What is the estimated percentage of African-American Muslims within the total Muslim population in the United States?

African-American Muslims constitute over 20% of the total Muslim population in the United States. This makes them one of the largest demographic groups within American Islam, as no single ethnic group forms a majority of the U.S. Muslim population.

What are the primary Islamic sects represented among African-American Muslims?

The majority of African-American Muslims primarily belong to the Sunni sect of Islam. However, smaller minority groups identifying with Shia Islam and the Nation of Islam also exist within the community.

When does the history of African-American Muslims trace back to within the United States?

The history of African-American Muslims is intertwined with the broader African-American history, with roots extending back to the eras of the American Revolution and the Antebellum South.

What proportion of enslaved Africans brought to the Americas were Muslim, according to historical estimates?

Historically, it is estimated that approximately 30% of enslaved people brought to the Americas from West and Central Africa were Muslims.

What was a notable characteristic of enslaved Muslims regarding literacy and their roles on plantations?

Enslaved Muslims were often literate, a trait that distinguished them from many other enslaved individuals. This literacy sometimes led to them being assigned supervisory roles on plantations.

What happened to most enslaved Muslims during the era of American slavery regarding their religious practices?

During the period of American slavery, most enslaved Muslims were compelled to adopt Christianity. However, some, like Omar ibn Said, managed to continue practicing Islam throughout their lives in the United States.

Which two influential black nationalist groups in the 20th century attracted African Americans to Islam?

During the 20th century, black nationalist groups played a significant role in converting African Americans to Islam. Two prominent examples are the Moorish Science Temple of America, founded in 1913, and the Nation of Islam, established in the 1930s.

Who was Bilali Muhammad, and what is his significance to African-American Muslims?

Bilali Muhammad was an enslaved West African from Guinea, known for his literacy and knowledge of Islam. He is significant for authoring a handwritten Arabic manuscript on Islamic jurisprudence, which is considered a sacred document by many African American Muslims today. He led a community of enslaved people and had numerous descendants.

Who was Omar Ibn Said, and what contributions did he make?

Omar Ibn Said was a Muslim scholar from West Africa who was enslaved and brought to the United States in 1807. He was known for his literacy in Arabic and authored 14 Arabic manuscripts detailing his life and theology, becoming a celebrated figure in African American history and an inspiration for the Masjid Omar ibn Sayyid in North Carolina.

Describe Yarrow Mamout's life and legacy.

Yarrow Mamout was a formerly enslaved entrepreneur and property owner in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. He was educated and literate in Arabic due to his Islamic background. After gaining freedom, he became a property owner and was known for publicly practicing Islam. A mosque in Georgetown was dedicated in his honor in 2023.

What percentage of Black Americans identify as Muslim?

Approximately 2% of Black Americans identify as Muslim. The majority of Black Americans adhere to various Christian denominations, particularly Protestantism.

Which cities in the United States have a significant concentration of African-American Muslims?

Cities with large concentrations of African-American Muslims include Chicago, Detroit, New York City, Newark, Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and Atlanta.

What is Sunni Islam, and what are its foundational texts?

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, whose adherents are known as Sunnis. The term 'Sunni' refers to the followers of the 'sunnah,' meaning the sayings and practices of the Prophet Muhammad. Its foundational texts include the Quran and Hadith, which are supplemented by juristic consensus and reasoning.

How did Malcolm X influence the spread of orthodox Sunni Islam among African Americans?

Malcolm X's conversion to orthodox Sunni Islam after his departure from the Nation of Islam in 1964 is considered a turning point. His advocacy encouraged many other African American Muslims to explore and adopt Sunni Islam.

What significant changes did Warith Deen Mohammed implement after taking leadership of the Nation of Islam?

After becoming leader in 1975, Warith Deen Mohammed guided the majority of the Nation of Islam towards Sunni Islam. He rejected certain doctrines of his father, Elijah Muhammad, such as the divinity of Wallace Fard Muhammad, accepted white Muslims, encouraged African Americans to change surnames given by slave masters, and fostered ties with mainstream Muslim communities.

