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Władysław III was born in Warsaw in 1424, the son of Władysław II Jagiełło and Hedwig Jagiellon.
Answer: False
Explanation: Władysław III was born in Kraków, not Warsaw, and his mother was Sophia of Halshany, not Hedwig Jagiellon.
The baptism ceremony of Władysław III was a modest affair held privately due to political instability.
Answer: False
Explanation: The baptism ceremony of Władysław III was described as unequivocally grandiose, not modest, and was performed publicly at Wawel Cathedral.
During Władysław III's early childhood, the Polish nobility initiated opposition in 1427, attempting to declare him illegitimate due to a lack of direct blood relation to previous Piast and Anjou monarchs.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Polish nobility did initiate anti-Jagiellonian opposition in 1427, attempting to declare Władysław III illegitimate due to his lack of direct blood relation to previous Piast and Anjou monarchs.
A conspiracy to replace Władysław III with Frederick II of Brandenburg was resolved by the intervention of Pope Eugene IV.
Answer: False
Explanation: The conspiracy to replace Władysław III with Frederick II of Brandenburg was resolved by the death of Princess Hedwig Jagiellon, not by Pope Eugene IV.
During Władysław III's coronation, Cardinal Oleśnicki ensured that the traditional *signum crucis* act was performed to emphasize the king's divine right.
Answer: False
Explanation: The customary *signum crucis* act was abandoned during Władysław III's coronation, not performed, as part of changes supervised by Cardinal Oleśnicki.
A single regent, Duke Siemowit V, was appointed after Władysław III's coronation to guide the young king.
Answer: False
Explanation: A regency council of *provisores* was formed after Władysław III's coronation, not a single regent, and Duke Siemowit V was considered but dismissed.
Władysław III, also known as Ladislaus of Varna, was born in which city?
Answer: Kraków
Explanation: Władysław III was born in Kraków, Kingdom of Poland, on 31 October 1424.
Who performed Władysław III's baptism ceremony at Wawel Cathedral in February 1425?
Answer: Wojciech Jastrzębiec, Bishop of Gniezno and Primate of Poland
Explanation: Wojciech Jastrzębiec, the Bishop of Gniezno and Primate of Poland, performed Władysław III's baptism ceremony.
What was the primary reason the Polish nobility attempted to declare Władysław III illegitimate in 1427?
Answer: His lack of direct blood relation to previous Piast and Anjou monarchs.
Explanation: The Polish nobility attempted to declare Władysław III illegitimate due to his lack of direct blood relation to previous Piast and Anjou monarchs.
How was the conspiracy to replace Władysław III with Frederick II of Brandenburg ultimately resolved?
Answer: By the death of Princess Hedwig Jagiellon in December 1431.
Explanation: The conspiracy was resolved by the death of Princess Hedwig Jagiellon in December 1431.
Which traditional coronation act was abandoned during Władysław III's ceremony under Cardinal Oleśnicki's supervision?
Answer: The *signum crucis* with a sword in the direction of the four corners of the world.
Explanation: The customary act of the king undertaking the *signum crucis* with a sword was abandoned during Władysław III's coronation.
Why was a regency council of *provisores* established after Władysław III's coronation instead of a single regent?
Answer: To dilute Cardinal Oleśnicki's influence and act as a compromise.
Explanation: A regency council of *provisores* was formed as a compromise, possibly to dilute Cardinal Oleśnicki's influence, after other options for a single regent failed.
After Władysław II Jagiełło's death, Cardinal Zbigniew Oleśnicki assumed the role of interrex and convened an assembly in Poznań to secure Władysław III's right to the crown.
Answer: True
Explanation: Cardinal Zbigniew Oleśnicki did assume the role of interrex after Władysław II Jagiełło's death and convened an assembly in Poznań to secure Władysław III's right to the crown.
Many nobles from Lesser Poland supported Cardinal Oleśnicki's immediate coronation of Władysław III, believing it would stabilize the kingdom.
