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Wonnerup massacre Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge

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Study Guide: The Wonnerup Massacre: Causes, Events, and Historical Interpretation

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The Wonnerup Massacre: Causes, Events, and Historical Interpretation Study Guide

Prelude to Conflict: Underlying Tensions (1840-1841)

The underlying conflict between settlers and Wardandi Noongar people began with an incident in March 1840 involving Nungundung.

Answer: False

Explanation: The underlying conflict began with an incident in February 1840, not March, involving Nungundung and the killing of Henry Campbell.

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Henry Campbell was killed by Nungundung and his friends in retaliation for Campbell badly beating Duncock and potentially raping one of Gaywal's daughters.

Answer: True

Explanation: The source states that Henry Campbell was killed by Nungundung and his friends in retaliation for Campbell's severe beating of Duncock and the potential rape of one of Gaywal's daughters.

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After Henry Campbell's death, Nungundung, Duncock, and Gerback were immediately sent to Perth for severe punishment by resident magistrate Henry Bull.

Answer: False

Explanation: Resident magistrate Henry Bull initially flogged Nungundung, Duncock, and Gerback and then released them. Nungundung was later sent to Perth by John Bussell.

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John Bussell's re-arrest of Nungundung in December 1840 led to significant resentment among the Wardandi people.

Answer: True

Explanation: John Bussell's re-arrest of Nungundung in December 1840 and subsequent dispatch to Perth for further punishment indeed generated significant resentment among the Wardandi people.

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The Wardandi people made specific threats to settlers in the Busselton district after Nungundung's arbitrary treatment.

Answer: True

Explanation: Following Nungundung's arbitrary treatment, the Wardandi people indeed made several threats to various settlers in the Busselton district.

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What was an underlying cause of conflict between colonial settlers and Wardandi Noongar people prior to Layman's death?

Answer: The killing of settler labourer Henry Campbell by Nungundung and his friends.

Explanation: An underlying cause of conflict was the killing of settler labourer Henry Campbell by Nungundung and his friends in February 1840.

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How did resident magistrate Henry Bull initially punish Nungundung, Duncock, and Gerback for Henry Campbell's death?

Answer: He flogged them and released them.

Explanation: Resident magistrate Henry Bull initially flogged Nungundung, Duncock, and Gerback and then released them.

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What action by John Bussell in December 1840 caused significant resentment among the Wardandi people?

Answer: He had Nungundung arrested again and sent to Perth for further punishment.

Explanation: John Bussell's re-arrest of Nungundung in December 1840 and sending him to Perth for further punishment caused significant resentment among the Wardandi people.

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In what year did the incident involving Nungundung and Henry Campbell occur, which was an underlying cause of conflict?

Answer: 1840

Explanation: The incident involving Nungundung and Henry Campbell occurred in February 1840.

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Which of Gaywal's relatives was involved in the killing of Henry Campbell in February 1840?

Answer: Nungundung, his son-in-law.

Explanation: Gaywal's son-in-law, Nungundung, was involved in the killing of Henry Campbell in February 1840.

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The Killing of George Layman (February 1841)

The immediate trigger for the Wonnerup massacre was the killing of Henry Campbell by Gaywal.

Answer: False

Explanation: The immediate trigger for the Wonnerup massacre was the spearing and killing of George Layman by Gaywal on February 21, 1841, not the earlier killing of Henry Campbell.

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George Layman was killed after he grabbed Gaywal's arm during an argument over land boundaries.

Answer: False

Explanation: George Layman was killed after he grabbed Gaywal's beard during an argument over damper payment, not land boundaries, and not his arm.

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In Noongar culture, grabbing a person's beard was considered a minor disagreement, not a grave insult.

Answer: False

Explanation: In Noongar culture, grabbing a person's beard was considered a great insult, which directly escalated the conflict leading to Layman's death.

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Waadandi Doonan oral history suggests the conflict between Gaywal and Layman was over a Wardandi woman whom Layman would not release.

Answer: True

Explanation: Waadandi Doonan oral history, as recounted by Phyllis Ronan's grandmother, indeed suggests the conflict was over Layman's refusal to release a Wardandi woman.

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George Layman died instantly after being speared by Gaywal.