What is the significance of the transition led by Warith Deen Mohammed for American Islam?

Warith Deen Mohammed's leadership resulted in the largest mass conversion to Islam in the United States, as the majority of the original Nation of Islam members transitioned to orthodox Sunni Islam by 1978.

What is Shia Islam, and why was its adoption slower among African Americans compared to Sunni Islam?

Shia Islam is a branch of Islam distinct from Sunni Islam. During the 20th century, African Americans were less exposed to Shia Islam due to a general lack of awareness about the Sunni-Shia divide, limited access to Shia learning materials, and a stigma associated with Shia Islam.

What event in 1979 influenced the growth of Shia Islam among African Americans?

The Iranian Revolution in 1979 gave Shia Muslims a more prominent voice within the broader Muslim community in the United States. This period saw African Americans being introduced to Shia Islam, leading to over a thousand conversions in Philadelphia alone by 1982.

What challenges did African American Shia Muslims face from other Muslim groups?

Salafi and Wahhabi preachers often opposed the growth of Shia Islam, labeling it as disbelief. This led to alienation of African American Shias from their community, and Sunni extremists sometimes attacked Shia Muslims in prisons.

Who founded the Moorish Science Temple of America, and in what year?

The Moorish Science Temple of America (MSTA) was founded in 1913 by Noble Drew Ali.

What were the core teachings of Noble Drew Ali and the Moorish Science Temple of America?

Noble Drew Ali taught that African Americans were of Moorish origin and that their Muslim identity had been suppressed by slavery and segregation. He advocated for a return to their ancestral Islamic heritage. The MSTA's teachings drew from Islam, Buddhism, Christianity, Gnosticism, and Taoism, and emphasized Iman (creed) over the Five Pillars of Islam.

How does the Moorish Science Temple of America differ from mainstream Islam?

The MSTA differs from mainstream Islam in several ways: its predominantly African-American demographic, its focus on Iman over the Five Pillars, significant divergences in moral and ritual practices, and its association with black nationalism. Its classification as an Islamic denomination is debated.

What are the foundational principles of the Nation of Islam (NOI) as established by Wallace Fard Muhammad?

The Nation of Islam was founded on three core principles: 'Allah is God, the white man is the devil, and the so-called Negroes are the Asiatic Black People, the cream of the planet earth.'

Who became the leader of the Nation of Islam in 1934, and what did he teach about Wallace Fard Muhammad?

Elijah Muhammad became the leader of the Nation of Islam in 1934. He taught that Wallace Fard Muhammad was an incarnation of God and a prophet who received direct teachings from God.

What criticisms has the Nation of Islam faced?

The Nation of Islam has faced significant criticism for its anti-white, anti-Christian, and anti-Semitic teachings. The Southern Poverty Law Center lists it as a hate group.

What is the Five-Percent Nation, and what is its core belief?

The Five-Percent Nation, also known as the Nation of Gods and Earths (NGE), is an organization founded in 1964 by Clarence 13X. Its core belief is that 10% of the population knows the truth of existence, 85% are kept in ignorance by elites, and the remaining 5% are those who know the truth and aim to enlighten others.

What is the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community's connection to the Civil Rights Movement in the U.S.?

Ahmadiyya missionaries became vocal proponents of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, focusing their efforts on African Americans and Muslim immigrants due to existing racial tensions and discrimination.

What is the significance of prison conversions to Islam for African Americans?

Conversion to Islam is a common phenomenon among African Americans in prison, with Muslim inmates comprising a substantial portion of the prison population. Many inmates who find faith while incarcerated convert to Islam, and these converts are predominantly African American.

What concerns have been raised regarding radicalization among Muslim inmates?

Concerns have been raised that some Muslim inmates who convert to Islam may be radicalized by outside Islamist groups linked to terrorism. However, other experts suggest that any radicalization that occurs often has minimal connection to these external interests.

Name three notable African-American Muslims from before the 20th century.