Answer: False
Explanation: Many nobles from Lesser Poland were vexed by Oleśnicki's arbitrary behavior and feared that crowning a young king would grant him excessive power, thus opposing immediate coronation.
Spytko III of Melsztyn was a key figure in the opposition against Cardinal Oleśnicki, supporting pro-Hussite military expeditions.
Answer: True
Explanation: Spytko III of Melsztyn was indeed a key adversary of Cardinal Oleśnicki and supported pro-Hussite military expeditions.
Despite being declared of age at 14, Władysław III gained significant political power and had a decisive voice in state affairs.
Answer: False
Explanation: Despite being declared of age, Władysław III is believed not to have had a decisive voice in politics, with Cardinal Oleśnicki retaining considerable control.
The Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) began when Władysław III's paternal uncle, Švitrigaila, refused to acknowledge fealty to Poland.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Lithuanian Civil War began when Władysław III's paternal uncle, Švitrigaila, refused to acknowledge fealty to Poland, threatening the Polish-Lithuanian union.
Švitrigaila's anti-Polish coalition was decisively defeated at the Battle of Grunwald in 1435.
Answer: False
Explanation: Švitrigaila's anti-Polish coalition was decisively defeated at the Battle of Wiłkomierz in 1435, not the Battle of Grunwald.
The Peace of Brześć Kujawski, signed in 1435, formally ended the Polish–Teutonic War and curtailed Teutonic influence in East-Central Europe.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Peace of Brześć Kujawski, signed on 31 December 1435, formally ended the Polish–Teutonic War and curtailed Teutonic influence in East-Central Europe.
Spytko of Melsztyn's rebellion in 1439 was a successful movement that forced Cardinal Oleśnicki to resign.
Answer: False
Explanation: Spytko of Melsztyn's rebellion in 1439 was suppressed, and he was killed at the Battle of Grotniki, not a successful movement that forced Oleśnicki to resign.
Cardinal Oleśnicki strongly advocated for military action to reclaim Pomerania from the Teutonic Order.
Answer: False
Explanation: Cardinal Oleśnicki opposed militarily reclaiming Pomerania, believing peace with the Teutonic Order was crucial, and favored diplomatic measures for Silesia.
What role did Cardinal Zbigniew Oleśnicki assume after the death of Władysław II Jagiełło in 1434?
Answer: Interrex
Explanation: Cardinal Zbigniew Oleśnicki assumed the role of interrex after the death of Władysław II Jagiełło.
Which of the following was NOT a reason some Polish nobles opposed Władysław III's immediate coronation?
Answer: Their belief that Władysław III was too old to be an effective ruler.
Explanation: Nobles opposed the immediate coronation due to fears of Oleśnicki's power, desire for a Piast descendant, and Hussite influence, not because Władysław III was considered too old.
How did Cardinal Oleśnicki manage to ensure Władysław III's coronation proceeded as planned despite opposition attempts to delay it?
Answer: He arrived unannounced at the Opatów proceedings and caused the council to dissolve.
Explanation: Oleśnicki arrived unannounced at the opposition's assembly in Opatów, questioned its purpose, and caused it to dissolve, allowing the coronation to proceed.
What was the outcome of Władysław III being declared of age in 1438 regarding his political power?
Answer: Cardinal Oleśnicki continued to retain considerable control over state affairs.
Explanation: Despite being declared of age, Władysław III is believed not to have had a decisive voice in politics, with Cardinal Oleśnicki retaining considerable control.
The Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) was initiated by which individual?
Answer: Švitrigaila
Explanation: The Lithuanian Civil War was initiated by Władysław III's paternal uncle, Švitrigaila, who refused to acknowledge fealty to Poland.
Where was Švitrigaila's anti-Polish coalition ultimately defeated in 1435?
Answer: Battle of Wiłkomierz
Explanation: Švitrigaila's anti-Polish coalition was ultimately defeated at the Battle of Wiłkomierz on 1 September 1435.