Answer: False

Explanation: George Layman died within ten minutes inside his cottage after being speared by Gaywal, not instantly.

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What immediate event triggered the Wonnerup massacre in February 1841?

Answer: The spearing and killing of George Layman by Gaywal.

Explanation: The immediate trigger for the Wonnerup massacre was the spearing and killing of George Layman by Gaywal on February 21, 1841.

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What was George Layman doing with Wardandi people, including Gaywal, on February 21, 1841, when the argument leading to his death occurred?

Answer: Threshing wheat.

Explanation: On February 21, 1841, George Layman was working with Wardandi people, including Gaywal, threshing wheat when the argument occurred.

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What specific action by George Layman was considered a grave insult in Noongar culture, leading to his spearing by Gaywal?

Answer: He grabbed Gaywal's beard.

Explanation: George Layman grabbing Gaywal's beard was considered a grave insult in Noongar culture, leading to his spearing.

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According to Waadandi Doonan oral history, what was the underlying cause of the conflict between Gaywal and Layman?

Answer: A conflict over a Wardandi woman whom Layman would not release.

Explanation: Waadandi Doonan oral history suggests the conflict between Gaywal and Layman was over a Wardandi woman whom Layman would not release.

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The Punitive Expeditions: Events and Casualties

Captain John Molloy, the resident magistrate, was one of the primary leaders of the punitive massacre following George Layman's death.

Answer: True

Explanation: Captain John Molloy, as the resident magistrate, was indeed one of the primary leaders of the punitive massacre, alongside John Bussell.

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Robert Heppingstone and Dr. Milligan were the first to alert the Bussell family and Captain Molloy about Layman's death.

Answer: True

Explanation: Young Robert Heppingstone was sent on horseback, and Milligan also went to the Bussell's house to report Layman's death.

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After Layman's death, Bussell and Molloy immediately set out on a punitive expedition without first preparing warrants or compelling a Noongar constable.

Answer: False

Explanation: After Dr. Green confirmed Layman's death, Bussell and Molloy first prepared warrants and compelled Bun-ni, a Noongar constable, to assist them before setting out.

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Bun-ni, a Noongar constable, was held at the Bussell residence until his loyalty to the settlers was confirmed.

Answer: True

Explanation: Bun-ni, a Noongar constable, was indeed held at the Bussell residence until Bussell and Molloy were convinced of his loyalty to assist them.

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The first punitive expedition was guided by two young Noongar boys who were caught spying.

Answer: False

Explanation: The first punitive expedition was guided by Bun-ni, the Noongar constable, after two young Noongar boys, described as spies, reported Gaywal's location.

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Molloy and Bussell officially reported that the first punitive expedition resulted in the killing of seven Noongar people and the capture of thirteen women and children.

Answer: True

Explanation: Molloy and Bussell's reports stated that seven Noongar people were killed and thirteen women and children were captured during the first punitive expedition.

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Fanny Bussell's diary entry for February 26 recorded that only three natives were killed in the first expedition.

Answer: False

Explanation: Fanny Bussell's diary entry for February 26 recorded that seven natives were killed in the first expedition, not three.

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Warren Bert Kimberly's 1897 account corroborated the official reports of only a few deaths, stating that Molloy's orders to spare women and children were strictly followed.

Answer: False

Explanation: Kimberly's account contradicted official reports, stating that 'black men killed by dozens' and that Molloy's orders to spare women and children were not strictly followed.

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Waadandi Doonan oral history indicates that killings during the first punitive expedition occurred only near the Capel River.

Answer: False

Explanation: Waadandi Doonan oral history indicates killings occurred near the Capel River (Mollakup), at Muddy Lake (Mininup), and near Australind, not only near the Capel River.

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The second punitive expedition resulted in two Wardandi men being shot after hostages fled in fear.

Answer: True

Explanation: The second punitive expedition, led by Vernon Bussell, resulted in two Wardandi men being shot when hostages fled in fear after reinforcements arrived.

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John Garrett Bussell led the third punitive expedition south to find Gaywal, but it was unsuccessful in capturing him.

Answer: True

Explanation: John Garrett Bussell and his brothers led the third punitive expedition south to find Gaywal, but they returned without capturing him, resolving to wait for Gaywal's surrender.

