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The Italian literary movement known as Verismo translates directly from Italian to mean 'realism'.
Answer: True
Explanation: The term 'Verismo' derives from the Italian word 'vero,' meaning 'true,' signifying a literary approach dedicated to depicting reality with accuracy and authenticity.
The peak period for the Verismo literary movement was roughly from 1900 to 1920.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Verismo literary movement reached its zenith approximately between 1875 and the early 1900s.
The Verismo movement originated in the late 19th century, specifically between 1875 and 1895.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Verismo movement emerged in Italy during the late 19th century, with its formative period generally placed between 1875 and 1895.
Verismo was formally structured as a distinct literary school with official membership.
Answer: False
Explanation: Verismo did not constitute a formal literary school with official membership; rather, it was characterized by a shared set of principles followed by its practitioners.
The four core principles of canonical Verismo include maintaining an impersonal form and studying society from lowest to highest classes.
Answer: True
Explanation: Canonical Verismo principles include maintaining an impersonal form, ensuring appropriate language and style, studying society comprehensively from lowest to highest classes, and employing a scientific method.
The root word 'vero' in Verismo relates to the concept of 'falsehood' or 'untruth'.
Answer: False
Explanation: The root word 'vero' in Italian means 'true,' underscoring the Verismo movement's commitment to depicting reality accurately and truthfully in literature.
Verismo aimed to study modern Italy comprehensively, from the lowest to the highest social classes.
Answer: True
Explanation: A core aim of Verismo was to conduct a comprehensive study of modern Italian society, examining life and social strata from the lowest levels up to the highest.
What does the Italian term 'Verismo' translate to in the context of literature?
Answer: Realism
Explanation: The Italian term 'Verismo' translates directly to 'realism,' reflecting the movement's commitment to depicting life truthfully and authentically.
During which approximate period did the Verismo literary movement reach its zenith?
Answer: 1875 to the early 1900s
Explanation: The Verismo literary movement reached its peak period approximately between 1875 and the early 1900s.
Verismo did not constitute a formal literary school, but rather was characterized by:
Answer: A shared set of principles followed by its practitioners.
Explanation: Verismo did not form a formal literary school but was unified by a shared adherence to specific principles among its practitioners.
How did Verismo's approach to authorial perspective differ from French Naturalism?
Answer: Verismo sought to incorporate the reader's viewpoint without explicit authorial opinion.
Explanation: Verismo's authorial perspective aimed to integrate the reader's viewpoint on the subject matter, striving to avoid the explicit revelation of the author's personal opinions.
Which of the following is NOT one of the four core principles of canonical Verismo mentioned in the source?
Answer: Prioritizing fantastical and allegorical themes.
Explanation: Canonical Verismo principles focused on realism, impersonality, appropriate style, and comprehensive social study; prioritizing fantastical or allegorical themes was contrary to its tenets.
What does the root word 'vero' in the term Verismo signify?
Answer: Truth
Explanation: The root word 'vero' in Italian means 'true,' highlighting the Verismo movement's core commitment to depicting reality with accuracy and truthfulness.
Which of the following statements accurately describes Verismo's approach to language and style?
Answer: Language and style were expected to be appropriate to the subject matter.
Explanation: A key principle of Verismo was that the language and style of a literary work must accord with its subject matter, reflecting the environment and social class depicted.
The Verismo movement's commitment to depicting life truthfully and authentically aligns with the meaning of its root word, which is:
Answer: 'Vero' (True)
Explanation: The root word 'vero' in Italian means 'true,' highlighting the Verismo movement's core commitment to depicting reality with accuracy and truthfulness.
Verismo's philosophical basis was identical to French Naturalism, emphasizing scientific objectivity and social usefulness.
Answer: False
Explanation: Verismo's philosophical underpinnings diverged from French Naturalism; key Verismo figures rejected the emphasis on scientific objectivity and social utility often found in Naturalism.
The emergence of Verismo was influenced by the positivist climate prevalent in the late 19th century.
Answer: True
Explanation: The positivist climate, characterized by a strong faith in science and empirical research, significantly influenced the emergence and development of the Verismo movement.
