What event triggered the 2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis?

The 2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis began on October 26, 2018, when President Maithripala Sirisena appointed former President Mahinda Rajapaksa as Prime Minister. This action preceded the formal dismissal of the incumbent Prime Minister, Ranil Wickremesinghe, creating a situation with two individuals claiming the premiership.

How long did the 2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis last?

The constitutional crisis in Sri Lanka spanned seven weeks and two days, commencing on October 26, 2018, and concluding on December 16, 2018.

What were the immediate political consequences of President Sirisena's appointment of Mahinda Rajapaksa?

President Sirisena's decision led to significant political turmoil, with the incumbent Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe and his party, the United National Party (UNP), refusing to acknowledge their dismissal and asserting their majority in Parliament. This resulted in two concurrent Prime Ministers and drew international criticism.

What steps did President Sirisena take after appointing Mahinda Rajapaksa as Prime Minister?

Following the appointment, President Sirisena prorogued Parliament until November 16, effectively delaying its reconvening. Subsequently, on November 9, he dissolved Parliament entirely and scheduled snap parliamentary elections for January 5, 2019.

How did the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka intervene in the constitutional crisis?

The Supreme Court played a critical role by issuing an interim order that stayed President Sirisena's proclamation dissolving Parliament. Later, a full bench unanimously ruled that the President's dissolution of Parliament was unconstitutional and illegal, thereby overturning his decision.

What was the final resolution of the 2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis?

The crisis was resolved when Mahinda Rajapaksa relinquished his claim to the Prime Ministership, and Ranil Wickremesinghe was reinstated as Prime Minister on December 16, 2018, bringing an end to the seven weeks of political and economic instability.

What characterized Mahinda Rajapaksa's presidency from 2005 to 2015?

Mahinda Rajapaksa's presidency was marked by an increasingly authoritarian approach, characterized by diminished human rights, nepotism, weakening of governmental institutions, slow progress in national reconciliation post-civil war, and strengthening ties with China. His administration also faced accusations of corruption and human rights violations.

How did the 2015 Presidential Election lead to the formation of a National Unity Government in Sri Lanka?

In response to concerns about democracy, the UNP and other parties united to support Maithripala Sirisena as a common presidential candidate. After winning the election, Sirisena appointed UNP leader Ranil Wickremesinghe as Prime Minister, and this coalition formed a National Government following the subsequent parliamentary elections.

What was the significance of the 19th Amendment to the Sri Lankan Constitution passed in 2015?

The 19th Amendment stipulated that a Prime Minister should remain in office as long as their cabinet functions, unless they resign or cease to be a member of Parliament. This amendment was central to the legal arguments against President Sirisena's dismissal of Prime Minister Wickremesinghe.

What economic difficulties did the Sirisena-Wickremesinghe government face prior to the crisis?

The government struggled with debt repayment from the Rajapaksa presidency, leading to measures like leasing the Hambantota Port to China. Economic growth was low in 2017, and political rifts emerged after the SLPP's success in local elections, contributing to the overall instability.

What was the role of the special high courts established in 2018?

In May 2018, Sri Lanka approved special high courts designed to expedite bribery and corruption cases, particularly those stemming from the Rajapaksa administration. These courts were considered a contributing factor to the political climate that led to the 2018 constitutional crisis.

What was the alleged assassination plot that President Sirisena cited as a justification for his actions?

Reports surfaced in September 2018 about an alleged plot to assassinate President Sirisena and former Defence Secretary Gotabaya Rajapaksa. President Sirisena later cited this alleged plot as a primary reason for appointing Mahinda Rajapaksa as Prime Minister.

How did India respond to the initial political developments in Sri Lanka during the crisis?

India closely monitored the situation, expressing hope for the respect of democratic values and constitutional processes. India also pledged to continue its developmental assistance to Sri Lanka, emphasizing their role as a close and friendly neighbor.

What actions did supporters of Mahinda Rajapaksa take immediately following his swearing-in as Prime Minister?

Following Rajapaksa's swearing-in, his supporters stormed two state-owned television networks, forcing them off the air, and troops were deployed to ensure the safety of the staff. This action reflected the immediate tensions and attempts to control information flow.

What was the stance of Speaker Karu Jayasuriya during the constitutional crisis?

