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Study Guide: The ZX Spectrum: History and Features

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The ZX Spectrum: History and Features Study Guide

Origins and Development of Sinclair Research

The ZX Spectrum was primarily developed and marketed by Acorn Computers.

Answer: False

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum was developed and marketed by Sinclair Research, and manufactured by Timex Corporation.

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Sir Clive Sinclair was the primary industrial designer responsible for the ZX Spectrum's case and keyboard.

Answer: False

Explanation: Sir Clive Sinclair founded Sinclair Research and provided the vision, but Rick Dickinson was the primary industrial designer responsible for the ZX Spectrum's case and keyboard.

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The ZX Spectrum was released in the United Kingdom on April 23, 1982.

Answer: True

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum was officially released in the UK on April 23, 1982.

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The ZX Spectrum was manufactured in Dundee, Scotland.

Answer: True

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum was manufactured in Dundee, Scotland, by the Timex Corporation.

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Who founded Sinclair Research, the company responsible for developing the ZX Spectrum?

Answer: Clive Sinclair

Explanation: Sinclair Research, the company responsible for developing the ZX Spectrum, was founded by the English entrepreneur and inventor Sir Clive Sinclair.

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Which British industrial designer was responsible for the ZX Spectrum's case and iconic rainbow motif?

Answer: Rick Dickinson

Explanation: Rick Dickinson, a British industrial designer, was responsible for the ZX Spectrum's case and its iconic rainbow motif.

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In which city was the ZX Spectrum manufactured?

Answer: Dundee, Scotland

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum was manufactured in Dundee, Scotland, by the Timex Corporation.

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What was the initial price range for the ZX Spectrum models upon their UK release in 1982?

Answer: £125 - £175

Explanation: Upon its UK release in 1982, the ZX Spectrum was priced at £125 for the 16KB model and £175 for the 48KB model.

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ZX Spectrum Hardware Architecture and Features

The ZX Spectrum was known for its advanced graphical capabilities, featuring individual pixel colour control.

Answer: False

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum's graphics system utilized an 8x8 pixel block attribute system, limiting individual pixel colour control and leading to 'attribute clash'.

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The name "Spectrum" was chosen to emphasize the computer's enhanced monochrome display compared to earlier models.

Answer: False

Explanation: The name "Spectrum" was chosen to highlight the computer's color display capabilities, a significant enhancement over the monochrome ZX81.

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The ZX Spectrum featured a sophisticated multi-channel sound chip comparable to the Commodore 64's SID chip.

Answer: False

Explanation: The original ZX Spectrum featured a basic single-channel beeper, not a sophisticated multi-channel sound chip comparable to the Commodore 64's SID chip.

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The ZX Spectrum was designed with a focus on high-end performance and premium components to compete with business machines.

Answer: False

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum's design prioritized minimal components and affordability to compete in the mass market, rather than high-end performance or premium components for business use.

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The ZX Spectrum's 16KB ROM contained the Sinclair BASIC interpreter and essential system routines.

Answer: True

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum's 16KB ROM contained the Sinclair BASIC interpreter and essential system routines, managing the computer's core functions.

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The ZX Spectrum's rubber keyboard was praised for its tactile feedback and responsiveness.

Answer: False

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum's rubber keyboard was often criticized for its "dead flesh" feel and lack of tactile feedback, rather than being praised for responsiveness.

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The ZX Spectrum's design prioritized minimal components and affordability, contributing to its low manufacturing cost.

Answer: True

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum's design prioritized minimal components and affordability to compete in the mass market, contributing to its low manufacturing cost.

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The ZX Spectrum's primary CPU was the Motorola 68000 processor.

Answer: False

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum's primary CPU was the Zilog Z80A, not the Motorola 68000.

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The ZX Spectrum's graphics system used a ULA chip to manage display functions.

Answer: True

Explanation: The ULA (Uncommitted Logic Array) chip in the ZX Spectrum was primarily responsible for managing graphics, memory control, and input/output (I/O) functions.

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The ZX Spectrum's improved cassette interface achieved a data transfer rate of approximately 1500 baud.

Answer: True

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum's improved cassette interface achieved a data transfer rate of approximately 1500 baud, enhancing reliability over previous models.

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What was the main reason the ZX Spectrum was named "Spectrum"?

Answer: To highlight its advanced color display capabilities.

Explanation: The name "Spectrum" was chosen to emphasize the computer's enhanced color display capabilities, a significant improvement over its predecessor.

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The graphical limitation where colour attributes were applied to 8x8 pixel blocks, restricting colour changes within those blocks, was known as:

Answer: Attribute Clash

Explanation: This graphical limitation, where colour attributes were tied to 8x8 pixel blocks, restricting independent colour changes within those blocks, was known as 'Attribute Clash'.

