Who was Bartholomaeus Anglicus and what is he primarily known for?

Bartholomaeus Anglicus, also known as Bartholomew the Englishman or Berthelet, was an early 13th-century Scholastic of Paris and a member of the Franciscan order. He is primarily known for authoring the compendium De proprietatibus rerum (On the Properties of Things), which was completed around 1240. This work is considered an early forerunner of the encyclopedia and was widely cited throughout the Middle Ages.

What are the alternative names or appellations for Bartholomaeus Anglicus mentioned in the text?

Bartholomaeus Anglicus was also known by the names Bartholomew the Englishman and Berthelet, according to the provided text.

What was the approximate date of completion for Bartholomaeus Anglicus's major work, De proprietatibus rerum?

The compendium De proprietatibus rerum, authored by Bartholomaeus Anglicus, is dated to approximately 1240.

What is the significance of De proprietatibus rerum in the history of literature and knowledge?

De proprietatibus rerum is significant as an early forerunner of the encyclopedia. It was a widely cited and influential book during the Middle Ages, compiling a vast amount of information on various subjects.

What was Bartholomaeus Anglicus's religious affiliation and scholarly tradition?

Bartholomaeus Anglicus was a Scholastic of Paris and belonged to the Franciscan order. Scholasticism was a medieval school of philosophy and theology that aimed to reconcile faith and reason.

What high-ranking church position was Bartholomaeus Anglicus appointed to, though he may not have been consecrated?

Bartholomaeus Anglicus was appointed Bishop of Łuków, a city in what is now Poland. However, the text suggests he was likely not consecrated to this position, possibly due to the turmoil of the second Mongol invasion of Poland in 1259.

What is known about the early life of Bartholomaeus Anglicus?

Very little is known about Bartholomaeus Anglicus's early life. He is believed to have been born around the turn of the 13th century to unknown parents. The earliest record of him dates to 1224, when he was in Paris working as a teacher.

Where is Bartholomaeus Anglicus believed to have studied, in addition to teaching in Paris?

Besides teaching in Paris, Bartholomaeus Anglicus is also believed to have studied at Oxford University.

What was the intended audience and location of writing for De proprietatibus rerum?

De proprietatibus rerum was written at the school of Magdeburg in Saxony. It was intended for the use of students and the general public, indicating a desire to disseminate knowledge broadly.

How did Bartholomaeus Anglicus handle the sources within his encyclopedia?

Bartholomaeus Anglicus carefully noted the sources for the material included in De proprietatibus rerum. While some of these sources are difficult to identify today, his annotations provide valuable insight into the range of works available to scholars in the medieval period.

What translations exist for De proprietatibus rerum, besides the original Latin?

The original Latin work, De proprietatibus rerum, was translated into French in 1372 and also into English in 1397 by John Trevisa. Numerous manuscripts of both the Latin and French versions survive, and the work was later printed in many editions.

Who produced the English translation of De proprietatibus rerum, and when was it completed?

John Trevisa produced an English translation of De proprietatibus rerum in 1397. A critical edition of this translation was later published in 1975.

What is the title of the compilation of extracts from Bartholomew's work by Robert Steele?

Robert Steele compiled extracts from Bartholomew's De proprietatibus rerum under the title Medieval Lore: an Epitome, which was published in 1893.

How many books comprise De proprietatibus rerum, and what is the general scope of its content?

The work De proprietatibus rerum is organized into 19 books. Its content covers a vast range of subjects, starting with theological concepts and moving through natural philosophy, the human body, the natural world, and various sciences and arts.

What subjects are covered in the first three books of De proprietatibus rerum?

Book 1 of De proprietatibus rerum focuses on God and the names of God. Book 2 deals with angels, both good and bad (demons). Book 3 is dedicated to the soul and reason, often referred to as the mind.

What topics are addressed in Books 4 through 7 of De proprietatibus rerum?

