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Álvaro Obregón Salido was born in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico.
Answer: False
Explanation: The historical record indicates that Álvaro Obregón Salido was born in Sonora, Mexico, not Oaxaca.
Obregón's family lost their land due to supporting Emperor Maximilian's regime.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source indicates that Obregón's family estate was confiscated by the Liberal government after his father's business partner supported Emperor Maximilian's regime.
Álvaro Obregón invented a machine for harvesting corn in 1909.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Obregón did invent a machine in 1909, it was for harvesting garbanzos (chickpeas), not corn.
Who was Álvaro Obregón Salido?
Answer: A prominent general, inventor, and the 46th President of Mexico.
Explanation: Álvaro Obregón Salido was a distinguished general, an inventor, and served as the 46th President of Mexico from 1920 to 1924.
In which state of Mexico was Álvaro Obregón born?
Answer: Sonora
Explanation: Álvaro Obregón Salido was born in the state of Sonora, Mexico.
What significant invention did Obregón develop related to his agricultural background?
Answer: A garbanzo harvester.
Explanation: Related to his agricultural background, Obregón developed an innovative machine for harvesting garbanzos (chickpeas).
What was Obregón's initial reaction to Francisco I. Madero's call to arms in 1910?
Answer: He showed little interest and did not join the uprising at that time.
Explanation: Initially, Obregón did not join Francisco I. Madero's uprising in 1910, as he was focused on managing his farm and had little immediate interest in the movement.
How did Obregón's upbringing influence his approach to life and politics?
Answer: It fostered a practical, business-oriented approach due to early financial struggles.
Explanation: Obregón's upbringing, marked by financial challenges and early responsibilities, fostered a pragmatic and business-oriented approach that influenced his political and life decisions.
Obregón initially joined Francisco I. Madero's uprising against Porfirio Díaz in 1910.
Answer: False
Explanation: Obregón initially showed little interest in Madero's 1910 uprising and did not join at that time, though he later became a supporter.
Obregón was promoted to colonel for his actions against Pascual Orozco's rebellion in 1912.
Answer: True
Explanation: Obregón's effective military tactics during his service against Pascual Orozco's rebellion in 1912 led to his promotion to the rank of colonel.
The assassination of Venustiano Carranza prompted Obregón to rejoin the fight against Victoriano Huerta.
Answer: False
Explanation: The assassination of President Francisco I. Madero by Victoriano Huerta in February 1913 prompted Obregón to rejoin the revolutionary fight against Huerta. The assassination of Carranza occurred much later, in 1920.
Obregón's military strategy primarily involved large-scale cavalry charges, similar to Pancho Villa's tactics.
Answer: False
Explanation: Obregón's strategy contrasted with Villa's; Obregón favored more cautious and strategic approaches, including luring enemies into traps and encircling maneuvers, rather than relying solely on cavalry charges.
The Battle of Celaya resulted in Obregón losing his left arm.
Answer: False
Explanation: During the Battle of Celaya, Obregón lost his right arm, not his left.
At Celaya, Obregón demonstrated an understanding of the tactical importance of trench warfare.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Obregón demonstrated an understanding of modern weaponry like field artillery and machine guns at Celaya, the source does not specifically mention trench warfare as a demonstrated tactic.
Obregón served as Minister of Education under Venustiano Carranza.
Answer: False
Explanation: Obregón served as Minister of War under Venustiano Carranza, not Minister of Education.
Obregón served as the President of the Mexican Laborist Party (PLM) from 1919 to 1924.
Answer: True
Explanation: From 1919 to 1924, Álvaro Obregón served as the President of the Mexican Laborist Party (PLM), indicating his engagement with labor movements during this period.
Which rebellion did Obregón join in 1912, leading to his promotion to colonel?
Answer: Pascual Orozco's rebellion against Madero.
Explanation: Obregón joined Pascual Orozco's rebellion against President Madero in 1912, where his effective military performance led to his promotion to colonel.
What event caused Obregón to rejoin the revolutionary fight in 1913?
Answer: The coup d'état and assassination of President Francisco I. Madero by Victoriano Huerta.
Explanation: The coup d'état and subsequent assassination of President Francisco I. Madero by Victoriano Huerta in February 1913 spurred Obregón to rejoin the revolutionary struggle.
Which battle is considered a decisive victory for Obregón against Pancho Villa, solidifying his military reputation?
Answer: Battle of Celaya
Explanation: The Battle of Celaya in 1915 was a decisive victory for Obregón against Pancho Villa's forces, significantly enhancing Obregón's military standing.
What significant injury did Obregón sustain during the Battle of Celaya?
Answer: Loss of his right arm.
Explanation: During the intense fighting at the Battle of Celaya, Obregón sustained the severe injury of losing his right arm.
Which political party did Álvaro Obregón serve as President of from 1919 to 1924?
Answer: The Mexican Laborist Party (PLM)
Explanation: From 1919 to 1924, Álvaro Obregón served as the President of the Mexican Laborist Party (PLM).
