How many enslaved individuals did Andrew Jackson and his immediate heirs own?

Records indicate that Andrew Jackson and his immediate heirs owned a total of 325 enslaved people between the years 1788 and 1865. This demonstrates a significant and sustained involvement with the practice of slavery over several decades.

What was the extent of Andrew Jackson's personal slave ownership when he became president and at the time of his death?

Upon his inauguration as U.S. President, Andrew Jackson personally owned 95 enslaved individuals. By the time of his death in 1845, this number had increased to 150 enslaved people.

How did Andrew Jackson's slave ownership compare to that of other Southern slaveholders?

Andrew Jackson's ownership of 150 enslaved people at his death placed him among the largest slaveholders in the South. At the time of the American Civil War, only about 0.1% of Southern slave-owning families possessed 100 or more enslaved individuals.

In what ways was Andrew Jackson actively involved in the slave trade?

Andrew Jackson participated in the interregional slave trade, specifically transporting enslaved people by boat from the Cumberland River district in Tennessee to the Natchez District in Mississippi. This indicates his direct involvement in the commerce of human beings.

What was Andrew Jackson's reaction when Silas Dinsmore attempted to enforce a prohibition on trafficking slaves through Choctaw territory?

When Silas Dinsmore, a Choctaw Indian agent, tried to enforce a prohibition on trafficking slaves through Choctaw territory, Andrew Jackson reportedly declared his intention to disregard the law. He asserted his status as a freeman and stated that if he could not pass freely with his property, his rifle and pistols would ensure his passage, reflecting his determination to transport enslaved people regardless of regulations.

How many plantations did Andrew Jackson own, and what was the name of his primary plantation?

Andrew Jackson owned three plantations in total. His most well-known plantation was "The Hermitage," which was located near Nashville, Tennessee.

What was the enslaved population at The Hermitage when Andrew Jackson died?

At the time of Andrew Jackson's death in 1845, The Hermitage had an enslaved population of 150 people.

What observation did General Lafayette's secretary make about slavery at The Hermitage during Lafayette's visit?

During General Lafayette's tour of the United States, his secretary noted that while Jackson's farm and garden appeared well-cultivated and orderly, the "sad spectacle of slavery" was a constant affliction to the eyes, highlighting the stark contrast between the appearance of prosperity and the reality of enslaved labor.

What challenges did The Hermitage face during Jackson's presidency, and how did they affect the enslaved population?

During Andrew Jackson's presidency, The Hermitage experienced significant mismanagement, leading to its near ruin. The enslaved people suffered the consequences, with reports of sickness and death, potentially due to brutality and ill-treatment by overseers, especially in the absence of Rachel Jackson's oversight.

Where was Andrew Jackson's plantation named Halcyon located?

Halcyon, one of Andrew Jackson's plantations, was located in Coahoma County, Mississippi. It was managed by an overseer named J. M. Parker.

What other land did Andrew Jackson own that was formerly Creek land?

Andrew Jackson also owned 640 acres of former Creek lands situated south of the Tennessee River, along the Military Road between the river and Huntsville, Alabama.

According to historian Mark Cheathem, how many enslaved males ran away from Jackson's control between 1804 and 1827?

Historian Mark Cheathem's research indicates that at least ten male slaves ran away from plantations owned by or under the control of Andrew Jackson between 1804 and 1827.

How were the slave quarters at The Hermitage described by a visitor?

A visitor described the slave quarters at The Hermitage as individual, one-story frame houses, painted white or red, each with about an acre of fenced and whitewashed ground. These houses were surrounded by fruit trees and shrubbery, suggesting a degree of order and perhaps an attempt at providing a semblance of individual space.

What did archaeological findings reveal about the slave quarters at The Hermitage?

Archaeologists have identified three distinct areas designated as "slave quarters" at The Hermitage: the work yard near the mansion, primarily for house slaves, and the cabins near the First Hermitage and Field Quarter areas, which housed skilled mechanics and agricultural laborers.