Books 4 through 7 of De proprietatibus rerum cover aspects of the human body and life. Book 4 discusses the bodily humors, Book 5 details the parts of the body, Book 6 pertains to daily life and stages of human existence, and Book 7 addresses diseases and poisons.

What natural and cosmological subjects are explored in Books 8 through 11 of De proprietatibus rerum?

Books 8 through 11 of De proprietatibus rerum delve into the natural world and cosmos. Book 8 covers the earth and the heavenly bodies, Book 9 discusses time and motion, Book 10 examines matter, form, and fire, and Book 11 focuses on air, including weather phenomena.

What elements of the natural world are detailed in Books 12 through 14 of De proprietatibus rerum?

Books 12 through 14 of De proprietatibus rerum describe various aspects of the natural world. Book 12 is about birds, Book 13 covers water and fishes, and Book 14 focuses on the earth and its surface.

What geographical and geological topics are included in Books 15 and 16 of De proprietatibus rerum?

Books 15 and 16 of De proprietatibus rerum address geography and geology. Book 15 discusses regions and provinces, while Book 16 covers rocks, gems, and minerals.

What botanical and zoological subjects are detailed in Books 17 and 18 of De proprietatibus rerum?

Books 17 and 18 of De proprietatibus rerum focus on the living world. Book 17 is dedicated to plants and trees, and Book 18 covers land animals.

What diverse topics are encompassed in the final book, Book 19, of De proprietatibus rerum?

Book 19, the final book of De proprietatibus rerum, covers a variety of miscellaneous subjects, including colors, smells, tastes, substances, measurements, numbers, and music. It is titled De accidentibus.

What does the image caption describe?

The image caption describes a depiction titled Stages of Life, created by Bartholomaeus Anglicus in 1486. This likely refers to an illustration or section within a printed edition of his work.

Can you name a few prominent classical authors whose works were cited by Bartholomaeus Anglicus?

Bartholomaeus Anglicus drew upon the works of several prominent classical authors, including Aristotle, Plato (likely via Calcidius's commentary on the Timaeus), Pliny the Elder (whose Natural History was a key source for medieval knowledge of nature), and Galen (a highly influential physician).

Which influential Arab scholars and physicians were cited in Bartholomaeus Anglicus's work?

Bartholomaeus Anglicus cited several influential Arab scholars and physicians. These include Avicenna, Averroes, Al-Ghazali, Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi, and Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi. He also referenced works translated by Constantine the African, who introduced Arab medicine to Europe.

What significant religious figures and theologians influenced Bartholomaeus Anglicus's writings?

Bartholomaeus Anglicus referenced numerous religious figures and theologians. Among them are Saint Augustine of Hippo, Pope Gregory I (whose Moralia in Job was cited), Saint Jerome, Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, and Bernard of Clairvaux.

What role did Bartholomaeus Anglicus play within the Franciscan order in the mid-13th century?

Bartholomaeus Anglicus held significant administrative positions within the Franciscan order. He was elected Minister of Austria in 1247, then Minister of Bohemia in 1255, which included oversight of Poland. Later, he served as Minister of Saxony from 1262 until his death.

What specific dispute did Bartholomaeus Anglicus help resolve in Poland?

While serving as Minister of Bohemia, which included Poland, Bartholomaeus Anglicus resolved a dispute between Duke Boleslaw and the Cathedral Chapter at Kraków.

Who appointed Bartholomaeus Anglicus as a Papal legate, and what was the extent of this appointment?

Pope Alexander IV appointed Bartholomaeus Anglicus as a Papal legate in 1256. This appointment covered the region north of the Carpathian Mountains.

What event may have prevented Bartholomaeus Anglicus from being consecrated as Bishop of Łuków?

The second Mongol invasion of Poland, which occurred in 1259, likely prevented Bartholomaeus Anglicus from being consecrated as the Bishop of Łuków, despite his appointment to the position.

With whom has Bartholomaeus Anglicus been historically confused?