What was the primary outcome of the Plan of Agua Prieta?
Answer: It resulted in the deposition and assassination of President Venustiano Carranza.
Explanation: The Plan of Agua Prieta, initiated by Obregón and his allies, led to the successful overthrow and subsequent assassination of President Venustiano Carranza.
Why did Obregón's relationship with Venustiano Carranza deteriorate?
Answer: Carranza favored a civilian successor over Obregón and opposed some reforms Obregón supported.
Explanation: The relationship between Obregón and Carranza deteriorated due to Carranza's preference for a civilian successor and his opposition to certain reforms advocated by Obregón, particularly those concerning land and the Church.
What tactical advantage did Obregón utilize effectively, contrasting with Villa's style?
Answer: Use of surprise assaults, traps, and encircling maneuvers.
Explanation: Obregón effectively employed tactics such as surprise assaults, strategic traps, and encircling maneuvers, which contrasted with Pancho Villa's more direct cavalry-based charges.
The Plan of Agua Prieta was issued by Obregón in support of Venustiano Carranza's presidency.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Plan of Agua Prieta was issued by Obregón and his allies in opposition to, and ultimately led to the overthrow of, Venustiano Carranza's presidency.
Plutarco Elías Calles served as provisional president before Obregón took office in 1920.
Answer: False
Explanation: Following the deposition and assassination of Venustiano Carranza in 1920, Adolfo de la Huerta served as provisional president before Obregón assumed the presidency.
During Obregón's presidency, José Vasconcelos was appointed Secretary of the Treasury.
Answer: False
Explanation: José Vasconcelos was appointed Secretary of Public Education during Obregón's presidency, not Secretary of the Treasury.
Obregón's government significantly expanded land reform, distributing over 2 million hectares.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Obregón's administration did implement land reform, the total distributed was approximately 921,627 hectares, not over 2 million.
Obregón personally advocated for radical land redistribution as a core economic principle.
Answer: False
Explanation: Despite overseeing land distribution, Obregón reportedly did not personally believe in radical land redistribution, fearing it could destabilize the economy.
Obregón identified his political ideals with anarcho-syndicalism.
Answer: False
Explanation: Obregón identified with socialism, describing it as an ideal aimed at uplifting the populace and balancing capital and labor, rather than anarcho-syndicalism.
Obregón's approach to the Catholic Church was significantly more stringent than that of his successor, Calles.
Answer: False
Explanation: Obregón's approach to the Catholic Church was less stringent than that of his successor, Plutarco Elías Calles, whose policies would later contribute to the Cristero War.
The De la Huerta rebellion in 1923 was supported by the United States, aiding Obregón's victory.
Answer: False
Explanation: The United States provided military aid, including arms and planes, to Obregón, which helped him defeat the De la Huerta rebellion, not support the rebellion itself.
Obregón suppressed a rebellion by the Yaqui people demanding land reform between 1926 and 1927.
Answer: True
Explanation: During the period of 1926-1927, Obregón participated in suppressing a rebellion by the Yaqui people who were seeking land reform.
Obregón supported the anticlerical articles in the 1917 Constitution, unlike Carranza.
Answer: True
Explanation: Unlike Venustiano Carranza, Obregón supported the anticlerical provisions within the 1917 Constitution, which aimed to limit the influence of the Catholic Church.
Who did Obregón appoint as Secretary of Public Education, leading to major educational reforms?
Answer: José Vasconcelos
Explanation: Obregón appointed José Vasconcelos as Secretary of Public Education, initiating significant reforms and expansion of educational infrastructure.
How much land was distributed under Obregón's land reform policies?
Answer: Exactly 921,627 hectares.
Explanation: Under Obregón's administration, approximately 921,627 hectares of land were distributed as part of land reform initiatives.
What was Obregón's personal view on radical land redistribution?
Answer: He did not personally believe in it, fearing it could destabilize the economy.
Explanation: Obregón, a successful farmer himself, reportedly did not personally endorse radical land redistribution, concerned about its potential to destabilize the national economy.
How did Obregón's stance on the Catholic Church compare to Plutarco Elías Calles?
Answer: Obregón was less anticlerical than Calles.
Explanation: Obregón's approach to the Catholic Church was notably less stringent than that of his successor, Calles, whose more severe anticlerical policies would later ignite the Cristero War.
What was the nature of the rebellion against Obregón in 1923, led by Adolfo de la Huerta?
Answer: Obregón's support for Calles as his successor.
Explanation: The De la Huerta rebellion in 1923 was largely instigated by opposition to Obregón's endorsement of Plutarco Elías Calles as his chosen successor for the presidency.
Obregón's presidency (1920-1924) is generally characterized as a period of:
Answer: Stabilization and moderate reform following revolutionary conflict.
Explanation: Obregón's tenure as president is widely regarded as a period of stabilization and the implementation of moderate reforms after the tumultuous years of the Mexican Revolution.