Speaker Karu Jayasuriya played a crucial role by requesting President Sirisena to reconvene Parliament and stating that he would not recognize any changes made after October 26 until they were verified by Parliament. He even indicated he would convene Parliament himself if the President failed to do so.

What allegations of bribery and threats were made during the attempts to secure parliamentary support?

There were allegations that the Sirisena-Rajapaksa faction attempted to secure defections from opposing parties by offering substantial bribes, ministerial positions, and other incentives. Some UNP legislators claimed offers of up to Rs. 500 million, with suggestions that China was financing these bribery efforts.

What was the impact of President Sirisena's dissolution of Parliament on November 9, 2018?

The dissolution of Parliament and the subsequent call for snap elections were seen as an attempt to bypass parliamentary opposition. However, this action was challenged in the Supreme Court, which ultimately ruled it unconstitutional, thereby prolonging the crisis.

What was the Supreme Court's ruling regarding the dissolution of Parliament?

On December 13, 2018, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that President Sirisena's dissolution of Parliament was unconstitutional. The court affirmed that the President cannot dissolve Parliament before it completes its four-and-a-half-year term.

What occurred in Parliament on November 14, 2018, concerning a motion of no confidence?

On November 14, Parliament convened, and a motion of no confidence against Mahinda Rajapaksa was passed via a voice vote, despite attempts to disrupt the proceedings. The Speaker confirmed that 122 MPs supported the motion, indicating a lack of parliamentary majority for Rajapaksa.

What controversial decision did the Rajapaksa government make regarding the sugar tax?

The government controversially reduced the tax on sugary drinks, reversing a measure previously implemented to address diabetes prevalence. This reduction was seen as a move to appease business interests and potentially increase public support.

What was the significance of the Court of Appeal's interim order on December 3, 2018?

The Court of Appeal issued an interim order, in response to a quo warranto petition, restraining Mahinda Rajapaksa and his cabinet ministers from functioning in their official capacities. This legal decision significantly undermined the legitimacy of the Rajapaksa government.

How did the 2018 constitutional crisis affect Sri Lanka's economy?

The political crisis severely damaged Sri Lanka's economy, causing the currency to depreciate, leading to a credit rating downgrade, and reducing tourist revenue. Foreign reserves depleted by approximately $1 billion, and industrial activity slowed down.

What was the impact of the crisis on the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP)?

The crisis resulted in a significant split within the SLFP, as Mahinda Rajapaksa and many of his supporters defected to the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP). This weakened President Sirisena's political base and led to his party being largely absorbed by the SLPP.

How did the Supreme Court's rulings contribute to resolving the crisis?

The Supreme Court's rulings were crucial in upholding the constitution and the rule of law. By declaring the dissolution of Parliament and Rajapaksa's appointment unconstitutional, the court reinforced the independence of the judiciary and the legislature, ultimately leading to the crisis's resolution.

What was the international reaction from bodies like the UN and the EU to the crisis?

The UN Secretary-General expressed concern and urged respect for democracy and the constitution. The EU ambassadors called for adherence to the constitution, avoidance of violence, and respect for institutional independence and media freedom, later commending the peaceful resolution.

What specific allegations were made against CID Inspector Nishantha Silva that led to his transfer?

Inspector Nishantha Silva, who was investigating sensitive cases linked to the Rajapaksa administration, was transferred based on alleged framing of accusations, including connections with the LTTE. These allegations were reportedly orchestrated by Admiral Ravindra Wijegunaratne and occurred on President Sirisena's orders.

What was the effect of the crisis on the Sri Lankan rupee?

The Sri Lankan rupee experienced devaluation during the crisis, reaching a record low at one point and ultimately depreciating by 3.8% over the seven-week period. This financial instability was exacerbated by capital outflows, including treasury bonds and bills.

What was the stance of Human Rights Watch regarding Mahinda Rajapaksa's potential return to power?

Human Rights Watch expressed concern that Rajapaksa's return to a high office without accountability for past alleged crimes could pose risks to human rights. They noted that the lack of justice for victims of past abuses could embolden those responsible to repeat their actions.

What specific actions did the UNP claim Rajapaksa loyalists took to encourage defections?

The UNP alleged that Rajapaksa loyalists attempted to persuade their MPs to defect by offering substantial bribes, ministerial positions, and even foreign residency for their families. These offers were reportedly made in exchange for supporting the Sirisena-Rajapaksa government.