Bartholomaeus Anglicus has sometimes been confused with another Franciscan friar named Bartholomaeus de Glanvilla, who lived approximately a century later.

What is the significance of the 'Sources' section in the article about Bartholomaeus Anglicus?

The 'Sources' section lists the numerous authors and works that Bartholomaeus Anglicus consulted for his encyclopedia, De proprietatibus rerum. This list highlights the breadth of knowledge available to medieval scholars and the diverse intellectual influences on Bartholomew's work.

What does the bibliography section indicate about the availability and study of Bartholomew's work?

The bibliography indicates that Bartholomew's work, particularly De proprietatibus rerum, has been studied and published in various forms. It lists key editions and translations, such as Robert Steele's compilation and John Trevisa's English translation, showing its continued relevance and accessibility.

Where can one find related media and digital versions of Bartholomaeus Anglicus's work?

Related media concerning Bartholomaeus Anglicus can be found on Wikimedia Commons. Digital versions of his work, including various editions and translations of De proprietatibus rerum, are available through platforms like Project Gutenberg and digital archives of libraries.

What does the 'Authority control' section signify?

The 'Authority control' section provides links to various international and national databases that catalog information about Bartholomaeus Anglicus. This helps researchers identify and access consistent biographical and bibliographical data across different library and archival systems.

What was the general purpose of Bartholomew's encyclopedia, De proprietatibus rerum?

The encyclopedia De proprietatibus rerum was intended to serve as a comprehensive repository of knowledge for students and the general public. It aimed to cover a wide array of subjects, from theology and philosophy to natural sciences and geography, reflecting the medieval understanding of the world.

What does the mention of 'De proprietatibus rerum' being written at the school of Magdeburg suggest about its context?

The fact that De proprietatibus rerum was written at the school of Magdeburg suggests it was produced within an academic or monastic environment dedicated to learning and scholarship in the medieval period. Magdeburg was a significant center in Saxony during that era.

How did Bartholomew's work contribute to the dissemination of knowledge about the natural world in the Middle Ages?

Bartholomew's encyclopedia, De proprietatibus rerum, was a crucial source of information about the natural world for medieval readers. By compiling and organizing knowledge on topics like animals, plants, minerals, and geography, it made this information accessible to a wider audience than specialized texts might have allowed.

What does the inclusion of 'demons' alongside 'angels' in Book 2 of De proprietatibus rerum indicate about the medieval worldview?

The inclusion of both angels and demons in Book 2, 'De proprietatibus angelorum,' reflects the medieval worldview, which often saw the spiritual realm as populated by both benevolent and malevolent supernatural beings. This duality was integral to theological and philosophical discussions of the time.

What is the significance of citing 'Physiologus' as a source for animal myths in Bartholomew's work?

Citing 'Physiologus' indicates that Bartholomew incorporated early Christian allegorical interpretations of animal myths into his encyclopedia. Physiologus was an ancient text that described animals, real and mythical, and assigned moral or spiritual meanings to them, which was popular in the Middle Ages.

How did Constantine the African contribute to the knowledge base of De proprietatibus rerum?

Constantine the African was a key figure in introducing Arab medicine to Europe, primarily through his translations at the School of Salerno. Bartholomew's citation of Constantine suggests that medical knowledge derived from Arabic sources was incorporated into De proprietatibus rerum.

What does the mention of 'Perspectiva Sciencia' and its potential authors suggest about the scientific scope of Bartholomew's work?

The mention of 'Perspectiva Sciencia' (the science of optics) and its potential attribution to figures like Alhacen, Bacon, Peckham, or Albertus Magnus indicates that Bartholomew's encyclopedia included contemporary scientific thought, particularly in the field of optics, which was developing significantly during that period.

What was the role of Isidore of Seville and Pliny the Elder as sources for Bartholomew?

Isidore of Seville, with his work on Etymology, and Pliny the Elder, with his Natural History, were considered two of the chief sources of medieval knowledge of nature. Bartholomew's reliance on them underscores the importance of these foundational texts for understanding the natural world in his time.