What was a key long-term consequence of the Peace of Brześć Kujawski, signed in 1435?
Answer: It prohibited the Teutonic and Livonian Orders from interfering in Polish and Lithuanian internal affairs.
Explanation: The Peace of Brześć Kujawski prohibited the Teutonic and Livonian Orders from interfering in Polish and Lithuanian internal affairs.
What was the fate of Spytko of Melsztyn after forming an armed confederation against Cardinal Oleśnicki in 1439?
Answer: He was killed at the Battle of Grotniki.
Explanation: Spytko of Melsztyn was killed at the Battle of Grotniki after forming an armed confederation against Cardinal Oleśnicki.
What was Cardinal Oleśnicki's preferred approach for reclaiming the southern Duchies of Silesia?
Answer: Subtler diplomatic measures.
Explanation: Cardinal Oleśnicki favored subtler diplomatic measures for reclaiming Silesia, rather than military support for the Hussites.
A dynastic union with Hungary was a key foreign policy objective for Poland to form a military alliance against the Ottoman Turks.
Answer: True
Explanation: A dynastic union with Hungary was a key foreign policy objective for Poland to form a military alliance against the Ottoman Turks.
Władysław III was elected King of Hungary in 1440 because the Hungarian Estates favored Albert II of Germany's infant son, Ladislaus the Posthumous.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Hungarian Estates rejected Albert II's infant son, Ladislaus the Posthumous, and instead elected Władysław III as King of Hungary in 1440 due to the Ottoman threat.
Elizabeth of Luxembourg had her infant son, Ladislaus the Posthumous, crowned with a reliquary crown after the Holy Crown of Hungary was hidden.
Answer: False
Explanation: Elizabeth of Luxembourg had her infant son crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary, which she had stolen. Władysław III was crowned with a reliquary crown after the Holy Crown was hidden.
Pope Eugene IV supported Władysław III's claim to the Hungarian throne because he sought help in organizing an anti-Muslim crusade.
Answer: True
Explanation: Pope Eugene IV supported Władysław III's claim to the Hungarian throne, seeking his help in organizing an anti-Muslim crusade.
During the Hungarian unrest, John Hunyadi was a leading political and military figure supporting Elizabeth of Luxembourg.
Answer: False
Explanation: During the Hungarian unrest, John Hunyadi emerged as a leading political and military figure supporting Władysław III, not Elizabeth of Luxembourg.
Elizabeth of Luxembourg alienated many of her initial supporters by pawning the Holy Crown and transferring tutelage of her son to Frederick III.
Answer: True
Explanation: Elizabeth of Luxembourg alienated many of her initial supporters by pawning the Holy Crown and transferring tutelage of her son to Frederick III, among other actions.
John Hunyadi successfully captured the city of Győr during the Hungarian civil conflict.
Answer: False
Explanation: John Hunyadi attacked Győr but was unsuccessful in taking the city during the Hungarian civil conflict.
The conflict with Elizabeth of Luxembourg concluded with her marriage to Władysław III, solidifying his claim to the Hungarian throne.
Answer: False
Explanation: The conflict with Elizabeth of Luxembourg concluded with a peace treaty in December 1442, and she died shortly after, with rumors suggesting she was poisoned to prevent their marriage.
Why was a dynastic union with Hungary a key foreign policy objective for Poland after Sigismund of Luxembourg's death?
Answer: To form a military alliance against the Ottoman Turks.
Explanation: A dynastic union with Hungary was a key foreign policy objective for Poland to form a military alliance against the Ottoman Turks.
Why did the Hungarian Estates elect Władysław III as their king in 1440?
Answer: They sought a strong ruler due to the imminent Ottoman threat and rejected Albert II's infant son.
Explanation: The Hungarian Estates elected Władysław III as king in 1440 because they sought a strong ruler due to the imminent Ottoman threat and rejected Albert II's infant son.