Three notable African-American Muslims from before the 20th century include Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori, Omar ibn Said, and Yarrow Mamout. Ayuba Suleiman Diallo is also mentioned as a prominent figure from this period.

Who are some notable African-American politicians who are Muslim?

Notable African-American Muslim politicians include André Carson and Ilhan Omar, both U.S. Representatives, and Keith Ellison, the Attorney General of Minnesota. Ako Abdul-Samad, Charles Bilal, Jamilah Nasheed, John Collins-Muhammad, and Larry Shaw are also listed.

List five prominent African-American Muslim athletes.

Five prominent African-American Muslim athletes include Muhammad Ali (boxer), Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (basketball), Shaquille O'Neal (basketball), Mike Tyson (boxer), and Kyrie Irving (basketball).

Name three well-known African-American Muslim musicians.

Three well-known African-American Muslim musicians are Ahmad Jamal (jazz pianist), Akon (singer), and Q-Tip (rapper). Other notable musicians include Ali Shaheed Muhammad, Art Blakey, and SZA.

Identify two prominent African-American Muslims in the entertainment industry.

Two prominent African-American Muslims in entertainment are Dave Chappelle (comedian) and Mahershala Ali (actor). Iman (fashion model and actress) and Halima Aden (fashion model) are also recognized.

Who are some notable African-American Muslims recognized for their religious leadership or influence?

Notable African-American Muslims in religion include Siraj Wahhaj, Warith Deen Muhammad, and Khalid Abdul Muhammad.

Who are some notable African-American Muslims known as entrepreneurs or former gang leaders?

Notable figures in other fields include entrepreneurs like Yusuf Bey and former gang leaders like Larry Hoover and Jeff Fort.

What is the significance of the 'Bilali Document'?

The 'Bilali Document' is a 19th-century manuscript written in Arabic by Bilali Muhammad, an enslaved West African Muslim. It details Islamic beliefs, ablution, prayer, and calls to prayer, and is considered one of the most sacred Islamic documents for African American Muslims.

What role did the Nation of Islam play in the conversion of African Americans to Islam in the 1930s?

The Nation of Islam, founded in the 1930s, attracted a significant number of African Americans, with estimates suggesting at least 20,000 members by 1963. It was a key organization influencing the adoption of Islamic practices within the African American community.

What was the nature of the theological dispute that led to the formation of the Five-Percent Nation?

The theological dispute that led to the formation of the Five-Percent Nation involved Clarence 13X's denial that Wallace Fard Muhammad was Allah. Instead, Clarence 13X taught that the black man himself was God personified.

What is the meaning behind the name 'Five-Percent Nation'?

The name 'Five-Percent Nation' reflects the belief that 10% of the world's population knows the truth, 85% are kept in ignorance by controlling elites, and the remaining 5% are those who know the truth and strive to enlighten others.

What is the 'Black Muslim' label often associated with?

The term 'Black Muslim' is often associated with groups that emerged from the black nationalist movement, such as the Moorish Science Temple of America and the Nation of Islam, which incorporated distinct Islamic practices and ideologies.

What is the primary distinction between the Nation of Islam under Louis Farrakhan and the organization led by Warith Deen Mohammed?

Louis Farrakhan re-established the Nation of Islam based on the original doctrines of Wallace Fard Muhammad, while Warith Deen Mohammed led the majority of the organization towards orthodox Sunni Islam, renaming it the American Society of Muslims.

What is the significance of the Million Man March in relation to the Nation of Islam?

The Million Man March, which took place in Washington, D.C. in 1995, was organized by Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam. It aimed to promote unity, responsibility, and atonement within the African American community.

What is the historical context for the presence of Muslims among enslaved Africans in America?

Muslims were present among enslaved Africans brought from West and Central Africa during the colonial period. These individuals often maintained their religious practices despite the challenges of enslavement and forced conversion.

What is the meaning of 'Sunnah' in Islam, and how does it relate to Sunni Islam?

Sunnah refers to the sayings, actions, and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad. Adherents of Sunni Islam, the largest branch of Islam, follow the Sunnah as a primary source of guidance alongside the Quran.