What does the inclusion of 'The Schola Medica Salernitana' as a source imply about the practical knowledge in De proprietatibus rerum?

The inclusion of 'The Schola Medica Salernitana' suggests that Bartholomew's encyclopedia incorporated practical medical knowledge, particularly concerning the preservation of health. This reflects the medieval emphasis on preventative medicine as an important aspect of healthcare.

Why might Bartholomaeus Anglicus have been confused with Bartholomaeus de Glanvilla?

Bartholomaeus Anglicus might have been confused with Bartholomaeus de Glanvilla because both were Franciscan friars and authors of significant works during the medieval period. The similarity in their names and religious order could easily lead to conflation, especially given the passage of time.

What is the significance of the 'External Links' section for accessing Bartholomew's work?

The 'External Links' section provides direct access to digital resources related to Bartholomaeus Anglicus and his work. This includes links to media archives, online text repositories like Project Gutenberg, and digitized versions of specific editions and translations of De proprietatibus rerum, making his writings more accessible to a global audience.

What does the reference to 'De Coelesti Hierarchia' and 'de divinis nominibus' by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite suggest about Bartholomew's theological influences?

Referencing Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite's works on celestial hierarchy and divine names indicates Bartholomew's engagement with Neoplatonic and mystical Christian theology. These texts were highly influential in shaping medieval understanding of the structure of the heavens and the nature of God.

What role did grammarians like Aelius Donatus and Priscian play as sources for Bartholomew?

The inclusion of grammarians like Aelius Donatus and Priscian as sources highlights the foundational importance of grammar in medieval education. Bartholomew's reference to them suggests that his encyclopedia covered linguistic and rhetorical principles, which were essential components of the liberal arts curriculum.

What is the significance of citing 'The Marriage of Mercury and Philologia' by Martianus Capella?

Citing Martianus Capella's 'The Marriage of Mercury and Philologia' indicates Bartholomew's inclusion of classical encyclopedic knowledge related to the Seven Liberal Arts. This work was a standard textbook from the 5th century onwards, shaping the curriculum of medieval schools.

How did Bartholomew's work serve as a bridge between different eras of knowledge?

Bartholomew's encyclopedia served as a bridge by synthesizing ancient classical knowledge, contemporary scientific and theological thought, and information from Arabic scholars. It preserved and transmitted this diverse body of knowledge, making it accessible to a broad audience in the Middle Ages and influencing subsequent generations of scholars.

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Early Life and Education

Origins and Early Career

Details regarding the early life of Bartholomaeus Anglicus remain scarce. It is posited that he was born around the turn of the 13th century to parents whose identities are not recorded. His earliest documented presence is in Paris in 1224, where he served as an educator. There is also scholarly conjecture that he may have pursued studies at the esteemed University of Oxford.

Scholasticism and Franciscan Order

Bartholomaeus was a prominent figure within the Scholastic movement of the early 13th century. He was also a member of the Franciscan order, a mendicant religious order founded by Saint Francis of Assisi. This affiliation placed him within a vibrant intellectual and spiritual milieu that profoundly influenced medieval thought and education.

The Encyclopedia: De proprietatibus rerum

A Monumental Compendium

Bartholomaeus Anglicus is renowned for his magnum opus, De proprietatibus rerum (On the Properties of Things). Composed around 1240, this extensive work is considered an early precursor to the modern encyclopedia. It aimed to compile and synthesize the vast body of knowledge available during the Middle Ages, making it accessible to students and the general populace.

Structure and Scope

The encyclopedia is meticulously organized into 19 books, covering a remarkably broad spectrum of subjects. Bartholomew's approach was to systematically document the perceived properties and characteristics of entities across the natural and supernatural worlds. The work's comprehensive nature reflects the medieval worldview, integrating theology, natural philosophy, and practical knowledge.