French Naturalism, exemplified by writers like Émile Zola, served as a direct precursor and influence for Verismo.
Answer: True
Explanation: French Naturalism, with its focus on objective representation and scientific analysis of society, served as a direct precursor and significant influence for the Italian Verismo movement.
French Naturalist writers believed literature should be subjective and focus on idealized portrayals of society.
Answer: False
Explanation: French Naturalist writers aimed for objective, scientific portrayal of society, including its less pleasant aspects, rather than subjective or idealized representations.
Verismo, unlike French Naturalism, openly revealed the author's personal opinions within the narrative.
Answer: False
Explanation: Verismo, particularly in the works of its key figures, sought to incorporate the reader's viewpoint without explicitly revealing the author's personal opinions, aligning with a principle of impersonality.
Verismo's scientific method was influenced by determinist criteria theorized by authors like Cesare Lombroso.
Answer: True
Explanation: The scientific methodology adopted by Verismo was influenced by determinist criteria, particularly those theorized by positivist authors such as Cesare Lombroso.
Verismo writers like Verga and Capuana embraced the French Naturalist idea that literature must have scientific validity.
Answer: False
Explanation: Verga and Capuana distinguished themselves from French Naturalists by rejecting the notion that literature must possess scientific validity or serve a direct social utility.
What aspect of Verismo's scientific method involved studying the environment?
Answer: True
Explanation: A key principle of Verismo's scientific method was the study of the environment, encompassing social, economic, and geographical contexts, to achieve a thorough understanding of modern Italian life.
How did the philosophical underpinnings of Verismo differ from French Naturalism?
Answer: Verismo rejected the scientific objectivity and social usefulness often found in Naturalism.
Explanation: Verismo's philosophical underpinnings diverged from French Naturalism; key Verismo figures rejected the emphasis on scientific objectivity and social utility often found in Naturalism.
The intellectual climate that significantly influenced Verismo's emergence was characterized by:
Answer: Positivism and a strong faith in science.
Explanation: The emergence of Verismo was significantly influenced by the positivist climate of the late 19th century, which emphasized scientific inquiry and empirical observation.
Which French literary movement served as a direct precursor and major influence for Verismo?
Answer: Naturalism
Explanation: French Naturalism served as a direct precursor and major influence for the Italian Verismo movement, sharing a commitment to objective representation.
French Naturalist writers aimed to portray society in literature:
Answer: Objectively, akin to a photograph, including less pleasant aspects.
Explanation: French Naturalist writers aimed for objective portrayal of society, akin to a photograph, including its less pleasant aspects, with a scientific approach.
Verismo's scientific method was influenced by determinist criteria theorized by which notable figure?
Answer: Cesare Lombroso
Explanation: The scientific methodology adopted by Verismo was influenced by determinist criteria, particularly those theorized by positivist authors such as Cesare Lombroso.
What was the core belief of French Naturalist writers regarding literature's role in society?
Answer: To objectively portray society and humanity scientifically.
Explanation: French Naturalist writers believed literature should objectively portray society and humanity scientifically, aiming for a truthful representation of modern life.
Giovanni Verga, Luigi Capuana, and Federico De Roberto are considered the main figures of Verismo.
Answer: True
Explanation: The primary exponents of the Verismo literary movement are recognized as the Sicilian writers Giovanni Verga, Luigi Capuana, and Federico De Roberto.
Luigi Capuana's novel *Giacinta* is recognized as the foundational 'manifesto' of Italian Verismo.
Answer: True
Explanation: Luigi Capuana's novel *Giacinta* is widely regarded as the foundational 'manifesto' of the Italian Verismo movement.
Grazia Deledda is recognized for her Verismo works focusing on life in Sardinia.
Answer: True
Explanation: Grazia Deledda, a prominent writer associated with Verismo, is celebrated for her literary depictions of life and culture in Sardinia.
Emilio De Marchi attempted to integrate the tradition of Alessandro Manzoni with Verismo, focusing on the lower middle class.