What was the 'Great Migration' in the context of African American history, and how might it relate to the spread of Islam?

The Great Migration refers to the movement of millions of African Americans from the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West between 1916 and 1970. This demographic shift facilitated the establishment of Black communities and institutions, including mosques and Islamic study groups, in urban centers.

How did the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community engage with the African American community in the 20th century?

Ahmadiyya missionaries focused their efforts on African Americans and Muslim immigrants in the United States, partly due to deep-seated racial tensions. They also became proponents of the Civil Rights Movement.

What is the 'Black church' tradition, and how does it relate to African American religious life?

The 'Black church' is a central institution in African American life, serving not only as a place of worship but also as a hub for community organizing, education, and social support. While distinct from Islam, it represents a significant aspect of the religious landscape within which African-American Muslims exist.

What is the significance of the term 'Asiatic Black People' in the context of the Nation of Islam?

The Nation of Islam's teachings, particularly those of Elijah Muhammad, referred to Black people in America as 'Asiatic Black People,' positioning them as the original and superior race, distinct from the 'white devil' concept central to their theology.

What is the 'Hajj', and why is it significant for Muslims?

The Hajj is the annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, which is a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable. It is one of the Five Pillars of Islam.

What is the 'Sunnah' for men in Islam, particularly regarding beards?

In adherence to the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad, men are encouraged to let their beards grow. These are commonly referred to as 'Sunnah beards' or 'Philly beards' and have become a recognizable practice among some Muslim men.

African-american Muslims Wiki: The Black Crescent: A Journey Through African American Islam

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Overview

A Distinct Community

African-American Muslims, often referred to as Black Muslims, constitute a significant religious minority within the United States. They represent over 20% of the total Muslim population in the U.S., making them one of the largest demographic groups within American Islam, as no single ethnic group forms a majority. While predominantly adhering to Sunni Islam, this community also encompasses smaller Shia and Nation of Islam minorities. Their history is deeply intertwined with the broader narrative of African-American history, tracing roots back to the Revolutionary and Antebellum eras.

Historical Trajectory

Early African Roots

Historically, it is estimated that approximately 30% of enslaved Africans brought to the Americas hailed from West and Central Africa, where Islam was prevalent. These individuals often possessed literacy in Arabic, a skill uncommon among other enslaved populations, leading them to be assigned supervisory roles. Despite the pervasive forced conversion to Christianity during the era of American slavery, records indicate that some, like Omar ibn Said, maintained their Islamic faith throughout their lives in the United States.

20th Century Movements

The 20th century witnessed the rise of several influential Black nationalist groups that incorporated Islamic practices, significantly shaping the landscape of African-American Islam. Key among these were the Moorish Science Temple of America, founded in 1913, and the Nation of Islam (NOI), established in the 1930s. The NOI, in particular, gained substantial traction, attracting tens of thousands of members by the mid-20th century, with prominent figures like Malcolm X and Muhammad Ali emerging from its ranks. Ahmadiyya Muslim groups also actively engaged in proselytizing within the African American community during the 1920s and 1930s.

Transition and Reform

A pivotal moment in the movement towards mainstream Islam among African Americans was Malcolm X's conversion to Sunni Islam following his pilgrimage to Mecca. This shift influenced many within the Nation of Islam. After Elijah Muhammad's death in 1975, his son, Warith Deen Mohammed, guided the majority of the NOI's followers toward orthodox Sunni Islam, initiating significant reforms. Conversely, Louis Farrakhan revived the Nation of Islam in 1978, adhering more closely to the original teachings of Wallace Fard Muhammad.

Prison Conversions

Conversion to Islam is a notable phenomenon within the U.S. prison system, with a significant percentage of inmates identifying as Muslim. A substantial portion of these converts are African American. While some experts suggest a link between prison conversions and radicalization by external Islamist groups, others argue that such radicalization, when it occurs, is often disconnected from these external interests.