Contents of De proprietatibus rerum:

Book 1: On God and divine attributes.
Book 2: On angels, both benevolent and malevolent.
Book 3: On the soul, reason, and the mind.
Book 4: On human physiology and bodily humors.
Book 5: On the anatomy and parts of the human body.
Book 6: On the stages of human life and domestic affairs.
Book 7: On diseases, ailments, and poisons.
Book 8: On the universe, celestial bodies, and cosmology.
Book 9: On time, motion, and the measurement of temporal progression.
Book 10: On matter, form, and the element of fire.
Book 11: On the atmosphere, weather phenomena, and aerial elements.
Book 12: On birds and their characteristics.
Book 13: On water, aquatic environments, and marine life.
Book 14: On the Earth and its physical geography.
Book 15: On regions, provinces, and the known world.
Book 16: On rocks, gems, minerals, and metals.
Book 17: On plants, herbs, and trees.
Book 18: On terrestrial animals and their behaviors.
Book 19: On sensory qualities such as color, odor, taste, and liquids.

Influence and Dissemination

De proprietatibus rerum achieved significant popularity and wide circulation throughout the late Middle Ages and into the Renaissance. Its influence is evident in the numerous surviving manuscripts in Latin and French, as well as its translation into English by John Trevisa in 1397. The work was printed in multiple editions, solidifying its role as a key text for scholars and educated laypeople for centuries.

Foundational Sources

A Scholarly Tapestry

Bartholomew meticulously documented his sources, providing invaluable insight into the intellectual landscape of the 13th century. While some sources are now obscure, his annotations reveal the breadth of classical, patristic, Arabic, and contemporary works available to medieval scholars. The following is a compilation of the authors and texts cited within his work:

Origen Adamantius
Gilles de Corbeil
Alain de Lille
Albertus Magnus
Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
Alcuin
Alexander Neckam
Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani
Alfred of Sareshel
Al-Ghazali
Ambrose
Anselm of Canterbury
Archelaus (geographer)
Aristotle
Augustine of Hippo (Saint Augustine)
Aurora (Petrus Riga)
Averroes
Solomon ibn Gabirol
Avicenna
Haymo of Faversham
Basil of Caesarea (in Hexameron)
Bede (works on the Calendar)
Jean Beleth
Bernard of Clairvaux
Bestiarium (animal lore)
Boethius (treatise on arithmetic)
Callisthenes pseudo (Alexander romance)
Cassiodorus (De Septem Disciplinis)
Cato the Elder (On Agriculture)
Calcidius (commentary on Plato's Timaeus)
Cicero (In SOMN. SCIPIONIS)
Constantine the African (Viaticum, Pantegna)
Cyprian
Damascene (11th century physician)
John Damascene (Arab physician)
Damascius (commentator on Aristotle)
Pedanius Dioscorides
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (De Coelesti Hierarchia, de divinis nominibus)
Aelius Donatus (Grammarian)
Euficius (c. 600)
Fabius Planciades Fulgentius (Fulgentius of Ruspe)
Galen
Gilbertus Anglicus (Compendium Medicinae)
Pope Gregory I (Moralia in Job)
Haly (Arab physician)
Hermes (in Alchemia)
Hippocrates
Huguccio (Jurisconsult, writer on Grammar)
Hyginus, Pseudo- (Writer on Astronomy)
Pope Innocent III
Isaac Israeli ben Solomon (Arab physician)
Isidore of Seville (Etymologiae)
Jacques de Vitry (Historian)
Jerome
Joseph ben Gorion (Jewish History)
Josephus (Jewish historian)
Jorath (Syriac writer?)
Lapidarium (Marbodius de Gemmis)
Pope Leo IX
Lucan (Poet)
Aemilius Macer (or Odo Magdunensis) (De viribus herbarum)
Macrobius (commentary on Somnium Scipionis)
Martianus Capella (De Nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii)
Mashallah ibn Athari
Methodius, Pseudo- (DE AGARINI)
Michael Scot (translator of Aristotle)
Misalath Astrologus
Papias (lexicographer)
Perspectiva Sciencia (Alhacen's De Aspectibus)
Petrus Comestor (Historia Scholastica)
Philaretus (writer on Medicine)
Physiologus (animal lore compilation)
Platearius Salernitanus (Johannes) (Practica)
Plato (Timaeus, via Chalcidius)
Pliny the Elder (Natural History)
Priscian (Grammarian and physicist)
Ptolemy (Astronomer)
Rabanus Maurus (De Universo)
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Arab physician)
Remigius of Auxerre (Grammar)
Richard of Saint Victor (Theologian)
Richard Rufus of Cornwall (Doctor)
Robert Grosseteste (Bishop of Lincoln)
Salustius (Geographer)
Schola Medica Salernitana (Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum)
Secundus (writer on Medicine)
Gaius Julius Solinus (Polyhistoria)
Stephanus (Commentary on Galen)
Walafrid Strabo
Symon Cornubiensis
Marcus Terentius Varro (Grammarian)
Virgil
William of Conches (De Natura)
Zeno of Cyprus (writer on Medicine)

