECSC, the EDC treaty was ultimately rejected by the French Parliament, preventing its ratification and the subsequent establishment of the EPC.
Jean Monnet advocated for political integration over economic integration following the failure of the EDC.
Answer: False
Explanation: Following the failure of the European Defence Community (EDC), Jean Monnet advocated for integration based on economic cooperation rather than political or military union, which influenced the subsequent proposals for the EEC and Euratom.
The 'Empty Chair Crisis' involved France withdrawing its representatives from the Council of Ministers due to disagreements over national sovereignty.
Answer: True
Explanation: The 'Empty Chair Crisis' of 1965 occurred when France withdrew its representatives from the Council of Ministers, primarily due to President de Gaulle's concerns regarding national sovereignty and supranational powers.
The Luxembourg Compromise resolved the 'Empty Chair Crisis' by granting member states veto power on crucial decisions.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Luxembourg Compromise, reached in 1966, effectively resolved the 'Empty Chair Crisis' by establishing a procedure that allowed member states to exercise a de facto veto on decisions considered vital to their national interests.
The Schuman Declaration on May 9, 1950, was the formal signing ceremony for the Treaty of Rome.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Schuman Declaration on May 9, 1950, was a proposal that laid the groundwork for European integration, specifically the ECSC. The formal signing ceremony for the Treaty of Rome occurred on March 25, 1957.
The Schuman Declaration of 1950 proposed pooling which key resources?
Answer: Pooling French and West German coal and steel production.
Explanation: The Schuman Declaration of 1950 proposed the pooling of French and West German coal and steel production under a common High Authority, a foundational step towards European integration.
What was the main political aim of the ECSC?
Answer: To strengthen Franco-German cooperation and prevent war
Explanation: The primary political aim of the ECSC was to foster lasting peace and reconciliation, particularly between France and Germany, by integrating their vital coal and steel industries, thereby making war between them materially impossible.
Which community proposed by France after the ECSC was rejected by its parliament?
Answer: EDC
Explanation: Following the ECSC, France proposed a European Defence Community (EDC), but it was ultimately rejected by the French National Assembly, preventing its ratification.
After the EDC's failure, Jean Monnet advocated for integration based on what?
Answer: Economic cooperation
Explanation: Following the rejection of the EDC, Jean Monnet shifted his focus, advocating for integration based on economic cooperation, which subsequently influenced the development of the EEC and Euratom.
The 'Empty Chair Crisis' was resolved by the Luxembourg Compromise, which granted member states:
Answer: Veto power on crucial issues
Explanation: The Luxembourg Compromise resolved the 'Empty Chair Crisis' by establishing a procedure that effectively granted member states veto power on decisions considered vital to their national interests.
According to Tony Judt, the most significant, though initially unnoticed, innovation of the Treaty of Rome was the establishment of the Common Agriculture Policy.
Answer: False
Explanation: According to Tony Judt, the most significant, yet initially unnoticed, innovation of the Treaty of Rome was the establishment of the European Court of Justice (ECJ), not the Common Agriculture Policy.
The 'Acquis Communautaire' refers to the legal framework governing the European Central Bank's monetary policy.
Answer: False
Explanation: The 'Acquis Communautaire' refers to the entire body of EU law, including treaties, regulations, directives, and case law, that member states must adopt and implement. It is not limited to the ECB's monetary policy.
The principle of 'primacy' in EU law, established by the Costa v ENEL case, means that national laws always take precedence over EU law in cases of conflict.
Answer: False
Explanation: The principle of primacy, established by the European Court of Justice in the Costa v ENEL case, dictates that EU law takes precedence over conflicting national laws of member states, ensuring uniform application.
The European External Action Service (EEAS) is responsible for auditing the EU's finances.
Answer: False
Explanation: The European External Action Service (EEAS) serves as the EU's diplomatic service. The auditing of EU finances is the responsibility of the European Court of Auditors.
The European Fiscal Compact, signed in 2012, aims to reinforce fiscal discipline among participating EU member states.
Answer: True
Explanation: The European Fiscal Compact, an intergovernmental treaty signed in 2012, aims to strengthen fiscal discipline and budgetary oversight among its signatory member states, particularly within the Eurozone.
The principle of conferral means that the EU can act in any area it deems necessary, even if not explicitly granted powers by treaties.
Answer: False
Explanation: The principle of conferral stipulates that the European Union may only act within the limits of the competences conferred upon it by the member states through the treaties. Powers not explicitly granted to the EU remain with the member states.
The European Banking Union aims to ensure the stability and safety of the European banking sector through integrated supervision and resolution.
Answer: True
Explanation: The European Banking Union is a regulatory framework designed to ensure the stability and safety of the banking sector across participating EU member states through mechanisms such as integrated supervision and resolution.
According to Tony Judt, what was the most significant, initially unnoticed, innovation of the Treaty of Rome?
Answer: The European Court of Justice (ECJ)
Explanation: Historian Tony Judt identified the establishment of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) as the most significant, yet initially unnoticed, innovation of the Treaty of Rome, due to its profound impact on the development of EU law.
What does the 'Acquis Communautaire' refer to?
Answer: The body of common EU rights and obligations
Explanation: The 'Acquis Communautaire' encompasses the entire body of common rights and obligations that bind all EU member states, including all treaties, regulations, directives, and court rulings.
What does the principle of 'primacy' mean in EU law?
Answer: EU law takes precedence over conflicting national laws
Explanation: The principle of primacy in EU law dictates that EU legislation takes precedence over conflicting national legislation of member states, ensuring uniform application across the Union.
Which EU body acts as the external auditor for EU finances?
Answer: The European Court of Auditors
Explanation: The European Court of Auditors serves as the EU's independent external auditor, responsible for examining the legality and regularity of the collection and expenditure of EU funds.
The Treaty of Accession 1972 allowed Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom to join the European Communities.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Treaty of Accession signed in 1972 was the legal instrument that permitted Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom to become members of the European Communities.
The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) focuses on strengthening relations with countries geographically distant from the EU, such as Australia.
Answer: False
Explanation: The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) is designed to strengthen relations with countries that are geographically close to the EU's borders, aiming to promote stability and prosperity in its immediate vicinity, not with distant countries like Australia.
The Treaty of Accession 2011 formalized the entry of Croatia into the European Union.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Treaty of Accession signed in 2011 provided the legal framework for Croatia's accession to the European Union, which officially took place on July 1, 2013.
Which countries joined the EEC via the Treaty of Accession 1972?
Answer: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom
Explanation: The Treaty of Accession signed in 1972 provided the legal basis for Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom to join the European Communities.