Answer: True
Explanation: Emilio De Marchi, active in Lombardy, sought to reconcile the literary tradition of Alessandro Manzoni with Verismo, particularly in his focus on the lower middle class.
Giovanni Verga's stage adaptation of *Cavalleria rusticana* was significant for establishing veristic drama and was a triumph for Eleonora Duse.
Answer: True
Explanation: Giovanni Verga's 1884 stage adaptation of *Cavalleria rusticana* was pivotal in establishing veristic drama and marked a significant personal triumph for the actress Eleonora Duse.
Giovanni Verga transitioned to Verismo after initially writing exclusively in the Naturalist style.
Answer: False
Explanation: Giovanni Verga initially belonged to the late Romantic literary movement before transitioning to Verismo, rather than exclusively writing in the Naturalist style beforehand.
The primary Verismo exponents like Verga and Capuana were originally from Northern Italy.
Answer: False
Explanation: The principal exponents of Verismo, including Giovanni Verga, Luigi Capuana, and Federico De Roberto, hailed from Sicily, which is in Southern Italy.
Lorenzo Stecchetti (Olindo Guerrini) contributed to Verismo poetry by adopting a deliberately prosaic style when writing about the bourgeoisie.
Answer: False
Explanation: Lorenzo Stecchetti (Olindo Guerrini) contributed to Verismo poetry by deliberately employing shocking themes and styles, often erotic or social, rather than a prosaic style about the bourgeoisie, which was more characteristic of Vittorio Betteloni.
Which Verismo writer is associated with establishing veristic drama through a stage adaptation?
Answer: True
Explanation: Giovanni Verga is associated with establishing veristic drama through his significant stage adaptation of *Cavalleria rusticana*.
Who are considered the principal exponents of the Verismo literary movement?
Answer: Giovanni Verga, Luigi Capuana, Federico De Roberto
Explanation: The principal exponents of the Verismo literary movement are widely recognized as the Sicilian writers Giovanni Verga, Luigi Capuana, and Federico De Roberto.
Which novel is widely regarded as the foundational 'manifesto' of Italian Verismo?
Answer: Luigi Capuana's *Giacinta*
Explanation: Luigi Capuana's novel *Giacinta* holds significant importance as it is widely regarded as the 'manifesto' of the Italian Verismo movement.
Grazia Deledda, a Verismo writer, is particularly known for her depictions of life in which Italian region?
Answer: Sardinia
Explanation: Grazia Deledda, a prominent writer associated with Verismo, is celebrated for her literary depictions of life and culture in Sardinia.
Emilio De Marchi, working in Lombardy, attempted to blend Verismo principles with the literary tradition of which earlier Italian author?
Answer: Alessandro Manzoni
Explanation: Emilio De Marchi, active in Lombardy, sought to reconcile the literary tradition of Alessandro Manzoni with Verismo, particularly in his focus on the lower middle class.
Giovanni Verga's stage adaptation of which work was significant for establishing veristic drama?
Answer: *Cavalleria rusticana*
Explanation: Giovanni Verga's 1884 stage adaptation of *Cavalleria rusticana* was pivotal in establishing veristic drama.
Who is credited with first theorizing the concept of the 'poetry of the real' within the Verismo movement?
Answer: Luigi Capuana
Explanation: Luigi Capuana is credited as the first theorist of Italian Verismo, articulating the concept of the 'poetry of the real'.
Which Verismo writer is known for attempting to reconcile Alessandro Manzoni's literary tradition with Verismo, particularly concerning the lower middle class?
Answer: Emilio De Marchi
Explanation: Emilio De Marchi, active in Lombardy, sought to reconcile the literary tradition of Alessandro Manzoni with Verismo, particularly in his focus on the lower middle class.
Lorenzo Stecchetti (Olindo Guerrini) contributed to Verismo poetry through:
Answer: Deliberate attempts to shock readers with erotic and social themes.
Explanation: Lorenzo Stecchetti (Olindo Guerrini) contributed to Verismo poetry by deliberately employing shocking themes and styles, often erotic or social.
What was the significance of Eleonora Duse's performance in Verismo drama?