What was the outcome of the first no-confidence motion passed against Mahinda Rajapaksa?

The first motion of no confidence against Mahinda Rajapaksa was passed in Parliament on November 14, 2018, with 122 MPs supporting it. However, President Sirisena did not immediately accept this parliamentary decision, leading to further political developments.

What were the broader political consequences for President Sirisena and Mahinda Rajapaksa after the crisis?

The political and economic instability resulting from the crisis weakened both President Sirisena and Mahinda Rajapaksa in the eyes of the public. Analysts considered President Sirisena and his party to be the primary political casualties, with the SLFP experiencing a significant split.

What did the Supreme Court rule concerning the President's power to dissolve Parliament?

The Supreme Court ruled that the President cannot dissolve Parliament until it has completed its constitutionally mandated four-and-a-half-year term. This ruling invalidated President Sirisena's decision to dissolve Parliament prematurely.

What was the initial Sri Lankan government response to reports of an alleged assassination plot involving India's RAW?

President Sirisena reportedly informed his cabinet that India's Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) was involved in a plot to assassinate him, although he later denied these reports to Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi. India's Prime Minister's Office confirmed Sirisena's denial of the media allegations.

What was the economic impact of the crisis on Sri Lanka's foreign reserves?

The political crisis led to a significant depletion of Sri Lanka's foreign reserves, which decreased by approximately $1 billion during the seven-week period, falling from $7.991 billion to $6.985 billion.

What specific legal actions did the UNP initiate against Mahinda Rajapaksa's appointment?

The UNP, along with other parties, filed a quo warranto writ petition with the Court of Appeal to challenge the legality of Mahinda Rajapaksa's appointment as Prime Minister and the validity of his cabinet.

What role did the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP) play in the crisis?

The SLPP served as the political platform for Mahinda Rajapaksa and his supporters after their defection from the SLFP. The party's growing influence, demonstrated in local elections, contributed to the political divisions that preceded the constitutional crisis.

What was President Sirisena's stated justification for dissolving Parliament and calling snap elections?

President Sirisena cited the alleged assassination plot against him and the inability of the Rajapaksa government to secure a parliamentary majority as reasons for dissolving Parliament and calling for early elections.

How did the United States and Japan respond to the crisis regarding development aid?

In response to the political instability and concerns about democratic principles, both the United States and Japan froze over a billion US dollars in development aid allocated to Sri Lanka.

What was the outcome of the second no-confidence motion against Mahinda Rajapaksa?

A second motion of no confidence against Mahinda Rajapaksa was passed on November 16, 2018. However, President Sirisena did not accept this outcome and requested a third motion, indicating his continued resistance to acknowledging the parliamentary opposition.

What was the role of state-owned television networks during the crisis?

Loyalists of Mahinda Rajapaksa stormed two state-owned television networks, Rupavahini and ITN, forcing them off the air. This action was seen as an attempt to control information and suppress narratives supporting the ousted Prime Minister Wickremesinghe.

What was the economic impact of the crisis on Sri Lanka's treasury bonds and bills?

During the crisis, there was a significant outflow of capital, with US$312.9 million in treasury bonds and US$29.8 million in treasury bills leaving the country, further destabilizing the nation's financial situation.

What was the position of the Church of Ceylon regarding the constitutional crisis?

The Church of Ceylon urged that the democratic framework not be abused for political gain. They called for adherence to democratic values, peace, justice, and the rule of law, and requested impartiality from the police and armed forces.

What was the significance of the UNP's claim of holding 122 MP signatures after the first no-confidence vote?

This claim was crucial as it demonstrated a clear majority in the 225-member Parliament supporting Ranil Wickremesinghe and opposing Mahinda Rajapaksa's premiership. It provided strong parliamentary backing for Wickremesinghe's position.

What steps did President Sirisena take to consolidate control over state institutions?

President Sirisena brought the Sri Lanka Police under the Ministry of Defence and transferred the Department of Government Printing to his direct control. These actions consolidated his authority over key state apparatuses.

What was the stated reason for the transfer of CID Inspector Nishantha Silva?

The official reason given for Inspector Nishantha Silva's transfer was 'service requirements.' However, it was widely perceived as an attempt to obstruct his investigations into cases involving the Rajapaksa family and military officials.