Ecclesiastical Roles and Influence

Leadership and Papal Service

Bartholomew Anglicus held significant positions within the Franciscan order and the Church. He was elected Minister of Austria in 1247 and subsequently Minister of Bohemia in 1255, a role that extended to Poland. In this capacity, he mediated disputes, demonstrating his diplomatic and administrative capabilities. His influence led Pope Alexander IV to appoint him as Papal Legate north of the Carpathian Mountains in 1256 and designate him as Bishop of Łuków. Although likely never consecrated due to the Mongol invasion of Poland in 1259, his ecclesiastical career was marked by considerable responsibility.

Later Years and Legacy

He continued his service as Minister at Saxonia from 1262 until his passing in 1272. Bartholomew's legacy is primarily tied to his encyclopedic work, which served as a vital conduit for knowledge transmission. It is important to note that he was occasionally conflated with Bartholomeus de Glanvilla, another Franciscan friar who lived a century later, highlighting the challenges in distinguishing historical figures of similar names.

Further Exploration

Resources for Deeper Study

For those interested in further academic inquiry into Bartholomaeus Anglicus and his monumental work, several resources offer valuable insights:

Wikimedia Commons: Explore related media and visual materials.
Project Gutenberg: Access digitized versions of his works.
Digital Archives: View scanned editions of De proprietatibus rerum from various libraries, including historical printings and translations.

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References

M.C. Seymour (ed.). On the Properties of Things: John Trevisa's Translation of Bartholomaeus Anglicus, De Proprietatibus Rerum, 3 vols., Oxford University Press, Oxford 1975-1988.

A full list of references for this article are available at the Bartholomaeus Anglicus Wikipedia page

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Educational Context and Limitations

This page has been generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended solely for educational and informational purposes. The content is derived from a snapshot of publicly available data, primarily from Wikipedia, and may not encompass the entirety of current scholarly understanding or historical detail. While efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and clarity, the information should be considered a starting point for further research.

This content does not constitute academic or historical advice. The information provided is not a substitute for rigorous academic study, consultation with subject matter experts, or primary source analysis. Users are encouraged to consult scholarly databases, peer-reviewed journals, and original texts for comprehensive and authoritative information.

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Bartholomaeus Anglicus

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Early Life and Education

Origins and Early Career

Scholasticism and Franciscan Order

The Encyclopedia: De proprietatibus rerum

A Monumental Compendium

Structure and Scope

Contents of De proprietatibus rerum:

Influence and Dissemination

Foundational Sources

A Scholarly Tapestry

Ecclesiastical Roles and Influence

Leadership and Papal Service

Later Years and Legacy

Further Exploration

Resources for Deeper Study

Teacher's Corner

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References

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Educational Context and Limitations