Answer: It was a personal triumph for her and helped establish veristic drama.
Explanation: Eleonora Duse's performance in Giovanni Verga's *Cavalleria rusticana* was a personal triumph for her and helped establish the success of veristic drama.
Which of the following poets, associated with Verismo, explored erotic and social themes with a deliberately shocking style?
Answer: Lorenzo Stecchetti (Olindo Guerrini)
Explanation: Lorenzo Stecchetti (Olindo Guerrini) contributed to Verismo poetry by deliberately employing shocking themes and styles, often erotic or social.
Verismo placed less emphasis on stylistic aspects compared to the scientific accuracy prioritized by French Naturalism.
Answer: False
Explanation: Verismo placed a significant emphasis on stylistic elements, often prioritizing them alongside or even above the strict scientific accuracy emphasized by French Naturalism.
Verismo commonly depicted urban environments and manual workers, similar to French Naturalism.
Answer: False
Explanation: Verismo typically focused on the peasantry and provincial life, contrasting with French Naturalism's frequent depiction of urban environments and manual workers.
How did Verismo's stylistic approach differ from that of French Naturalism?
Answer: True
Explanation: Verismo placed a greater emphasis on stylistic elements and often focused on the peasantry and provincial life, whereas French Naturalism tended to prioritize scientific accuracy and depict manual workers and urban environments.
Compared to French Naturalism, Verismo tended to focus more on which social groups and settings?
Answer: The peasantry and provincial life.
Explanation: Verismo typically focused on the peasantry and provincial life, contrasting with French Naturalism's frequent depiction of urban environments and manual workers.
D. H. Lawrence was an English author influenced by Verismo who translated works by Giovanni Verga.
Answer: True
Explanation: The English author D. H. Lawrence was significantly influenced by Italian Verismo and undertook the translation of several works by Giovanni Verga into English.
Milan was a key Italian city where Verismo found fertile ground for cultural development.
Answer: True
Explanation: Milan served as a significant hub for the cultural development of Verismo, fostering its growth through its vibrant urban intellectual life.
Verismo works primarily depicted life in Northern Italy, such as Lombardy and Piedmont.
Answer: False
Explanation: While Verismo developed in Milan, its works frequently depicted life in central and southern Italy, including regions like Sicily, Sardinia, and Naples.
Albert Boime observed stylistic similarities between Giovanni Verga's writing and the macchia technique of the Macchiaioli painters.
Answer: True
Explanation: Art historian Albert Boime noted stylistic parallels between Giovanni Verga's prose and the 'macchia' technique of the Macchiaioli painters, particularly in their shared interest in topographical exactitude.
Gabriele D'Annunzio's early novels, such as *Terra vergine*, showed no significant Verismo influence.
Answer: False
Explanation: Gabriele D'Annunzio's early novels, including *Terra vergine* and *Novelle della Pescara*, demonstrated a significant influence from the Verismo movement.
Milan served as a hub for Verismo, fostering its growth through its vibrant urban cultural life.
Answer: True
Explanation: Milan was a crucial center for Verismo, where its vibrant urban cultural life provided a fertile ground for the movement's development and dissemination.
Albert Boime noted similarities between Verga's writing and the Macchiaioli painters' use of color.
Answer: False
Explanation: Albert Boime observed similarities between Verga's writing and the Macchiaioli painters concerning their sentence structure, rhythm, and topographical exactitude, not specifically their use of color.
The cross-fertilization between Verismo and the Scapigliatura movement occurred primarily in which region of Italy?
Answer: True
Explanation: The cross-fertilization between Verismo and the Scapigliatura movement primarily occurred in Northern Italy, particularly within the cultural milieu of Lombardy.
Which English author translated works by Giovanni Verga and was influenced by Italian Verismo?
Answer: D. H. Lawrence
Explanation: The English author D. H. Lawrence was significantly influenced by Italian Verismo and undertook the translation of several works by Giovanni Verga into English.
Which Italian city was a significant hub for the cultural development and growth of Verismo?
Answer: Milan
Explanation: Milan served as a significant hub for the cultural development of Verismo, fostering its growth through its vibrant urban intellectual life.
