Explanation: The assertion that immigrants experienced a climate free from discrimination and violence prior to 1994 is inaccurate. Evidence indicates that discrimination and violence were prevalent, largely driven by competition for scarce economic opportunities, a situation that existed even before the transition to majority rule.

Explanation: Contrary to expectations, xenophobia in South Africa did not decrease significantly after the establishment of majority rule in 1994. Instead, scholarly analysis suggests that the incidence of xenophobia unexpectedly increased, despite hopes that the end of apartheid would foster greater inclusivity.

Explanation: The number of foreigners residing in South Africa did not remain stable between 2010 and 2017. Data indicates a significant increase, growing from approximately 2 million to 4 million individuals during that period.

Explanation: Yes, according to the United Nations International Organization for Migration, South Africa is recognized as the largest recipient of immigrants on the African continent. Data shows a notable increase in its foreign-born population share over recent decades.

Explanation: Historical accounts indicate that prior to 1994, immigrants in South Africa frequently encountered discrimination and violence. This was largely attributed to competition for limited economic resources, a situation that predated the advent of majority rule.

Explanation: Following the establishment of majority rule in 1994, xenophobia in South Africa unexpectedly increased, contrary to hopes for greater inclusivity. This trend suggests complex underlying factors beyond the political transition.

Explanation: Between 2010 and 2017, the number of foreigners living in South Africa experienced a significant increase, growing from an estimated 2 million individuals to approximately 4 million.

Explanation: The United Nations International Organization for Migration identifies South Africa as the largest recipient of immigrants on the African continent, reflecting a significant foreign-born population relative to other nations on the continent.

Explanation: The 2008 xenophobic uprising resulted in substantial loss of life, with at least 62 individuals reported dead, alongside hundreds injured. While property damage and repatriation of immigrants were also consequences, the claim of minimal loss of life is inaccurate.

Explanation: No, the 'Buyelekhaya' campaign in Alexandra township in 1995 did not aim to integrate foreign nationals. Instead, it involved armed gangs assaulting suspected undocumented migrants, blaming foreigners for crime and unemployment, and seeking to expel them from the township.

Explanation: Yes, in September 1998, a Mozambican national and two Senegalese citizens were attacked on a train. The reported motive for this assault was the blaming of foreigners for unemployment, crime, and the spread of AIDS.

Explanation: Yes, in October 2001, Zimbabwean residents in Zandspruit were given ten days to leave the settlement. Upon failure to do so voluntarily, they were forcibly evicted, and their homes were burned and looted, with the community citing joblessness and blaming Zimbabweans for crimes.

Explanation: No, xenophobic incidents in Olievenhoutbosch between late 2005 and early 2006 primarily targeted foreigners. Foreigners were blamed for the death of a local man, leading to violence against them and demands for their removal.

Explanation: No, the May 2008 riots did not begin in Cape Town. They commenced in Alexandra township, northeast of Johannesburg, and subsequently spread to other areas within Gauteng and then to coastal cities and other provinces.

Explanation: No, following the May 2008 riots, legal proceedings did not result in the conviction of a large majority of those accused. A significant number of cases were withdrawn, often because witnesses or complainants left the country, although some convictions were secured.

Explanation: Yes, in late 2009, Zimbabwean farm workers were forcibly evicted from De Doorns, Western Cape. While accusations of underpayment by farmers were cited, the evictions were also driven by South African workers' claims that farmers employed Zimbabweans at below minimum wage, creating competition and leading to the removal of foreign workers.

Explanation: Yes, Abdi Nasir Mahmoud Good, a Somali shopkeeper, was killed in May 2013. The violent act was captured on mobile phone footage and subsequently shared online.

Explanation: No, Zulu King Goodwill Zwelithini was not praised for de-escalating the April 2015 xenophobic attacks. Instead, he was accused of aggravating the violence by allegedly stating that foreigners should 'go back to their countries'.

Explanation: No, Emmanuel Sithole, a Mozambican vendor killed in Alexandra in April 2015, was not officially recognized by the government as a victim of xenophobia. Despite photographic evidence and arrests, the government insisted the murder was not xenophobic.

Explanation: Yes, the October 2015 xenophobic attacks in Grahamstown specifically targeted Muslims. This targeting was incited by rumors that an Arab man was responsible for local murders.