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Molloy and John Garrett Bussell's reports to the colonial secretary claimed a total of eight Wardandi people were killed across all three punitive expeditions.

Answer: True

Explanation: Molloy and John Garrett Bussell's reports to the colonial secretary indeed stated that a total of eight Wardandi people were killed across the three punitive expeditions.

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The first group of Noongar people killed during the punitive expeditions were caught near Australind, according to Waadandi Doonan oral history.

Answer: False

Explanation: Waadandi Doonan oral history indicates the first group of Noongar people was caught and killed near the Capel River (Mollakup), not Australind.

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Who were the primary leaders of the punitive massacre that followed George Layman's death?

Answer: John Bussell and Captain John Molloy.

Explanation: The punitive massacre was primarily led by John Bussell and Captain John Molloy.

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Who was sent on horseback to inform the Bussell family and Captain Molloy of Layman's death?

Answer: Young Robert Heppingstone

Explanation: Young Robert Heppingstone was sent on horseback to inform the Bussell family and Captain Molloy of Layman's death.

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What was one of the first actions taken by Bussell and Molloy after Dr. Green ascertained the cause of Layman's death?

Answer: They prepared warrants and compelled Bun-ni to assist them.

Explanation: After Dr. Green ascertained the cause of Layman's death, Bussell and Molloy prepared warrants and compelled Bun-ni to assist them.

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How did the first punitive expedition begin, according to the source?

Answer: After two young Noongar boys reported Gaywal had been speared at Mollakup.

Explanation: The first punitive expedition began after two young Noongar boys, described as spies, reported that Gaywal had been speared at Mollakup.

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What was the immediate outcome of the first punitive expedition as reported by Molloy and Bussell?

Answer: They killed seven Noongar people and captured thirteen women and children.

Explanation: Molloy and Bussell reported that the first punitive expedition resulted in the killing of seven Noongar people and the capture of thirteen women and children.

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According to Waadandi Doonan oral history, where were skulls with bullet holes later found, indicating a killing location during the first punitive expedition?

Answer: Near the Capel River (Mollakup)

Explanation: Waadandi Doonan oral history indicates that skulls with bullet holes were later found near the Capel River (Mollakup), suggesting a killing location.

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What was the outcome of the second punitive expedition led by Vernon Bussell?

Answer: Two Wardandi men were shot after hostages fled in fear.

Explanation: The second punitive expedition resulted in two Wardandi men being shot after the Wardandi hostages fled in fear.

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What was the official reported number of Wardandi people killed in the three punitive events, according to Molloy and Bussell's reports to the colonial secretary?

Answer: Eight

Explanation: Molloy and Bussell's reports to the colonial secretary stated that a total of eight Wardandi people were killed across the three punitive expeditions.

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Which group of settlers joined John Bussell and Captain John Molloy in the punitive massacre?

Answer: Settlers from surrounding areas like Capel, Busselton, and Augusta.

Explanation: Settlers from surrounding areas like Capel, Busselton, and Augusta joined John Bussell and Captain John Molloy in the punitive massacre.

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Which individual was compelled by Bussell and Molloy to assist them in the punitive expedition and was held until his loyalty was confirmed?

Answer: Bun-ni

Explanation: Bun-ni, a Noongar constable, was compelled by Bussell and Molloy to assist them and was held until his loyalty was confirmed.

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Aftermath and Historical Interpretation

The Wonnerup massacre is also known as the Wonnerup 'Minninup' massacre and occurred in February 1841.

Answer: True

Explanation: The source explicitly states that the Wonnerup massacre is also known as the Wonnerup 'Minninup' massacre and occurred in February 1841.

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Charles Symmons, the Protector of Aborigines, was welcomed by settlers upon his arrival after the first punitive expedition.

Answer: False

Explanation: Charles Symmons, the Protector of Aborigines, was reportedly 'roundly abused' by settlers upon his arrival, indicating a hostile reception.

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Gaywal was ultimately killed by Captain Molloy on March 7.

Answer: False

Explanation: Gaywal was ultimately killed on March 7 by Kelly, Lieutenant Northey's servant, not Captain Molloy.