How did Elizabeth of Luxembourg challenge Władysław III's claim to the Hungarian throne?
Answer: She had her infant son crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary.
Explanation: Elizabeth of Luxembourg challenged Władysław III's claim by having her infant son crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary.
Who provided significant support to Władysław III for his Hungarian claim, seeking his help in an anti-Muslim crusade?
Answer: Pope Eugene IV
Explanation: Pope Eugene IV provided significant support to Władysław III for his Hungarian claim, seeking his help in an anti-Muslim crusade.
Which region of Hungary primarily supported Władysław III during the unrest between 1440 and 1442?
Answer: The eastern regions and Transylvania.
Explanation: Władysław III was primarily supported by the eastern regions and Transylvania during the Hungarian unrest.
What action by Elizabeth of Luxembourg alienated many of her initial supporters during her resistance against Władysław III?
Answer: Her decision to hire Hussite mercenaries and pawn the Holy Crown.
Explanation: Elizabeth of Luxembourg alienated many supporters by hiring Hussite mercenaries, pawning the Holy Crown, and transferring tutelage of her son to Frederick III.
What was one of John Hunyadi's military achievements during the Hungarian civil conflict?
Answer: Annihilating Ladislaus Garai's rebellious army at Bátaszék.
Explanation: John Hunyadi, alongside Nicholas of Ilok, annihilated Ladislaus Garai's rebellious army at Bátaszék.
How did the conflict between Władysław III and Elizabeth of Luxembourg ultimately conclude?
Answer: With a peace treaty signed at Győr in December 1442.
Explanation: The conflict concluded with a peace treaty signed at Győr in December 1442.
The call for the Crusade of Varna was prompted by John Hunyadi's military victories against Ottoman forces in 1442.
Answer: True
Explanation: The call for the Crusade of Varna was prompted by John Hunyadi's military victories against Ottoman forces in Transylvania and Wallachia in 1442.
The strategic plan for the Crusade of Varna included capturing Turkish defensive posts along the River Danube and trapping the main Ottoman army in Europe.
Answer: False
Explanation: The strategic plan for the Crusade of Varna included capturing Turkish defensive posts along the River Danube and trapping the main Ottoman army in Anatolia, not Europe.
The Polish assembly at Piotrków in August 1444 advocated for peace with the Ottomans due to high war taxes and potentially lucrative peace terms.
Answer: True
Explanation: The Polish assembly at Piotrków in August 1444 did implore Władysław III to make peace with the Ottomans due to high war taxes and the belief that Murad's peace terms could be lucrative.
The early failure of the Crusade of Varna was primarily due to a lack of sufficient land forces, not issues with the Christian fleet.
Answer: False
Explanation: The early failure of the Crusade of Varna was attributed to the Christian fleet's inability to prevent Sultan Murad II from crossing the Bosphorus, not primarily a lack of land forces.
Which events primarily prompted the call for the Crusade of Varna?
Answer: John Hunyadi's military victories against Ottoman forces in 1442.
Explanation: The call for the Crusade of Varna was primarily prompted by John Hunyadi's military victories against Ottoman forces in 1442.
What was a key strategic objective of the Crusade of Varna?
Answer: To isolate Ottoman routes between Anatolia and Europe and protect Constantinople.
Explanation: A key strategic objective of the Crusade of Varna was to isolate Ottoman routes and communication between Anatolia and Europe and protect Constantinople.
What was the primary reason the Polish assembly at Piotrków advocated for peace with the Ottomans in August 1444?
Answer: They were dissatisfied with high war taxes and saw Murad's peace terms as lucrative.
Explanation: The Polish assembly at Piotrków advocated for peace due to dissatisfaction with high war taxes and the belief that Murad's peace terms could be lucrative.
According to scholar Poggio Bracciolini, what was the "true cause" of the early failure of the Crusade of Varna?
Answer: The Christian fleet's inability to prevent Sultan Murad II from crossing the Bosphorus.