Diverse Expressions of Faith

Sunni Islam

The majority of African-American Muslims adhere to Sunni Islam, often identifying with the community led by W. Deen Mohammed. This branch emphasizes the Quran and the Sunnah (practices and sayings of Prophet Muhammad) as primary sources. Reforms introduced by W. Deen Mohammed included transitioning NOI temples to traditional mosques, adopting the Five Pillars of Islam, and encouraging adherents to embrace orthodox Islamic practices and identity, including changing surnames often tied to slavery.

Shia Islam

Shia Islam gained a foothold among African Americans during the 20th century, particularly gaining visibility after the 1979 Iranian Revolution. While many African Americans were initially unaware of the Sunni-Shia distinction, a notable number converted to Shia Islam, especially in cities like Philadelphia. However, this growth sometimes led to friction with Sunni groups, influenced by sectarian rhetoric.

Nation of Islam (NOI)

Founded by Wallace Fard Muhammad and later led by Elijah Muhammad, the Nation of Islam presented a distinct theology, including the deification of Fard Muhammad and the concept of the white man as the devil. Figures like Malcolm X and Muhammad Ali rose to prominence through the NOI. Following Elijah Muhammad's death, his son Warith Deen Mohammed led most members to Sunni Islam, while Louis Farrakhan revived the NOI based on its original doctrines, maintaining its unique identity and teachings, though often drawing criticism for its controversial rhetoric.

Moorish Science Temple of America (MSTA)

Established by Noble Drew Ali in 1913, the MSTA taught that African Americans were descendants of the ancient Moabites and advocated a return to Islam and Moorish ancestry. Its teachings drew from various spiritual traditions, including Sufism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Taoism. The MSTA's distinct theology and emphasis on creed over the Five Pillars, along with its association with Black nationalism, make its classification within mainstream Islam a subject of debate.

Five-Percent Nation

Emerging from a theological dispute within the Nation of Islam, the Five-Percent Nation (or Nation of Gods and Earths) was founded by Clarence 13X. Its core belief is that 10% of humanity knows the truth, 85% are kept in ignorance, and 5% are the enlightened who strive to teach the truth. Central to their doctrine is the belief that the Black man is God personified.

Ahmadiyya Community

The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community engaged in missionary work among African Americans, particularly during the Civil Rights Movement. Recognizing the racial dynamics in the U.S., their efforts focused on this demographic and immigrant communities. Many Ahmadis later arrived in the U.S. as refugees, contributing to a second wave of adherents.

Notable Figures

Pre-20th Century

Early African-American Muslims who maintained their faith despite enslavement and societal pressures.

Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori
Omar ibn Said
Yarrow Mamout
Ayuba Suleiman Diallo

Activists

Influential figures who championed civil rights and religious identity.

Malcolm X

Politicians

Public servants and elected officials who are Muslim.

Ako Abdul-Samad
Charles Bilal
André Carson
Keith Ellison
Jamilah Nasheed
John Collins-Muhammad
Larry Shaw
Ilhan Omar

Athletes

Prominent athletes who practice Islam.

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
Ahmad Rashad
Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf
Shareef Abdur-Rahim
Muhammad Ali
Rubin Carter
Shaquille O'Neal
Ibtihaj Muhammad
Mike Tyson
Gervonta Davis
Husain Abdullah
Rasheed Wallace
Jamaal Wilkes
Kyrie Irving
Jaylen Brown
Ameer Abdullah
Dominique Easley
Muhammad Wilkerson
Mohamed Sanu
Hamza Abdullah
Husain Abdullah
Az-Zahir Hakim
Ryan Harris
Abdul Hodge
Ephraim Salaam
Sharrieff Shah

Musicians

Artists who have contributed to music and culture.