What is the significance of the rediscovered Hermitage slave cemetery?

The long-lost slave cemetery at The Hermitage was rediscovered in 2024 after decades of investigation. Using ground-penetrating radar, archaeologists identified 29 graves, providing a tangible link to the lives and resting places of the enslaved people who lived and worked there.

What was unique about Andrew Jackson's 1804 runaway slave advertisement?

Andrew Jackson's 1804 advertisement for a runaway slave was unique because it was the only known instance where a slaveholder offered a financial incentive specifically for the physical punishment of the escaped individual, promising extra money for a certain number of lashes.

What did abolitionist Benjamin Lundy publish regarding Jackson's potential involvement in the slave trade?

In the year before the 1828 presidential election, Benjamin Lundy republished news items that suggested Andrew Jackson had been a slave trader in his youth. Lundy expressed skepticism but noted the persistent rumors, which were possibly fueled by accounts of Jackson's harsh treatment of runaway slaves.

What incident involving Jackson and a runaway slave in Alabama was related by Benjamin Lundy?

Benjamin Lundy recounted a story where a slave belonging to General Jackson escaped and was jailed in Alabama. Jackson reportedly retrieved the slave from jail, tied him to a joist in a blacksmith shop, and administered a severe flogging before taking him home. This incident was widely circulated and possibly exaggerated.

What does the phrase "hickory oil" refer to in the context of The Hermitage?

In a letter from November 1815, "hickory oil" was used as a euphemism for whipping, indicating that the enslaved women at The Hermitage had been subjected to physical punishment. This phrase is linked to Andrew Jackson's nickname, "Old Hickory."

How did Andrew Jackson react when his wife's maid laundered clothes for people outside the family?

According to Anita Goodstein's study, Jackson was furious when his wife's maid laundered clothes for others. He ordered her to be taken to the public whipping post and given fifty lashes if she repeated the offense, demonstrating his strict control over the labor of enslaved people.

What was Jackson's stance on enslaved people hiring themselves out?

Andrew Jackson was strongly opposed to the idea of his enslaved people being able to hire themselves out and earn money independently. He viewed this as a loss of control over their labor and potential earnings.

What action did Jackson take regarding four slaves who escaped in 1822?

In 1822, after four enslaved individuals escaped from his possession in Tennessee, Jackson, upon their recapture, wrote to Andrew Jackson Donelson expressing his compulsion to place two of them in irons for safekeeping until they could be sold or exchanged. This shows his willingness to use severe measures to prevent further escapes and maintain control.

What was Andrew Jackson's view on corporal punishment versus chaining for army discipline?

In a statement on army discipline in 1821, Andrew Jackson argued for the restoration of corporal punishment, specifically whipping, over chaining. He believed that thirty-nine stripes for a first offense of desertion, double that for a second, and the highest penalty for a third, would be more effective in curbing insubordination than prolonged chaining, which he viewed as an appendage of despotism.

What is the biblical origin of the '39 stripes' punishment mentioned in relation to Jackson's views?

The number '39 stripes' for punishment has roots in the Bible, specifically Deuteronomy 25:3, which states that a person may be flogged with forty lashes, but no more. This biblical passage influenced the codification of punishments in various statutes, including black codes, throughout the United States.

Who were Dinwiddie and John Fulton, and what were their roles among Jackson's enslaved people?

Dinwiddie (also known as Dunwoody) was purchased by Jackson around 1806 and served as a trainer in Jackson's stables until Jackson's death; he and a horse named Truxton were available for lease. John Fulton was an enslaved man at The Hermitage who played the violin and was hired out to provide music for parties; he continued to be employed at Vanderbilt after emancipation.

What information is available regarding Jackson's taxable enslaved property in 1825?

Andrew Jackson compiled lists of his taxable enslaved property at The Hermitage for the 1824 tax year, with the 1825 list being the only one written in his own handwriting. These lists detail various enslaved individuals and their families, such as Old Hanna and her family, Blacksmith Aron and his family, and Charles and his family, among others, indicating he legally owned 80 people in 1824.