Explanation: Scholar Poggio Bracciolini attributed the early failure of the Crusade of Varna to the Christian fleet's inability to prevent Sultan Murad II from crossing the Bosphorus.
At the Battle of Varna, the Ottoman army was significantly outnumbered by the crusaders.
Answer: False
Explanation: At the Battle of Varna, the Ottoman army of around 60,000 men significantly outnumbered the 16,000 crusaders, almost three to one.
John Hunyadi played a crucial role at the Battle of Varna, leading efforts that caused Ottoman troops to break and flee.
Answer: True
Explanation: John Hunyadi did play a crucial role at the Battle of Varna, leading efforts that caused Ottoman troops under Hadım Şehabeddin of Rumelia to break and flee.
Władysław III's final action at the Battle of Varna was a strategic retreat to regroup his forces.
Answer: False
Explanation: Władysław III's final action at the Battle of Varna was a direct charge on the sultan's fortified camp, not a strategic retreat.
Turkish records claim Władysław III was beheaded by Janissaries and his head displayed on a lance, while Polish accounts state his body was never recovered.
Answer: True
Explanation: Turkish records claim Władysław III was beheaded by Janissaries and his head displayed on a lance, while Polish accounts from participants state his body was never recovered.
What was the approximate numerical disparity between the Ottoman army and the crusaders at the Battle of Varna?
Answer: Ottomans outnumbered crusaders almost three to one.
Explanation: At the Battle of Varna, the Ottoman army of around 60,000 men outnumbered the 16,000 crusaders almost three to one.
What was John Hunyadi's significant contribution during the Battle of Varna?
Answer: He led efforts that caused Ottoman troops under Hadım Şehabeddin of Rumelia to break and flee.
Explanation: John Hunyadi led efforts that caused Ottoman troops under Hadım Şehabeddin of Rumelia to break and flee during the Battle of Varna.
What was Władysław III's final, desperate action at the Battle of Varna?
Answer: He directly charged the sultan's fortified camp with heavy cavalry.
Explanation: Władysław III's final, desperate action at the Battle of Varna was to directly charge the sultan's fortified camp with heavy cavalry.
According to Polish accounts from participants, what was the fate of Władysław III's body after the Battle of Varna?
Answer: He simply disappeared, and his body and armor were never recovered.
Explanation: Polish accounts from participants state that Władysław III simply disappeared, and his body and armor were never recovered after the Battle of Varna.
Władysław III was known as Ladislaus of Varna and held the title of King of Poland and Supreme Duke of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1434 to 1444.
Answer: True
Explanation: The source confirms Władysław III held the titles of King of Poland and Supreme Duke of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1434 to 1444, and was also known as Ladislaus of Varna.
Władysław III was succeeded in Poland by his elder brother, Casimir IV of Lithuania.
Answer: False
Explanation: Władysław III was succeeded in Poland by his younger brother, Duke Casimir IV of Lithuania, after a three-year interregnum.
Władysław III was known for his indulgence in overeating and excessive drinking, contrasting with his piety.
Answer: False
Explanation: Władysław III was known for his extreme patience and piety, and did not indulge in overeating or excessive drinking.
Contemporary sources confirm Władysław III married and had two children, securing his lineage.
Answer: False
Explanation: Contemporary sources suggest Władysław III had no children and did not marry.
The Habsburgs portrayed Władysław III's reign in Hungary positively, emphasizing his successful crusade against the Turks.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Habsburgs portrayed Władysław III's reign in Hungary negatively, as an illegitimate usurper who unsuccessfully led a crusade against the Turks.
In Varna, Bulgaria, Władysław III is commemorated with a park-museum featuring a symbolic cenotaph built atop an ancient Thracian mound tomb.
Answer: True
Explanation: In Varna, Bulgaria, Władysław III is indeed commemorated with a park-museum, Władysław Warneńczyk, featuring a symbolic cenotaph built atop an ancient Thracian mound tomb.