How did the Sri Lankan judiciary assert its independence during the crisis?

The Sri Lankan judiciary, particularly the Supreme Court, asserted its independence through pivotal rulings that challenged the President's actions. These judgments upheld constitutional governance and demonstrated the judiciary's role in checking executive power.

What was the impact of the crisis on the Sri Lankan rupee's value?

The Sri Lankan rupee experienced devaluation during the crisis, reaching a record low at one point and ultimately depreciating by 3.8% over the seven-week period.

What concerns did Human Rights Watch raise about Mahinda Rajapaksa's potential return to power?

Human Rights Watch expressed concern that Rajapaksa's return to a high office without accountability for past alleged crimes could jeopardize human rights in Sri Lanka. They noted that the lack of justice for past abuses might encourage a return to such practices.

What specific actions did the UNP allege Rajapaksa loyalists took to encourage defections?

The UNP alleged that Rajapaksa loyalists attempted to persuade their MPs to defect by offering substantial bribes, ministerial positions, and even foreign residency for their families. These offers were reportedly made in exchange for supporting the Sirisena-Rajapaksa government.

What was the outcome of the second no-confidence motion passed against Mahinda Rajapaksa?

A second motion of no confidence against Mahinda Rajapaksa was passed on November 16, 2018. However, President Sirisena did not accept this outcome and requested a third motion, indicating his continued resistance to acknowledging the parliamentary opposition.

What was the broader political consequence for President Sirisena after the crisis?

The political and economic instability caused by the crisis significantly weakened President Sirisena's political standing. Analysts considered him and his party, the SLFP, to be the primary "ultimate casualties" of the crisis, which also led to a split within the SLFP.

2018 Sri Lankan Constitutional Crisis Wiki: Sri Lanka's Constitutional Crucible: A Nation on the Brink

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Crisis Overview

The Spark

A constitutional crisis commenced in Sri Lanka on 26 October 2018, when President Maithripala Sirisena controversially appointed former president Mahinda Rajapaksa as prime minister, preceding the formal dismissal of the incumbent, Ranil Wickremesinghe. This action resulted in two individuals concurrently claiming the prime ministership, plunging the nation into significant political turmoil.

Constitutional Challenge

Wickremesinghe and his United National Party (UNP) contested the legality of the appointment, asserting that Sirisena's move violated the constitution. The majority of parliamentarians, along with opposition parties, refused to recognize Rajapaksa's premiership, demanding an immediate reconvening of parliament to resolve the dispute.

National Impact

The crisis lasted seven weeks, characterized by political maneuvering, legal challenges, and widespread public demonstrations. It significantly impacted Sri Lanka's political stability, economic standing, and international relations, highlighting deep-seated institutional weaknesses and political divisions.

Contextual Foundations

Rajapaksa's Presidency

Mahinda Rajapaksa's tenure (2005-2015) was marked by increasing authoritarianism, nepotism, and a weakening of democratic institutions. His administration significantly expanded presidential powers and fostered close ties with China. Accusations of corruption, war crimes, and human rights abuses shadowed his rule, leading to his electoral defeat in 2015.

The 2015 Coalition

Following Rajapaksa's defeat, a national unity government was formed between Sirisena's Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) and Wickremesinghe's UNP. This coalition passed the 19th Amendment, aiming to curtail presidential powers and strengthen parliamentary oversight. However, internal disputes and differing policy approaches soon strained the alliance.

Economic Strain & Political Rifts

By 2018, the coalition faced economic challenges, including high debt repayment obligations and a low growth rate. The SLFP's strong performance in local elections amplified existing rifts. Sirisena cited controversies like the central bank bond sale and alleged assassination plots as reasons for his actions, though these claims were disputed.

Judicial Reforms & Allegations

The establishment of special high courts to expedite corruption cases from the Rajapaksa era became a point of contention. Simultaneously, allegations of an assassination plot against President Sirisena, involving Indian intelligence, further destabilized the political climate, leading to arrests and diplomatic tensions.

Chronology of Crisis

Dual Premiership

October 26, 2018: President Sirisena dismisses PM Wickremesinghe and appoints Mahinda Rajapaksa. Wickremesinghe refuses to step down, claiming majority support. Parliament is prorogued until November 16.