What did James Robinson claim Andrew Jackson said about freeing slaves who fought at the Battle of New Orleans?

According to James Robinson, after Andrew Jackson used enslaved people to fight and win the Battle of New Orleans, he reneged on promises to free them. Robinson claimed Jackson stated, 'Before a slave of mine should go free, I would put him in a barn and burn him alive,' indicating a harsh stance against emancipation for those who served.

How did an 1863 newspaper editorial reference Jackson's use of enslaved people in the War of 1812?

An Ohio newspaper editorial in 1863 used Andrew Jackson's actions during the War of 1812 to argue for the enlistment of African-American soldiers in the Civil War. The editorial recalled that enslaved people fought bravely at the Battle of New Orleans, a fact Democrats still commemorated, questioning why it was acceptable then but not now.

What was Jackson's view on the issue of slavery during his presidency?

During his presidency, Andrew Jackson considered the issue of slavery to be highly divisive, potentially threatening the delicate alliances within the Democratic Party and the nation itself. He sought to manage the issue carefully to avoid exacerbating sectional tensions.

How did Jackson respond to the distribution of anti-slavery tracts by the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1835?

When the American Anti-Slavery Society sent anti-slavery tracts through the postal system into the South in 1835, provoking riots, Jackson condemned the abolitionists as "monsters" and argued their actions would incite sectionalism and destroy the Union. He directed that the tracts should only be sent to subscribers whose names could be made public, thereby exposing them to reprisal, and later called on Congress to prohibit the circulation of such "incendiary publications."

What did Andrew Jackson Donelson state about his own slave ownership when nominated for Vice President in 1856?

When Andrew Jackson Donelson, Jackson's ward and political protégé, was nominated for Vice President on the 1856 Know Nothing ticket, he stated in his acceptance speech that he personally owned 100 slaves and expressed his love for the South. This highlights the continuation of slaveholding practices within Jackson's political circle.

What was the nature of the slave quarters described by a visitor to The Hermitage?

A visitor to The Hermitage described the slave quarters as individual, one-story frame houses, each with about an acre of fenced and whitewashed ground, surrounded by fruit trees and shrubbery. This description suggests a structured living arrangement for the enslaved people.

What did archaeologists identify regarding slave quarters at The Hermitage?

Archaeologists have identified three distinct areas at The Hermitage that served as slave quarters: the work yard north of the mansion, primarily for house slaves, and cabins near the First Hermitage and Field Quarter areas, which housed skilled mechanics and agricultural laborers.

When and how was the Hermitage slave cemetery rediscovered?

The Hermitage's slave cemetery, which had been lost for decades, was rediscovered in 2024. The discovery was made using ground-penetrating radar, which identified 29 graves located approximately 1,000 feet northwest of the mansion.

What was the significance of the "What de debil you hurrah for General Jackson for?" image?

The image "What de debil you hurrah for General Jackson for?" depicts a Black man holding switches, with men dancing around a hickory pole in the distance. This image references the use of hickory poles by Jackson's supporters and the sale of Jackson-themed campaign trinkets, highlighting the popular, and in this case, racially charged, political imagery associated with Jackson's campaigns.

What was the context of Andrew Jackson's statement regarding "hickory oil"?

The phrase "hickory oil" appeared in a letter from Robert Butler to Andrew Jackson in November 1815, describing how the "wenches" at The Hermitage had been "brought to order" by it. This euphemism referred to whipping as a method of discipline for enslaved women on Jackson's plantation.

How did Andrew Jackson's views on discipline compare to those of the U.S. Army in 1821?

In 1821, as Major General of the Division of the South, Andrew Jackson issued a statement advocating for more whipping and less chaining as a solution to desertion and insubordination in the army. He argued that corporal punishment was less dishonorable and more effective than prolonged chaining, which he associated with despotism.

What was the historical context of the '39 stripes' punishment?