Ali Shaheed Muhammad
Ahmad Jamal
Akon
AR-Ab
Art Blakey
Bas
Beanie Sigel
B.G. Knocc Out
Buckshot
Busta Rhymes
Dave East
Divine Styler
E.D.I. Mean
Freddie Gibbs
Freeway
Ghostface Killah
Ice Cube
Idris Muhammad
Idrees Sulieman
Jay Electronica
Jermaine Jackson
Joe Tex
Joey Badass
Kevin Gates
King Von
Lil Durk
Lupe Fiasco
MC Ren
MF DOOM
Moneybagg Yo
Mos Def
Napoleon
PnB Rock
Q-Tip
Pop Smoke
Raekwon
Rhymefest
Robert "Kool" Bell
Sahib Shihab
Sean Price
Sheck Wes
Shy Glizzy
Swizz Beatz
SZA
The Jacka
T-Pain
Westside Gunn
Yusuf Lateef
Quando Rondo
NLE Choppa
Kay Flock

Entertainment

Actors, models, and comedians who are Muslim.

Iman
Dave Chappelle
Mahershala Ali
Halima Aden
Barkhad Abdi
Yahya Abdul-Mateen II
Felonious Munk

Religious Leaders

Prominent figures in religious leadership and scholarship.

Siraj Wahhaj
Warith Deen Muhammad
Khalid Abdul Muhammad

Other Notable Figures

Individuals recognized for various contributions.

Yusuf Bey
Larry Hoover
Jeff Fort

Demographics

Population Overview

African-American Muslims constitute approximately 20% of the total Muslim population in the United States. Within the broader African-American community, about 2% identify as Muslim, with the majority adhering to various Christian denominations. This demographic presence highlights Islam as a significant, albeit minority, faith within the African-American religious landscape.

Geographic Distribution

Concentrations of African-American Muslims are notably found in major urban centers across the United States. Cities such as Chicago, Detroit, New York City, Newark, Washington D.C., Philadelphia, and Atlanta are recognized for having substantial African-American Muslim communities. The Nation of Islam, under Louis Farrakhan's leadership, is estimated to have a membership ranging from 20,000 to 50,000 members, contributing significantly to the visibility and influence of Islam within these urban areas.

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References

Moorish Science Temple of America Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 13, 2009.

Kathleen Moore, "Muslims in Prison: Claims to Constitutional Protection of Religious Liberty," in Yvonne Haddad, ed., The Muslims of America, p. 141.

The Holy Koran of the Moorish Science Temple of America Chapter XXV - "A Holy Covenant of the Asiatic Nation"

Farrakhan backs racial harmony BBC News (BBC). October 16, 2000. Retrieved September 8, 2009.

Nation of Islam leader dies at 74 NBC News. Retrieved June 21, 2009.

A full list of references for this article are available at the African-American Muslims Wikipedia page

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Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on publicly available data and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not religious advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional religious consultation, study, or practice. Always refer to authoritative religious texts and consult with qualified religious scholars or community leaders for guidance.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

The Black Crescent

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview 🕌

☪️ A Distinct Community

Historical Trajectory 📜

🌍 Early African Roots

✊ 20th Century Movements

➡️ Transition and Reform

⛓️ Prison Conversions

Diverse Expressions of Faith ☪️

🕌 Sunni Islam

🇮🇷 Shia Islam

⭐ Nation of Islam (NOI)

🇲🇦 Moorish Science Temple of America (MSTA)

💯 Five-Percent Nation

🌟 Ahmadiyya Community

Notable Figures 🌟

⏳ Pre-20th Century

✊ Activists

🏛️ Politicians

🏅 Athletes

🎤 Musicians

🎭 Entertainment

📜 Religious Leaders

👤 Other Notable Figures

Demographics 📊

👥 Population Overview

📍 Geographic Distribution

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

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References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

A Distinct Community

Historical Trajectory

Early African Roots

20th Century Movements

Transition and Reform

Prison Conversions

Diverse Expressions of Faith

Sunni Islam

Shia Islam

Nation of Islam (NOI)

Moorish Science Temple of America (MSTA)

Five-Percent Nation

Ahmadiyya Community

Notable Figures

Pre-20th Century

Activists

Politicians

Athletes

Musicians

Entertainment

Religious Leaders

Other Notable Figures

Demographics

Population Overview

Geographic Distribution

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice