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The Valencian Canton represented a brief period of autonomous governance established during the First Spanish Republic.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Valencian Canton constituted a short-lived autonomous political entity that emerged during the tumultuous period of the First Spanish Republic.
The Valencian Canton was officially proclaimed on July 14, 1873, following the dissemination of public notices.
Answer: False
Explanation: The official proclamation of the Valencian Canton occurred on July 18, 1873, not July 14, despite the appearance of public notices suggesting an earlier date.
Upon its proclamation, 178 municipalities initially declared their adherence to the Valencian Canton.
Answer: True
Explanation: At the time of its official proclamation, the Valencian Canton garnered adherence from 178 municipalities.
The commanders of the 'Volunteers of the Republic' militias readily proclaimed the Valencian Canton without seeking prior authorization.
Answer: False
Explanation: The commanders of the 'Volunteers of the Republic' militias initially pledged to the civil governor that they would not proclaim the Valencian Canton without first securing approval from the constituent Cortes.
By July 22, 1873, the Valencian Canton had incorporated 178 towns.
Answer: True
Explanation: As of July 22, 1873, the Valencian Canton maintained its adherence from 178 municipalities, a number established shortly after its initial proclamation.
The ceremonial hall of the University of Valencia served as the venue for the proclamation of the Valencian Canton.
Answer: True
Explanation: The official proclamation of the Valencian Canton took place within the ceremonial hall of the University of Valencia.
The official name of the Valencian Canton in Spanish was 'Valencia Cantonal'.
Answer: False
Explanation: The official designation of the Valencian Canton in Spanish was 'Cantón Valenciano,' not 'Valencia Cantonal'.
What was the official date of the proclamation of the Valencian Canton?
Answer: July 18, 1873
Explanation: The Valencian Canton was officially proclaimed on July 18, 1873.
How many municipalities initially adhered to the Valencian Canton upon its proclamation?
Answer: 178
Explanation: Upon its proclamation, the Valencian Canton secured the adherence of 178 municipalities.
What action did the commanders of the 'Volunteers of the Republic' militias initially pledge regarding the proclamation of the Canton?
Answer: To seek approval from the constituent Cortes first.
Explanation: The commanders of the 'Volunteers of the Republic' militias initially pledged not to proclaim the Valencian Canton without first obtaining approval from the constituent Cortes.
What was the content of the 'pasquines' that appeared in Valencia on July 14, 1873?
Answer: An announcement that the Canton would be proclaimed that day.
Explanation: The 'pasquines' (public notices) that appeared in Valencia on July 14, 1873, announced that the Canton would be proclaimed that day.
What was the official name of the Valencian Canton in Spanish?
Answer: Cantón Valenciano
Explanation: The official designation of the Valencian Canton in Spanish was 'Cantón Valenciano'.
What type of governing body was established for the Valencian Canton?
Answer: A Revolutionary Junta
Explanation: A revolutionary junta was established as the governing body for the Valencian Canton.
Pedro Barrientos, a military general, was elected president of the Revolutionary Junta of the Valencian Canton.
Answer: False
Explanation: Pedro Barrientos, who was elected president of the Revolutionary Junta of the Valencian Canton, was a professor at the School of Fine Arts, not a military general.
The federal republican president of Spain when the Valencian Canton surrendered was Francisco Pi y Margall.
Answer: False
Explanation: The federal republican government that dispatched the troops to quell the Valencian Canton was led by Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso, not Francisco Pi y Margall, whose administration had concluded prior to the Canton's fall.
The acclamation 'Long live the Valencian Canton' was first voiced following a speech by Deputy Feliu on July 17, 1873.
Answer: True
Explanation: The cry 'Long live the Valencian Canton' originated on July 17, 1873, subsequent to an address delivered by Deputy Feliu during a public gathering.
The downfall of Francisco Pi y Margall's government in Madrid occurred concurrently with the official proclamation of the Valencian Canton.
Answer: True
Explanation: The collapse of Francisco Pi y Margall's federal republican government in Madrid on July 18, 1873, coincided precisely with the official proclamation of the Valencian Canton.
Civil Governor Castejón's manifesto issued on July 20, 1873, expressed support for the proclamation of the Valencian Canton.
Answer: False
Explanation: In his manifesto of July 20, 1873, Castejón condemned the proclamation of the Valencian Canton, denouncing it as a defiance of law and order and asserting his continued authority as provincial governor.
Pérez Pujol, the rector, was detained by Castejón but subsequently remained in custody.
Answer: False
Explanation: Although the rector, Pérez Pujol, was imprisoned by Castejón upon his return to the Civil Government, he was released shortly thereafter.
During which historical period did the Cantonal rebellion, including the Valencian Canton, take place?
Answer: The First Spanish Republic (1873-1874)
Explanation: The Cantonal rebellion, encompassing the events of the Valencian Canton, occurred during the First Spanish Republic, specifically between 1873 and 1874.
What significant political event occurring on July 18, 1873, reached Valencia and influenced the prevailing political climate?
Answer: The fall of the central government led by Francisco Pi y Margall
Explanation: On July 18, 1873, news arrived in Valencia confirming the fall of the central government led by Francisco Pi y Margall, significantly impacting the political landscape.
Who was identified as the president of the Revolutionary Junta of the Valencian Canton?
Answer: Pedro Barrientos
Explanation: Pedro Barrientos, a professor at the School of Fine Arts, was identified as the president of the Revolutionary Junta of the Valencian Canton.
Who was imprisoned by Castejón upon his return to the Civil Government, only to be released shortly after?
Answer: Pérez Pujol
Explanation: The rector, Pérez Pujol, was imprisoned by Castejón upon his return to the Civil Government but was subsequently released shortly after his detention.
What was the ultimate fate of the rector, Pérez Pujol, after being imprisoned by Castejón?
Answer: He was released shortly after detention.
Explanation: Following his imprisonment by Castejón, the rector, Pérez Pujol, was released shortly thereafter.
General Arsenio Martínez Campos commanded the forces responsible for the eventual subjugation of the Valencian Canton.
Answer: True
Explanation: General Arsenio Martínez Campos led the military contingent that ultimately compelled the surrender and dissolution of the Valencian Canton.
General Arsenio Martínez Campos held exclusive responsibility for military operations within the region of Andalusia.
Answer: False
Explanation: General Arsenio Martínez Campos's military command during the Cantonal rebellion primarily encompassed the regions of Valencia and Murcia, not Andalusia.
Martínez Campos's forces encountered initial resistance and were repelled during their first attempt to enter Valencia on July 24, 1873.
Answer: True
Explanation: The initial advance of Martínez Campos's troops into Valencia on July 24, 1873, was met with resistance and repelled near the bullring.
The intact ancient city walls of Valencia offered substantial defensive advantages during the siege.
Answer: False
Explanation: The city walls of Valencia had been demolished eight years prior to the siege, rendering them incapable of providing defensive advantages and necessitating improvised barricades.
The bombardment of Valencia by Martínez Campos commenced on August 2, 1873, originating from the vicinity of Xirivella.
Answer: True
Explanation: The bombardment of Valencia by General Martínez Campos began on August 2, 1873, with artillery fire directed from Xirivella.
During the siege, cantonist forces retaliated against the bombardment by deploying cannons from the Torres de Serranos.
Answer: False
Explanation: The cantonists' response to the bombardment involved firing cannons from the Torres de Quart, not the Torres de Serranos.
The precision of the bombardment executed by Martínez Campos's troops induced widespread panic and discouragement among Valencia's populace.
Answer: True
Explanation: The accurate and sustained bombardment by General Martínez Campos's forces generated considerable panic and demoralization within Valencia's civilian population.
Who was the military leader whose troops entered Valencia, leading to the surrender of the Canton on August 8, 1873?
Answer: Arsenio Martínez Campos
Explanation: The military leader whose forces entered Valencia, thereby precipitating the surrender of the Canton on August 8, 1873, was Arsenio Martínez Campos.
What infrastructural deficiency presented a significant challenge to Valencia's defenders during the siege?
Answer: The demolition of city walls eight years prior.
Explanation: The demolition of Valencia's city walls eight years prior to the siege presented a significant infrastructural challenge, as defenders had to improvise barricades at all entrances.
From which location did Arsenio Martínez Campos initiate the bombardment of Valencia on August 2, 1873?
Answer: From the town of Xirivella
Explanation: General Arsenio Martínez Campos commenced the bombardment of Valencia on August 2, 1873, directing artillery fire from Xirivella.
The commission engaged in negotiations during the siege comprised the consuls of Italy and France, alongside Teodoro Llorente.
Answer: False
Explanation: The negotiating commission included the consuls of Italy and the United Kingdom, accompanied by Teodoro Llorente, not the consul of France.
General Martínez Campos acceded to the Junta's proposed terms of surrender, which included provisions for amnesty.
Answer: False
Explanation: General Martínez Campos did not agree to the Junta's proposed surrender terms, specifically rejecting the provision for amnesty, stating it was beyond his authority.
Unconditional surrender constituted the sole condition stipulated by Castejón when the commission convened with him in Alcira.
Answer: True
Explanation: Upon meeting the commission in Alcira, Civil Governor Castejón communicated that only unconditional surrender would be accepted.
Following the vote for surrender, certain dedicated cantonists resolved to persist in their resistance and proceeded to the port.
Answer: True
Explanation: After the decision to surrender was formalized, a contingent of committed cantonists and militia leaders departed for the port to board the steamship Matilde, intending to continue their struggle elsewhere.
The hoisting of a white flag atop the Miguelete tower signified the formal surrender of Valencia.
Answer: True
Explanation: The official surrender of Valencia was symbolized by the raising of white flags on the Miguelete tower and the city gates, marking the cessation of hostilities.
Upon entering Valencia, General Martínez Campos promptly enacted the abolition of the death penalty.