The practice of administering '39 stripes' as a punishment, which Andrew Jackson advocated for in the army, has biblical origins in Deuteronomy 25:3. This number was later codified into various statutes, including black codes, across the United States as a form of legal punishment.

What role did enslaved people play in the Battle of New Orleans according to historical accounts?

Historical accounts suggest that enslaved people were utilized by Andrew Jackson to fight and contribute to the American victory at the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. However, promises of freedom made to these individuals were allegedly not honored by Jackson afterward.

How did Jackson view the growing abolitionist movement during his presidency?

During his presidency, Andrew Jackson viewed the burgeoning abolitionist movement with strong disapproval. He referred to abolitionists as "monsters" and believed their activism would fuel sectionalism and ultimately lead to the destruction of the Union. He urged Congress to prohibit the circulation of "incendiary publications" that aimed to incite slave insurrections.

What was the "Natchez Expedition" involving Jackson?

The Natchez Expedition refers to Andrew Jackson's activity in the interregional slave trade, where he transported enslaved people by boat from the Cumberland River district of Tennessee to the Natchez District of Mississippi. This highlights his direct involvement in the movement and sale of enslaved individuals.

What was the significance of the "Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident" during Jackson's military career?

The Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident occurred during the First Seminole War in 1818, where Andrew Jackson ordered the execution of two British subjects, Alexander Arbuthnot and Robert Ambrister, for allegedly inciting Seminole resistance against the United States. This action led to a diplomatic dispute with Great Britain.

What was the "Bank War" during Jackson's presidency?

The "Bank War" refers to the political struggle between President Andrew Jackson and the supporters of the Second Bank of the United States. Jackson vehemently opposed the Bank, viewing it as an unconstitutional and corrupt institution that benefited the wealthy elite at the expense of the common people. His efforts to dismantle the Bank led to significant political conflict and economic upheaval.

What was the "Nullification Crisis" during Jackson's presidency?

The Nullification Crisis was a confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government in 1832-1833, stemming from South Carolina's attempt to nullify federal tariffs. President Jackson strongly opposed nullification, viewing it as a threat to the Union, and was prepared to use military force to enforce federal law, though a compromise tariff ultimately resolved the crisis.

What was the "Petticoat affair" during Jackson's administration?

The "Petticoat affair" was a social and political scandal that occurred during Andrew Jackson's presidency, primarily involving the wives of his cabinet members. It centered around the social ostracism of Secretary of War John H. Eaton's wife, Peggy O'Neale Eaton, by the other cabinet members' wives, leading to significant discord within Jackson's administration and contributing to cabinet resignations.

What was the "Spoils System" as implemented by Andrew Jackson?

The "Spoils System," associated with Andrew Jackson's presidency, refers to the practice of appointing loyal political supporters to government positions, often regardless of their qualifications. Jackson argued this practice was democratic, allowing for rotation in office and preventing the formation of entrenched bureaucracies.

What was the "Trail of Tears" and Andrew Jackson's role in it?

The "Trail of Tears" refers to the forced relocation of Native American nations, primarily the Cherokee, from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States to territories west of the Mississippi River during the 1830s. Andrew Jackson's administration strongly supported and implemented the Indian Removal Act, which authorized these forced removals, despite Supreme Court rulings that protected Cherokee rights.

Andrew Jackson And Slavery Wiki: Andrew Jackson and the Shadow of Slavery: A Historical Inquiry

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Historical Overview

Lifelong Engagement

Andrew Jackson, the seventh U.S. President, was a lifelong proponent of slave ownership and actively participated in the slave trade. Unlike contemporaries like Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, Jackson did not express moral reservations about slavery, viewing the legal ownership and exploitation of enslaved Black Americans as a fundamental aspect of his life and economic activities.

Scale of Ownership

Records indicate that Jackson and his immediate heirs owned a substantial number of enslaved individuals, totaling 325 between 1788 and 1865. At the time of his presidential inauguration in 1829, Jackson personally owned 95 enslaved people, a figure that grew to 150 by his death in 1845. This level of ownership placed him among the larger slaveholding families of the era, as only a small fraction of Southern slaveholding families owned 100 or more enslaved individuals.