Which of the following was NOT a policy or development during Obregón's presidency (1920-1924)?
Answer: The initiation of the Cristero War.
Explanation: The Cristero War began in 1926, during the presidency of Plutarco Elías Calles, and thus was not a policy or development during Obregón's term (1920-1924).
What was the nature of Obregón's agreement with the Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers (CROM)?
Answer: It established a Department of Labor and recognized CROM's right to strike, though other strikes were suppressed.
Explanation: Obregón's administration established a Department of Labor and recognized CROM's right to strike, though the agreement also involved the suppression of other labor actions.
The Bucareli Treaty secured U.S. diplomatic recognition for Obregón's government in exchange for concessions on oil interests.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Bucareli Treaty, signed in 1923, was crucial for Obregón's administration as it secured vital U.S. diplomatic recognition in return for concessions regarding American oil interests and investments.
What major agreement did Obregón sign with the United States in 1923?
Answer: The Bucareli Treaty
Explanation: In 1923, Obregón signed the Bucareli Treaty with the United States, which addressed various bilateral issues and secured U.S. diplomatic recognition.
Which country awarded Álvaro Obregón the Order of the Chrysanthemum?
Answer: Japan
Explanation: Japan bestowed its prestigious Order of the Chrysanthemum upon Álvaro Obregón.
What was the significance of the Bucareli Treaty for Obregón's administration?
Answer: It secured crucial U.S. diplomatic recognition for his government.
Explanation: The Bucareli Treaty was highly significant for Obregón's administration as it achieved the critical goal of securing diplomatic recognition from the United States.
Fears that Obregón would seek re-election intensified when Congress repealed presidential term limits in 1926.
Answer: True
Explanation: The repeal of presidential term limits in 1926 fueled speculation and fears that Obregón intended to seek re-election, which he subsequently did.
Álvaro Obregón was assassinated before he could take office for his second term in 1928.
Answer: True
Explanation: Álvaro Obregón Salido was assassinated on July 17, 1928, after winning the presidential election but before he could assume office for his second term.
The assassination of Obregón led directly to the founding of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).
Answer: False
Explanation: Obregón's assassination precipitated a political crisis that led Plutarco Elías Calles to found the National Revolutionary Party, which later evolved into the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).
What was the political consequence of Obregón's assassination in 1928?
Answer: It prompted Plutarco Elías Calles to found the National Revolutionary Party.
Explanation: The assassination of Obregón created a significant political crisis, which ultimately led Plutarco Elías Calles to establish the National Revolutionary Party.
What was the primary motivation cited for José de León Toral assassinating Obregón?
Answer: Retribution for the government's anticlerical policies and the execution of Miguel Pro.
Explanation: The primary motivation cited for José de León Toral's assassination of Obregón was retribution for the government's anticlerical policies and the execution of Father Miguel Pro.
After his presidency, Obregón retired completely from business and politics.
Answer: False
Explanation: Following his presidency, Obregón remained active in business ventures and politics, eventually being re-elected president before his assassination.
Obregón was awarded Japan's Order of the Rising Sun.
Answer: False
Explanation: Obregón was awarded Japan's Order of the Chrysanthemum, not the Order of the Rising Sun.
Posthumously, Obregón is widely celebrated as a more prominent hero of the Revolution than Pancho Villa or Emiliano Zapata.
Answer: False
Explanation: Despite his significant contributions, Obregón's posthumous recognition is generally less prominent than that of Pancho Villa or Emiliano Zapata, lacking a widespread cult of personality.
The main monument to Obregón in Mexico City is located at the site of his birth.
Answer: False
Explanation: The primary monument to Obregón in Mexico City is located at Parque de la Bombilla, the site of his assassination, not his birthplace.
The city of Ciudad Obregón in Sonora is named after a different historical figure.
Answer: False
Explanation: The city of Ciudad Obregón in Sonora is named in honor of Álvaro Obregón Salido.
What is a notable aspect of Obregón's posthumous recognition compared to other revolutionary leaders like Zapata and Villa?
Answer: His recognition is less prominent, lacking a widespread cult of personality.
Explanation: Compared to figures like Zapata and Villa, Obregón's posthumous recognition is less pronounced, characterized by a lack of a widespread public cult of personality.
Where is the main monument dedicated to Álvaro Obregón located?
Answer: Parque de la Bombilla, Mexico City.
Explanation: The principal monument honoring Álvaro Obregón is situated in Parque de la Bombilla, Mexico City, the location of his assassination.
The genus of cactus named Obregonia denegrii honors which aspect of Álvaro Obregón?
Answer: His historical significance.
Explanation: The cactus genus Obregonia denegrii is named in honor of Álvaro Obregón, recognizing his overall historical significance.
Which James Carlos Blake novel features Álvaro Obregón as a major character?
Answer: The Friends of Pancho Villa
Explanation: Álvaro Obregón is depicted as a major character in James Carlos Blake's novel, 'The Friends of Pancho Villa'.