While Verismo developed in Milan, its works frequently depicted life in which regions of Italy?
Answer: Primarily Central and Southern Italy, including Sicily and Naples.
Explanation: Although Verismo developed in Milan, its literary works frequently depicted life in central and southern Italy, notably Sicily, Sardinia, and Naples.
Albert Boime noted stylistic similarities between Giovanni Verga's writing and the Macchiaioli painters concerning:
Answer: Their sentence structure, rhythm, and topographical exactitude.
Explanation: Art historian Albert Boime observed similarities between Giovanni Verga's prose and the 'macchia' technique of the Macchiaioli painters, particularly concerning their sentence structure, rhythm, and topographical exactitude.
Gabriele D'Annunzio's early novels, *Terra vergine* and *Novelle della Pescara*, demonstrated significant influence from which literary movement?
Answer: Verismo
Explanation: Gabriele D'Annunzio's early novels, including *Terra vergine* and *Novelle della Pescara*, demonstrated a significant influence from the Verismo movement.
According to Albert Boime, what quality did Giovanni Verga's writing share with the Macchiaioli painters?
Answer: An interest in topographical exactitude.
Explanation: Art historian Albert Boime observed similarities between Giovanni Verga's prose and the 'macchia' technique of the Macchiaioli painters, particularly concerning their sentence structure, rhythm, and topographical exactitude.
Luigi Alberti criticized Verismo for its focus on uplifting and idealized themes.
Answer: False
Explanation: Critic Luigi Alberti objected to Verismo, believing it corrupted young minds by focusing excessively on the 'ugly, mean, and vulgar' aspects of reality, not on uplifting themes.
Traces of Verismo poetics can be found in the later works of Luigi Pirandello and Federigo Tozzi.
Answer: False
Explanation: Traces of Verismo poetics are more commonly found in the *early* works of Luigi Pirandello and Federigo Tozzi, not their later writings.
Federico De Roberto's work influenced Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa's novel *The Leopard*.
Answer: True
Explanation: The work of Federico De Roberto, a significant Verismo writer, is noted to have influenced Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa's renowned novel *The Leopard*.
Verismo had a significant influence on the later Italian literary movement known as Italian Neorealism.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Verismo movement exerted a substantial influence on Italian Neorealism, a subsequent literary and cinematic movement that emerged in the mid-20th century.
Verismo's approach to authorial perspective sought to incorporate the reader's viewpoint without explicitly revealing the author's personal opinions.
Answer: True
Explanation: Verismo's authorial perspective aimed to integrate the reader's viewpoint on the subject matter, striving to avoid the explicit revelation of the author's personal opinions.
Which critic objected to Verismo, believing it corrupted youth by focusing on the 'ugly, mean, and vulgar'?
Answer: Luigi Alberti
Explanation: Critic Luigi Alberti objected to Verismo, believing it corrupted young minds by focusing excessively on the 'ugly, mean, and vulgar' aspects of reality.
Traces of Verismo poetics can be found in the early works of which Italian authors?
Answer: Luigi Pirandello and Federigo Tozzi
Explanation: Traces of Verismo poetics are found in the early works of Luigi Pirandello and Federigo Tozzi, indicating the movement's lasting influence.
The Verismo movement exerted a notable influence on which later Italian literary and cultural movement?
Answer: Italian Neorealism
Explanation: The Verismo movement exerted a substantial influence on Italian Neorealism, a subsequent literary and cinematic movement that emerged in the mid-20th century.
What was the primary objection raised by critic Luigi Alberti against the Verismo movement?
Answer: It corrupted young minds by focusing excessively on negative aspects of reality.
Explanation: Critic Luigi Alberti objected to Verismo, believing it corrupted young minds by focusing excessively on the 'ugly, mean, and vulgar' aspects of reality.
Which Verismo writer's work is noted to have influenced Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa's novel *The Leopard*?
Answer: Federico De Roberto
Explanation: The work of Federico De Roberto, a significant Verismo writer, is noted to have influenced Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa's renowned novel *The Leopard*.