Answer: False
Explanation: General Martínez Campos did not abolish the death penalty upon entering Valencia; he indicated that while leniency might be shown for political crimes, murderers would face execution, indicating the death penalty would be upheld.
Martínez Campos mandated the surrender of weaponry within a 24-hour period on August 9, 1873.
Answer: False
Explanation: On August 9, 1873, Martínez Campos issued a directive requiring the dissolution of militias and the surrender of weapons within a strict two-hour timeframe, not 24 hours.
Which foreign consuls were part of the commission that engaged in negotiations with General Martínez Campos?
Answer: Italy and the United Kingdom
Explanation: The commission negotiating with General Martínez Campos included the consuls of Italy and the United Kingdom.
What was the immediate outcome of the commission's initial negotiations with General Martínez Campos concerning the bombardment?
Answer: A temporary cessation of the bombardment was agreed upon.
Explanation: The commission's initial negotiations resulted in a temporary cessation of the bombardment, agreed upon until noon on August 6, 1873.
What was General Martínez Campos's response regarding the Valencian Junta's request for amnesty?
Answer: He stated amnesty was beyond his authority.
Explanation: General Martínez Campos stated that granting amnesty was beyond his authority when the Valencian Junta requested it.
What was the final surrender condition communicated by Castejón to the commission when they met in Alcira?
Answer: Unconditional surrender.
Explanation: Civil Governor Castejón informed the commission in Alcira that only unconditional surrender would be accepted.
What action did committed cantonists undertake after the decision to surrender was made?
Answer: They headed to the port to board the steamship Matilde.
Explanation: Following the vote to surrender, committed cantonists and militia leaders proceeded to the port to board the steamship Matilde, intending to continue their resistance.
What declaration did General Martínez Campos make concerning leniency and the death penalty upon his entry into Valencia?
Answer: He might show leniency for political crimes but would execute murderers, upholding the death penalty.
Explanation: Upon entering Valencia, General Martínez Campos declared that while leniency might be shown for political crimes, murderers would face execution, indicating the death penalty would be upheld.
What was the specified timeframe given by Martínez Campos for the dissolution of militias and the surrender of weapons on August 9, 1873?
Answer: Within 2 hours
Explanation: On August 9, 1873, Martínez Campos mandated the dissolution of militias and the surrender of weapons within a strict two-hour period.
When was the Valencian Canton officially disestablished or dissolved?
Answer: August 8, 1873
Explanation: The Valencian Canton was officially disestablished and dissolved on August 8, 1873.
The square in front of the Valencia cathedral was renamed Plaza de la República Federal following the Canton's proclamation.
Answer: True
Explanation: Following the official proclamation of the Valencian Canton, the square adjacent to the Valencia cathedral was renamed Plaza de la República Federal.
The national anthem of Spain was performed during the official proclamation ceremony of the Valencian Canton.
Answer: False
Explanation: During the official proclamation of the Valencian Canton, the anthem performed was La Marseillaise, not the national anthem of Spain.
The depiction of cantonists boarding the steamship Matilde was published in the Spanish periodical 'El Heraldo'.
Answer: False
Explanation: The illustration portraying cantonists boarding the steamship Matilde was published in the French magazine 'Le Monde Illustré,' not the Spanish newspaper 'El Heraldo'.
The book 'El movimiento cantonal de 1873' by José Barón Fernández is cited as a key source for the Cantonal movement.
Answer: True
Explanation: The scholarly work 'El movimiento cantonal de 1873' by José Barón Fernández is indeed cited as a significant source for understanding the broader Cantonal movement.
What symbolic renaming occurred in Valencia subsequent to the official proclamation of the Canton?
Answer: The cathedral square was renamed Plaza de la República Federal.
Explanation: Following the official proclamation of the Valencian Canton, the square in front of the Valencia cathedral was renamed Plaza de la República Federal.
What anthem was played during the official proclamation ceremony of the Valencian Canton?
Answer: La Marseillaise
Explanation: The anthem performed during the official proclamation ceremony of the Valencian Canton was La Marseillaise.
In which publication was the image depicting cantonists boarding the steamship Matilde during the siege published?
Answer: Le Monde Illustré (Paris)
Explanation: The illustration portraying cantonists boarding the steamship Matilde was published in the French magazine 'Le Monde Illustré,' not in a Spanish newspaper.
Which academic article is cited as a primary source for information on the Valencian Canton?
Answer: 'El Cantonalismo (1873): Notas para un estudio comparado' by Quintí Casals Bergés
Explanation: The academic article cited as a primary source for information on the Valencian Canton is 'El Cantonalismo (1873): Notas para un estudio comparado' by Quintí Casals Bergés.
What does the map titled 'Some of the municipalities belonging to the Valencian Canton' visually represent?
Answer: The geographical extent and locations of municipalities within the Canton.
Explanation: The map titled 'Some of the municipalities belonging to the Valencian Canton' visually delineates the geographical extent and identifies the specific locations of municipalities that constituted the Canton.