Explanation: No, during the 2017 anti-immigration protest in Pretoria, protesters did not praise immigrants. Instead, they accused immigrants of taking jobs, contributing to crime, and expressed frustration regarding their behavior.

Explanation: No, the September 2019 Johannesburg riots were not triggered by a truck drivers' strike. The unrest was initiated by the death of a taxi driver, which led to targeted attacks on shops owned by foreign nationals, although the riots coincided with a nationwide truck driver strike.

Explanation: A significant consequence of the 2008 xenophobic uprising was the widespread repatriation of immigrants, destruction of their property, and considerable loss of life and injury, underscoring the severity of the violence.

Explanation: The 'Buyelekhaya' campaign in Alexandra township in 1995 involved armed gangs who identified and assaulted suspected undocumented migrants, aiming to expel them from the area. Foreigners were blamed for crime and unemployment.

Explanation: The reported motivation behind the September 1998 train assault was the blaming of foreigners for unemployment, crime, and the spread of AIDS, reflecting prevalent xenophobic sentiments at the time.

Explanation: In October 2001, Zimbabwean residents in the Zandspruit informal settlement were issued an ultimatum to leave within ten days. Subsequently, they were forcibly evicted, and their dwellings were burned and looted.

Explanation: Between late 2005 and early 2006 in Olievenhoutbosch, foreigners were blamed for the death of a local man, which precipitated violence against them and calls for their removal from the settlement.

Explanation: The May 2008 xenophobic riots initially commenced in Alexandra township, Johannesburg, and subsequently spread throughout Gauteng province before extending to coastal cities and other regions across South Africa.

Explanation: Legal proceedings following the May 2008 riots saw convictions, but also a significant number of withdrawn cases. This withdrawal was frequently attributed to witnesses or complainants leaving the country, complicating accountability.

Explanation: The eviction of Zimbabwean farm workers in De Doorns in November 2009 was precipitated by accusations from South African workers that farmers were employing Zimbabweans at below minimum wage, creating competition and leading to the removal of foreign workers.

Explanation: On May 30, 2013, Abdi Nasir Mahmoud Good, a Somali shopkeeper, was killed, having been stoned to death in an incident that was captured on mobile phone footage and subsequently shared online.

Explanation: Zulu King Goodwill Zwelithini was accused of aggravating the April 2015 xenophobic attacks through alleged statements encouraging foreigners to 'go back to their countries,' rather than de-escalating the situation.

Explanation: Despite photographic evidence and arrests following the murder of Emmanuel Sithole, a Mozambican vendor in Alexandra in April 2015, the official government response insisted that the murder was not xenophobic.

Explanation: The October 2015 xenophobic attacks in Grahamstown were distinct from typical incidents as they specifically targeted Muslims, incited by rumors linking an Arab man to local murders.

Explanation: Protesters during the 2017 anti-immigration demonstration in Pretoria articulated grievances that immigrants were taking jobs, contributing to crime, and were perceived negatively, citing specific frustrations with their behavior.

Explanation: The September 1, 2019, Johannesburg riots were triggered by the death of a taxi driver, which subsequently led to unrest that targeted shops owned by foreign nationals, although the riots coincided with a nationwide truck driver strike.

Explanation: A 2018 Pew Research poll found that a majority of South Africans associated immigrants more strongly with crime and burdens (taking jobs and social benefits) than with economic benefits. Specifically, 61% associated immigrants more with crime, and 62% viewed them as a burden.

Explanation: No, empirical evidence does not strongly support the claim that immigrants are the primary perpetrators of criminal activity in South Africa. This assertion, often made by public figures, lacks substantiation from factual data.

Explanation: Yes, academic Audie Klotz proposed that a distinct form of 'non-racial xenophobia' emerged in South Africa following the transition to democracy in 1994, with a particular focus on targeting refugees.

Explanation: No, a 2004 study by the Southern African Migration Project (SAMP) found the opposite: South Africans expressed the harshest anti-immigrant sentiment among surveyed SADC member states, with significantly higher percentages favoring bans or strict limitations on foreign entry compared to neighboring countries.