The Portuguese 'Legend of survival' claims Władysław III became a Knight of Saint Catharine of Mount Sinai before returning to Poland to reclaim his throne.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Portuguese 'Legend of survival' claims Władysław III became a Knight of Saint Catharine of Mount Sinai and settled on Madeira, not that he returned to Poland to reclaim his throne.
According to the Portuguese legend, Władysław III was known as *Henrique Alemão* in Madeira and established a church there in 1471.
Answer: True
Explanation: According to the Portuguese legend, Władysław III was known as *Henrique Alemão* in Madeira, had two sons, and established a church of Saint Catherine and Mary Magdalene in 1471.
The Royal Seal of Władysław III from 1438 was primarily used for decorative purposes in royal residences.
Answer: False
Explanation: The Royal Seal of Władysław III from 1438 served as an official emblem to authenticate documents and demonstrate royal authority, not primarily for decorative purposes.
The coat of arms associated with Władysław III's rule features symbols of Poland, Lithuania, and Bohemia.
Answer: False
Explanation: The coat of arms associated with Władysław III's rule features symbols of Poland, Lithuania, and Hungary, not Bohemia.
A 15th-century prayerbook depiction of Władysław III notably features the Polish White Eagle in the shield.
Answer: True
Explanation: A 15th-century prayerbook depiction of Władysław III does notably feature the Polish White Eagle in the shield.
The cenotaph at Wawel Cathedral for Władysław III contains his actual remains, which were recovered after the Battle of Varna.
Answer: False
Explanation: A cenotaph is a monument for a person whose remains are elsewhere or never found; Władysław III's body was never recovered after the Battle of Varna, so the cenotaph does not contain his actual remains.
What were the primary titles held by Władysław III from 1434 to 1444?
Answer: King of Poland and Supreme Duke of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Explanation: From 1434 to 1444, Władysław III held the titles of King of Poland and Supreme Duke of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Who succeeded Władysław III as King of Poland after his presumed death in 1444?
Answer: Casimir IV of Lithuania
Explanation: Władysław III was succeeded as King of Poland by his younger brother, Duke Casimir IV of Lithuania, after a three-year interregnum.
Which of the following best describes Władysław III's personal character, according to historical accounts?
Answer: Known for extreme patience and piety.
Explanation: Historical accounts describe Władysław III as known for his extreme patience and piety, and not indulging in overeating or excessive drinking.
What do contemporary sources suggest about Władysław III's marital status and children?
Answer: He had no children and did not marry.
Explanation: Contemporary sources suggest Władysław III had no children and did not marry.
How did the Habsburgs generally portray Władysław III's legacy as King of Hungary in their *Annales* chronicles?
Answer: As an illegitimate usurper who unsuccessfully led a crusade against the Turks.
Explanation: The Habsburgs generally portrayed Władysław III's legacy as King of Hungary negatively, as an illegitimate usurper who unsuccessfully led a crusade against the Turks.
In Varna, Bulgaria, what is named after Władysław III?
Answer: A main boulevard and a residential district.
Explanation: In Varna, Bulgaria, a main boulevard and a residential district are named after Władysław III, along with a park-museum.
According to the Portuguese 'Legend of survival,' what name did Władysław III adopt after settling in Madeira?
Answer: Henrique Alemão
Explanation: According to the Portuguese 'Legend of survival,' Władysław III was known as *Henrique Alemão* after settling in Madeira.
What does the Royal Seal of Władysław III from 1438 primarily represent?
Answer: An official emblem to authenticate documents and demonstrate royal authority.
Explanation: The Royal Seal of Władysław III from 1438 primarily served as an official emblem to authenticate documents and demonstrate royal authority.
The coat of arms displayed in the gallery for Władysław III's rule features symbols of which three entities?
Answer: Poland, Lithuania, and Hungary
Explanation: The coat of arms displayed features symbols of Poland, Lithuania, and Hungary, representing Władysław III's combined rule.