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A statue of Gaywal was unveiled in Perth in 2019 as a public memorial.

Answer: False

Explanation: A statue of Gaywal was unveiled in Busselton in January 2019, not Perth, as a public memorial.

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Settlers later openly discussed the Wonnerup massacre, acknowledging the full extent of the killings.

Answer: False

Explanation: The Wonnerup massacre was 'systematically downplayed' by settlers in subsequent years, indicating a lack of open discussion or acknowledgment of the full extent of the killings.

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A descendant of John Dawson stated that the massacre had a positive impact on the community's morale.

Answer: False

Explanation: A descendant of John Dawson stated that 'something dreadful occurred' which 'seriously affected the moral of the whole community,' indicating a negative impact on morale.

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Governor John Hutt actively pursued further inquiry into the Wonnerup massacre.

Answer: False

Explanation: Governor John Hutt and the settler community 'closed ranks against further inquiry,' indicating he did not actively pursue it.

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The missing pages from Fanny Bussell's diary were attributed by Edward Shann to her desire to conceal details of the massacre.

Answer: False

Explanation: Edward Shann attributed the missing pages to Fanny Bussell's desire to conceal an argument with Charles Symmons, not directly the massacre details.

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The Wonnerup massacre is considered one of the most brutal acts committed by Englishmen in Western Australia.

Answer: True

Explanation: The source describes the Wonnerup massacre as 'one of the most brutal acts committed by Englishmen in the region' of Western Australia.

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By what other name is the Wonnerup massacre also known?

Answer: The Wonnerup 'Minninup' massacre

Explanation: The Wonnerup massacre is also referred to as the Wonnerup 'Minninup' massacre.

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What was the reaction of settlers when Charles Symmons, the Protector of Aborigines, arrived after the first punitive expedition?

Answer: They reportedly abused him roundly.

Explanation: Upon Charles Symmons' arrival, the settlers reportedly 'abused him roundly,' indicating a hostile reaction.

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Who ultimately killed Gaywal, and when?

Answer: Kelly, Lieutenant Northey's servant, on March 7.

Explanation: Gaywal was ultimately killed on March 7 by Kelly, Lieutenant Northey's servant.

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What happened to Woberdung, Gaywal's son, and his brother Kenny after Gaywal's death?

Answer: They were captured by Captain Molloy and incarcerated on Rottnest Island.

Explanation: After Gaywal's death, Woberdung and Kenny were captured by Captain Molloy and incarcerated on Rottnest Island.

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Where was a statue of Gaywal unveiled in January 2019 as a public memorial?

Answer: Busselton

Explanation: A statue of Gaywal was unveiled in Busselton in January 2019 as a public memorial.

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How was the Wonnerup massacre characterized by settlers in subsequent years?

Answer: It was systematically downplayed.

Explanation: The Wonnerup massacre was 'systematically downplayed' by settlers in subsequent years.

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What did a descendant of John Dawson say about the impact of the massacre on the community?

Answer: Something dreadful occurred that seriously affected the moral of the whole community.

Explanation: A descendant of John Dawson stated that 'something dreadful occurred' during the massacre 'which seriously affected the moral of the whole community.'

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Which of the following was NOT cited as evidence suggesting a cover-up of the events surrounding the Wonnerup massacre?

Answer: A public apology issued by Captain Molloy for the excessive violence.

Explanation: The source lists Governor John Hutt's actions, Molloy's letterbook, and Fanny Bussell's missing diary pages as evidence of a cover-up, but does not mention a public apology.

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What reason did Edward Shann attribute to the missing four pages from Fanny Bussell's diary during February 1841?

Answer: She wanted to conceal an argument with Charles Symmons.

Explanation: Edward Shann attributed the missing pages to Fanny Bussell's desire to conceal an argument with Charles Symmons.

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What was the name of Gaywal's son who was incarcerated on Rottnest Island?

Answer: Woberdung

Explanation: Gaywal's son, Woberdung, was captured and incarcerated on Rottnest Island.

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Who was the artist responsible for creating the statue of Gaywal unveiled in Busselton in 2019?

Answer: Greg James

Explanation: The statue of Gaywal unveiled in Busselton in 2019 was created by artist Greg James.

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