Explanation: Yes, a 2004 study conducted by the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation (CSVR) in Johannesburg found that 87% of surveyed police officers believed most undocumented immigrants were involved in crime, even in the absence of statistical evidence to support this belief.

Explanation: A 2018 Pew Research poll indicated that a primary negative perception held by South Africans was that immigrants were a burden, taking jobs and social benefits. This perception was more prevalent than positive associations with economic contribution or cultural enrichment.

Explanation: The source explicitly states that the claim attributing primary perpetration of criminal activity to immigrants in South Africa is unsubstantiated by factual evidence, despite its frequent invocation by political figures.

Explanation: Academic Audie Klotz suggested that a novel form of 'non-racial xenophobia' emerged in South Africa after the 1994 transition to democracy, characterized by its specific targeting of refugees.

Explanation: The 2004 SAMP study indicated that South Africans exhibited the harshest anti-immigrant sentiment among surveyed SADC member states. This was evidenced by significantly higher percentages favoring strict limitations or complete bans on immigration compared to neighboring countries like Namibia and Botswana.

Explanation: A 2004 CSVR study in Johannesburg found that a substantial majority of police officers (87%) believed most undocumented immigrants were involved in crime, despite a lack of statistical evidence. This perception among law enforcement was noted as potentially contributing to abuses.

Explanation: No, Cormsa reported one year after the May 2008 attacks that insufficient government action had been taken to address the root causes of the violence. They highlighted a lack of accountability, inadequate investigations, and the absence of a public inquiry.

Explanation: No, the concept of 'Fortress South Africa' does not describe integration efforts. It refers to the re-militarization of borders and the framing of undocumented migrants and refugees as security risks, potentially fueling resentment and xenophobic violence.

Explanation: Yes, in April 2015, following a wave of xenophobic violence targeting Somali entrepreneurs, Somalia's government announced plans to evacuate its citizens from South Africa.

Explanation: No, amendments to the Refugees Act in 2008, 2011, and 2017 significantly curtailed the rights of asylum seekers. These changes removed rights to basic healthcare and education, limited work permit access, and imposed stricter conditions for asylum claims.

Explanation: Approximately one year after the May 2008 attacks, Cormsa expressed concern that foreigners remained under threat and that insufficient action had been taken by the government to address the root causes of the violence and ensure accountability for perpetrators.

Explanation: The concept of 'Fortress South Africa' primarily relates to the re-militarization of borders and the framing of migrants as security risks, rather than integration or support initiatives.

Explanation: In April 2015, in response to renewed xenophobic violence targeting Somali entrepreneurs, Somalia's government considered and announced plans to evacuate its citizens from South Africa.

Explanation: Yes, a speech by President Cyril Ramaphosa during the 2019 election campaign was blamed for potentially fueling xenophobic sentiment. In the speech, he promised to address undocumented foreigners involved in criminal activities.

Explanation: No, 'Operation Dudula', emerging in 2022, aims to forcibly remove *undocumented* foreigners, not documented workers. The movement cites concerns about crime and unemployment as reasons for targeting undocumented immigrants.

Explanation: No, the Dudula Movement, operating in Alexandra, Johannesburg, does not exclusively target undocumented foreigners of African origin. It operates as a vigilante organization targeting undocumented foreigners of all races and national origins.

Explanation: Yes, Chidimma Vanessa Onwe Adetshina withdrew from the Miss South Africa 2024 pageant. Her withdrawal was attributed to safety concerns related to xenophobia, arising from controversy surrounding her eligibility and an investigation by the Department of Home Affairs.

Explanation: A speech delivered by President Cyril Ramaphosa during the 2019 election campaign, wherein he pledged to address undocumented foreigners involved in crime, was blamed for exacerbating xenophobic sentiment.

Explanation: 'Operation Dudula' is a movement whose stated aims include the forcible removal of undocumented foreigners, citing concerns over crime and unemployment as primary motivations.

Explanation: The Dudula Movement, operating in Alexandra, distinguished itself from Operation Dudula by targeting undocumented foreigners of all races and national origins, asserting it did not limit its focus to specific groups.

Explanation: Chidimma Vanessa Onwe Adetshina withdrew from the Miss South Africa 2024 pageant amidst controversy over her eligibility and allegations of identity fraud concerning her mother's citizenship, citing xenophobic safety concerns.