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What was the primary criticism of the original ZX Spectrum's keyboard?

Answer: It had a "dead flesh" feel and lacked tactile feedback.

Explanation: The primary criticism of the original ZX Spectrum's rubber keyboard was its "dead flesh" feel and lack of tactile feedback, which contrasted with more traditional keyboards.

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Which of the following was a significant improvement the ZX Spectrum offered over the ZX81?

Answer: A 15-colour display

Explanation: A significant improvement the ZX Spectrum offered over the ZX81 was its 15-colour display, compared to the ZX81's monochrome output.

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What was the primary purpose of the ULA (Uncommitted Logic Array) chip in the ZX Spectrum?

Answer: To manage graphics, memory control, and I/O functions.

Explanation: The ULA (Uncommitted Logic Array) chip in the ZX Spectrum was primarily responsible for managing graphics, memory control, and input/output (I/O) functions.

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The ZX Spectrum's design emphasized simplicity, small size, and most importantly:

Answer: Affordability

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum's design emphasized simplicity, small size, and most importantly, affordability, making home computing accessible.

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Which of the following describes the sound capabilities of the *original* ZX Spectrum?

Answer: A single-channel beeper

Explanation: The original ZX Spectrum featured a basic single-channel beeper, capable of producing simple tones.

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Models, Variants, and Peripherals

The ZX Spectrum + model introduced significant internal upgrades, including more RAM and improved graphics processing.

Answer: False

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum+ featured a new case and keyboard but retained the same internal electronics as the 48KB model; it did not introduce significant internal upgrades like more RAM or improved graphics processing.

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The ZX Microdrive was a reliable and widely adopted storage solution known for its speed and durability.

Answer: False

Explanation: The ZX Microdrive, while offering faster storage, was known for some reliability concerns and was not as widely adopted as initially hoped.

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The ZX Spectrum 128 model included MIDI compatibility and an RS-232 serial port.

Answer: True

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum 128 model introduced significant upgrades, including MIDI compatibility and an RS-232 serial port, expanding its connectivity options.

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The ZX Spectrum +3 was notable for replacing the cassette drive with a built-in 3-inch floppy disk drive.

Answer: True

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum +3 model was unique among Spectrum models as it featured a built-in 3-inch floppy disk drive, replacing the traditional cassette loading mechanism.

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The ZX Spectrum 128 earned the nickname "Toast Rack" due to its compact, all-black casing.

Answer: False

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum 128 earned the nickname "Toast Rack" due to its distinctive external heatsink, not its casing.

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The ZX Spectrum +3 was the only Spectrum model capable of running the CP/M operating system without additional hardware.

Answer: True

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum +3 was the only Spectrum model capable of running the CP/M operating system without additional hardware, offering enhanced operating system flexibility.

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What peripheral was introduced in 1983 for faster, cartridge-based storage, though it had some reliability concerns?

Answer: ZX Microdrive

Explanation: The ZX Microdrive, introduced in 1983, offered faster, cartridge-based storage but was noted for having some reliability concerns.

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Which model of the ZX Spectrum introduced 128KB of RAM and three-channel sound?

Answer: ZX Spectrum 128

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum 128 model introduced significant upgrades, including 128KB of RAM and three-channel sound capabilities.

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The ZX Spectrum +3 model was unique among Spectrum models because it featured:

Answer: A built-in 3-inch floppy disk drive

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum +3 model was unique among Spectrum models as it featured a built-in 3-inch floppy disk drive, replacing the traditional cassette loading mechanism.

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What nickname was given to the ZX Spectrum 128 due to its distinctive external cooling component?

Answer: The Toast Rack

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum 128 earned the nickname "Toast Rack" due to its distinctive external heatsink, which was necessary for cooling the internal components.

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What was the ZX Interface 1 primarily used for?

Answer: Providing an RS-232 port and network interface (ZX Net)

Explanation: The ZX Interface 1 was primarily used to provide an RS-232 serial port and a network interface known as ZX Net.

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What was the purpose of the external heatsink on the ZX Spectrum 128?

Answer: To cool the internal voltage regulator

Explanation: The external heatsink on the ZX Spectrum 128 was designed to cool the internal voltage regulator, which was necessary to manage the heat generated by the upgraded components.

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The ZX Spectrum +2A model was distinguished from the original +2 by:

Answer: A black case and the use of the +3's circuit board

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum +2A model was distinguished from the original +2 by its black case and the utilization of the +3 model's circuit board.

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Software Ecosystem and Distribution

Software for the ZX Spectrum was primarily loaded and saved using floppy disk drives.