The Slave Trade

Interregional Commerce

Jackson was actively involved in the interregional slave trade, facilitating the movement of enslaved people via the Cumberland River from Tennessee to the Natchez District in Mississippi. This practice was a significant component of the domestic slave economy, transferring human property across state lines for profit.

Defiance of Regulations

During an incident in 1811, Jackson reportedly declared his intention to disregard regulations prohibiting the trafficking of slaves through Choctaw territory. His defiant stance, emphasizing his right to move freely with his "property," underscored his commitment to the institution of slavery and his disregard for any perceived limitations on his actions.

Plantation Management

The Hermitage and Halcyon

Jackson owned three plantations, most notably The Hermitage near Nashville, Tennessee, which housed 150 enslaved individuals at the time of his death. He also acquired a plantation named Halcyon in Coahoma County, Mississippi, managed by an overseer. These estates were central to his economic interests and personal life.

Observations and Conditions

A visitor to The Hermitage, General Lafayette's secretary, noted the apparent order and cultivation of Jackson's farms but was "afflicted by the sad spectacle of slavery." Historical accounts suggest that during Jackson's presidency, The Hermitage experienced mismanagement, with reports of illness and death among the enslaved population, potentially linked to harsh treatment by overseers, particularly in the absence of his wife, Rachel.

Fugitives and Punishment

Runaway Advertisements

Jackson placed multiple advertisements for runaway slaves. One notable ad from 1804 offered "ten dollars extra, for every hundred lashes any person will give him, to the amount of three hundred." This explicit incentive for the physical punishment of an enslaved person is believed to be unique among reviewed runaway slave ads from Tennessee.

Escape Attempts and Discipline

Records show that at least ten enslaved men ran away from Jackson's plantations between 1804 and 1827. One individual, Oston, described as literate and skilled, managed to reach the Ohio River on a previous escape attempt. In 1822, after four slaves escaped, Jackson wrote to his ward, Andrew Jackson Donelson, about the necessity of placing two in irons for safekeeping until they could be sold or exchanged, indicating his views on the discipline required to maintain control.

Discipline and Violence

"Hickory Oil"

Correspondence from 1815 refers to enslaved women being "brought to order by Hickory oil," a euphemism for whipping. This practice, along with Jackson's military directives advocating for corporal punishment (specifically mentioning "thirty nine stripes") as a deterrent for desertion, reveals a consistent belief in physical discipline as a means of control and enforcement.

Views on Punishment

Jackson's perspective on punishment, particularly for subordinates, was often severe. He argued for the restoration of corporal punishment in the army, comparing the dishonor of receiving stripes to the prolonged suffering of being "manacled with Chains." His views reflected a belief that stringent physical penalties were necessary for maintaining order and discipline, a philosophy he applied within his household and military command.

The Presidency and Abolitionism

Reaction to Nat Turner's Rebellion

Following Nat Turner's slave rebellion in 1831, federal troops were deployed. While Jackson ordered their withdrawal immediately after the suppression, his administration's response was complex, balancing the need to quell unrest with concerns about the political ramifications of the event.

Suppressing Anti-Slavery Literature

During the 1830s, as the abolitionist movement gained momentum, the American Anti-Slavery Society distributed anti-slavery tracts through the postal system. Jackson vehemently condemned these publications and their proponents, labeling abolitionists as "monsters" who threatened the Union through "sectionalism." He directed that such materials be sent only to subscribers, thereby exposing them to retribution, and called on Congress to prohibit the circulation of "incendiary publications" in the South.

Enduring Legacy

Family and Political Continuity

Jackson's views on slavery and his practices influenced his family and political associates. His ward, Andrew Jackson Donelson, later nominated for Vice President in 1856, publicly stated his ownership of 100 slaves and his loyalty to the South.