Calls for Parliament

Speaker Karu Jayasuriya requests reconvening Parliament. Opposition parties and civil society demand adherence to constitutional processes. President Sirisena attempts to dissolve Parliament on November 9, calling for snap elections.

Judicial Intervention

November 12: Supreme Court issues an interim order staying the dissolution of Parliament. Later, on December 13, it rules the dissolution unconstitutional. Court of Appeal issues interim orders restraining Rajapaksa and his cabinet from functioning.

Parliamentary Battles

November 14: Parliament passes a no-confidence motion against Rajapaksa. A second motion is passed on November 16. Rajapaksa loyalists attempt to disrupt proceedings.

Rajapaksa Steps Down

December 15: Mahinda Rajapaksa resigns as Prime Minister. Wickremesinghe is reinstated the following day, December 16, ending the 7-week crisis.

Consequences and Ramifications

Political Repercussions

The crisis weakened President Sirisena and fractured the SLFP, with Rajapaksa and his allies defecting to the SLPP. The Supreme Court's decisive rulings bolstered the judiciary's independence and reinforced parliamentary authority. The events also influenced subsequent presidential and parliamentary elections.

Economic Impact

The political instability severely damaged Sri Lanka's economy. The national currency depreciated, foreign reserves dwindled, credit ratings were downgraded, and foreign development aid was frozen. Industrial activity slowed, and the country faced significant financial uncertainty.

Social and Security Dimensions

The crisis spurred significant citizen activism, particularly among youth, utilizing social media to defend democratic principles. However, the breakdown in governance functionality was later linked to a diminished capacity to prevent the 2019 Easter bombings, underscoring the broader security implications.

Domestic & International Responses

Domestic Voices

Political parties, religious institutions (like the Church of Ceylon), and trade unions issued statements, with many condemning the unconstitutional actions and urging adherence to democratic norms. The Inspector General of Police faced scrutiny for his actions during the crisis.

Global Scrutiny

International bodies like the UN and EU, along with key nations (US, India, UK, Japan, Australia, China), closely monitored the situation. Most called for constitutional adherence, peaceful resolution, and respect for democratic institutions. Some nations expressed concern over aid and potential sanctions.

Public Mobilization

Demonstrations

Thousands of Sri Lankans participated in protests organized by various political parties, including the UNP and JVP, demanding the reconvening of Parliament and the restoration of democracy. Counter-rallies supporting the Rajapaksa-Sirisena government also occurred.

Clashes and Violence

While many protests were peaceful, isolated incidents of violence occurred. A shoot-out at the Ceylon Petroleum Corporation resulted in one death and injuries. Allegations of bribery and threats against MPs attempting to secure defections added to the volatile atmosphere.

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References

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Sri Lanka's Constitutional Crucible

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Crisis Overview ⚖️

🗓️ The Spark

🏛️ Constitutional Challenge

🌍 National Impact

Contextual Foundations 📜

authoritarianism Rajapaksa's Presidency

🤝 The 2015 Coalition

📉 Economic Strain & Political Rifts

⚖️ Judicial Reforms & Allegations

Chronology of Crisis ⏳

💥 Dual Premiership

📢 Calls for Parliament

📜 Judicial Intervention

🗳️ Parliamentary Battles

resign Rajapaksa Steps Down

Consequences and Ramifications 📊

⚖️ Political Repercussions

💰 Economic Impact

👥 Social and Security Dimensions

Domestic & International Responses 🌍

🗣️ Domestic Voices

🌐 Global Scrutiny

Public Mobilization ✊

🚶 Demonstrations

⚔️ Clashes and Violence

Related Topics 🔗

➡️ Further Reading

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Academic Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Crisis Overview

The Spark

Constitutional Challenge

National Impact

Contextual Foundations

Rajapaksa's Presidency

The 2015 Coalition

Economic Strain & Political Rifts

Judicial Reforms & Allegations

Chronology of Crisis

Dual Premiership

Calls for Parliament

Judicial Intervention

Parliamentary Battles

Rajapaksa Steps Down

Consequences and Ramifications

Political Repercussions

Economic Impact

Social and Security Dimensions

Domestic & International Responses

Domestic Voices

Global Scrutiny

Public Mobilization

Demonstrations

Clashes and Violence

Related Topics

Further Reading

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Academic Disclaimer

Important Notice