Answer: False

Explanation: Software for the ZX Spectrum was primarily loaded and saved onto compact audio cassettes, utilizing standard tape recorders.

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Software distribution for the ZX Spectrum also included type-in program listings published in magazines.

Answer: True

Explanation: Software distribution for the ZX Spectrum commonly included type-in program listings published in magazines and books, allowing users to manually enter code.

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What was the primary method for loading and saving software on the original ZX Spectrum?

Answer: Compact audio cassettes

Explanation: The primary method for loading and saving software on the original ZX Spectrum was through compact audio cassettes, utilizing standard tape recorders.

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Which of these popular games was released for the ZX Spectrum?

Answer: Elite

Explanation: The influential space trading game 'Elite' was among the many popular titles released for the ZX Spectrum.

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Which of the following was a method of software distribution for the ZX Spectrum besides cassette tapes?

Answer: Type-in program listings in magazines

Explanation: Besides cassette tapes, software distribution for the ZX Spectrum also included type-in program listings published in magazines and books.

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Market Position, Competition, and Legacy

The ZX Spectrum sold approximately 50 million units worldwide during its lifespan.

Answer: False

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum sold approximately five million units worldwide, not 50 million.

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The ZX Spectrum was affectionately known as the "Compy" by its fans.

Answer: False

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum was affectionately known as the "Speccy" by its fans, not "Compy".

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The ZX Spectrum was largely unaffected by the 1983 video game crash that impacted North America.

Answer: True

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum's success in the UK market meant it was largely unaffected by the 1983 video game crash that significantly impacted North America.

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The ZX Spectrum's success is credited by some with launching the British information technology industry.

Answer: True

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum's success is credited by some with launching the British information technology industry and fostering a significant software development sector.

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The ZX Spectrum was released in the United States as the Commodore 64.

Answer: False

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum was released in the United States as the Timex Sinclair 2068, not the Commodore 64.

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The ZX Spectrum's popularity in Czechoslovakia was limited due to strict import regulations.

Answer: False

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum was highly popular in Czechoslovakia, not limited, partly due to its ease of smuggling across borders.

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Which of the following was NOT a primary competitor of the ZX Spectrum in the home computer market?

Answer: Atari ST

Explanation: Primary competitors of the ZX Spectrum included the Commodore 64, BBC Micro, and Amstrad CPC range. The Atari ST emerged later and was in a different market segment.

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How many units of the ZX Spectrum were sold worldwide approximately?

Answer: 5 million

Explanation: Approximately five million units of the ZX Spectrum were sold worldwide during its lifespan.

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The ZX Spectrum was released in the US under which brand name?

Answer: Timex Sinclair

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum was released in the United States under the brand name Timex Sinclair.

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How did the ZX Spectrum's success contribute to the British economy?

Answer: It is credited by some with launching the British information technology industry.

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum's success is credited by some with launching the British information technology industry and fostering a significant software development sector.

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The ZX Spectrum's popularity in Czechoslovakia was notable because:

Answer: It was easier to smuggle across borders due to its small size.

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum's popularity in Czechoslovakia was notable partly because its compact size made it easier to smuggle across borders, circumventing import restrictions.

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The ZX Spectrum's success in the UK market meant it was largely unaffected by which major event in the video game industry?

Answer: The 1983 video game crash

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum's success in the UK market meant it was largely unaffected by the 1983 video game crash that significantly impacted North America.

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What was the significance of the ZX Spectrum's role in the careers of many early game developers?

Answer: It served as a crucial platform for launching their careers.

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum served as a crucial platform for many early game developers, providing an accessible environment to hone their skills and launch their careers in the burgeoning video game industry.

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Later Developments and Modern Interpretations

Amstrad's acquisition of Sinclair Research led to the discontinuation of the ZX Spectrum line.

Answer: False

Explanation: Amstrad's acquisition of Sinclair Research in 1986 led to the release of updated models like the ZX Spectrum +2 and +3, rather than the discontinuation of the line.

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The ZX Spectrum Vega was a successful retro console praised for its ergonomic design and extensive game library.

Answer: False

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum Vega was criticized for its lack of a full keyboard, cheap feel, and design issues, and was not considered a successful retro console.

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What was the Sinclair C5, and what was its impact on Sinclair Research?

Answer: An electric tricycle; it was a commercial failure and caused financial losses.

Explanation: The Sinclair C5 was an electric tricycle that proved to be a commercial failure, causing significant financial losses for Sinclair Research.

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What was the ZX Spectrum Vega+ project?

Answer: A crowdfunded handheld gaming console.

Explanation: The ZX Spectrum Vega+ project was a crowdfunded initiative aiming to create a handheld gaming console based on the ZX Spectrum.

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