Presidential Impact

As president, Jackson's firm stance against abolitionist agitation and his emphasis on states' rights and national unity, albeit framed through a pro-slavery lens, significantly shaped the political discourse surrounding slavery in the decades leading up to the Civil War.

Notable Enslaved Individuals

Dinwiddie

Born around 1773, Dinwiddie was purchased by Jackson in 1806 and worked as a trainer in his stables until Jackson's death. Dinwiddie, along with a notable horse named Truxton, was available for lease by the Jackson family.

John Fulton

John Fulton was an enslaved musician at The Hermitage who played the violin and was hired out to provide music for parties on other plantations. Another enslaved individual at the Hermitage played the banjo. Fulton continued his employment at Vanderbilt after emancipation.

Taxable Slaves (1825)

Jackson's Inventory

In 1825, Andrew Jackson compiled a list of taxable enslaved property at The Hermitage. This document provides a detailed inventory of individuals and families under his ownership during that period.

The following is a transcription of the taxable slaves listed by Andrew Jackson for the 1825 tax year:

Old Hanna & her family (wife & child), Bet, husband & child, & George (in all 8)
Blacksmith Aron, wife & 3 children
Charles wife & child
Tom wife & 9 children
Ben wife & 4 children
Old Sampson wife, & 9 children (Grace's 2)
Dunwody, Ned, Guilbert & Tom
Polydore wife & 2 children
Sally & her 4 children
Titus Candis & child John Fulton
Aron wife & 2 children
Big Sampson wife & child
Arguila wife & 4 children
Jame wife & 4 children

Note: Jackson legally owned 80 people in 1824. This list details specific family units and individuals counted for taxation purposes.

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References

Oxford English Dictionary, âhickory oil (n.),â December 2024, https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/8427399957.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Andrew Jackson and slavery Wikipedia page

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Disclaimer

Historical Context and Sensitivity

This page presents a historical analysis derived from publicly available data. The subject matter, Andrew Jackson's deep involvement with and advocacy for the institution of chattel slavery, is sensitive and reflects a critical aspect of American history. The content is intended for educational purposes to foster a comprehensive understanding of this period.

This is not a substitute for scholarly historical research. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy based on the provided source, interpretations of historical events and figures can vary. Always consult primary sources and diverse scholarly perspectives for a complete understanding.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any interpretations or actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Andrew Jackson and the Shadow of Slavery

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Historical Overview ⚖️

🔗 Lifelong Engagement

📈 Scale of Ownership

The Slave Trade 💰

🚢 Interregional Commerce

🚫 Defiance of Regulations

Plantation Management 🏡

🌳 The Hermitage and Halcyon

🧐 Observations and Conditions

Fugitives and Punishment 🏃

📜 Runaway Advertisements

⛓️ Escape Attempts and Discipline

Discipline and Violence 👊

🤕 "Hickory Oil"

⚖️ Views on Punishment

The Presidency and Abolitionism 🏛️

🔥 Reaction to Nat Turner's Rebellion

✉️ Suppressing Anti-Slavery Literature

Enduring Legacy 📜

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Family and Political Continuity

🏛️ Presidential Impact

Notable Enslaved Individuals 👤

🐎 Dinwiddie

🎶 John Fulton

Taxable Slaves (1825) 📋

📝 Jackson's Inventory

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📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Historical Context and Sensitivity

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Historical Overview

Lifelong Engagement

Scale of Ownership

The Slave Trade

Interregional Commerce

Defiance of Regulations

Plantation Management

The Hermitage and Halcyon

Observations and Conditions

Fugitives and Punishment

Runaway Advertisements

Escape Attempts and Discipline

Discipline and Violence

"Hickory Oil"

Views on Punishment

The Presidency and Abolitionism

Reaction to Nat Turner's Rebellion

Suppressing Anti-Slavery Literature

Enduring Legacy

Family and Political Continuity

Presidential Impact

Notable Enslaved Individuals

Dinwiddie

John Fulton

Taxable Slaves (1825)

Jackson's Inventory

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Historical Context and Sensitivity