What is boron, and what are its primary characteristics as a chemical element?

Boron is a chemical element with the symbol B and atomic number 5. In its crystalline form, it is a brittle, dark, lustrous metalloid, while in its amorphous form, it appears as a brown powder. As the lightest element in the boron group, it possesses three valence electrons, which it uses to form covalent bonds, leading to a wide variety of compounds.

How is boron synthesized in the universe, and why is it considered a low-abundance element?

Boron is synthesized exclusively through cosmic ray spallation and supernovas, rather than through stellar nucleosynthesis. This unique origin means it is not generated within stars during their normal life cycles, resulting in its low abundance in the Solar System and the Earth's crust.

What is the approximate percentage of boron in the Earth's crust, and how is it concentrated?

Boron constitutes about 0.001 percent by weight of the Earth's crust. It becomes concentrated on Earth due to the water solubility of its naturally occurring compounds, the borate minerals, which are often found in evaporite deposits.

Which countries are major producers of boron minerals, and what is Turkey's significance?

Turkey and the United States are the largest producers of boron products globally. Turkey holds a significant position, possessing 72% of the world's known deposits and producing about half of the global yearly demand for borate minerals through its state-owned company, Eti Maden.

Describe the physical appearance and properties of elemental boron.

Elemental boron exists in several allotropes. Amorphous boron is a brown powder, while crystalline boron is silvery-black, extremely hard (ranking 9.3 on the Mohs scale), and a poor electrical conductor at room temperature. Its hardness and conductivity properties are comparable to some other advanced materials.

What are the primary industrial uses of boron compounds?

Boron compounds have diverse industrial applications. Approximately half of the global boron consumption is as an additive in fiberglass for insulation and structural materials. Other major uses include polymers, ceramics, borosilicate glass, bleaches (as sodium perborate), and as a dopant in semiconductors.

What is the significance of boron-10, one of boron's stable isotopes?

Boron-10 is a stable isotope of boron that has a high cross-section for capturing neutrons. This property makes it valuable for applications such as neutron shielding in nuclear reactors and as a component in neutron capture therapy for cancer treatment.

How does boron function as an essential nutrient for plants?

Boron is a vital micronutrient for plant growth, primarily playing a role in maintaining the structural integrity of cell walls. However, excessive amounts of boron in the soil can be toxic to plants, leading to symptoms like leaf necrosis and stunted growth.

What is the historical origin of the word 'boron'?

The word 'boron' was coined from 'borax', the mineral from which the element was isolated. The name was chosen by analogy with 'carbon', as boron shares some chemical similarities with carbon.

Who are credited with the discovery and isolation of boron as an element?

Boron was first recognized as an element by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard, who isolated it in 1808. Sir Humphry Davy also independently isolated boron around the same time. Jöns Jacob Berzelius later identified it as an element in 1824.

What are the main naturally occurring stable isotopes of boron?

Boron has two naturally occurring and stable isotopes: Boron-11 (¹¹B), which makes up about 80.1% of natural boron, and Boron-10 (¹⁰B), which accounts for approximately 19.9%.

How do boron isotopes fractionate in natural systems, and what does this indicate?

Boron isotopes fractionate during processes like mineral crystallization and phase changes in hydrothermal systems. This fractionation, particularly the preferential removal of the ¹⁰B isotope onto clays, leads to variations in the ¹¹B to ¹⁰B ratio in different environments, such as seawater, which can serve as an isotopic signature.

What is unique about the NMR spectroscopy of boron isotopes?

Both ¹⁰B and ¹¹B isotopes possess nuclear spin, making them suitable for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Specialized spectrometers are available for detecting boron-11 nuclei, and these isotopes can cause splitting in the resonances of attached nuclei, providing valuable structural information.

Can you describe the major allotropes of boron?

Boron exhibits four primary allotropes: alpha-rhombohedral (α-R), beta-rhombohedral (β-R), gamma-orthorhombic (γ), and beta-tetragonal (β-T). The beta-rhombohedral form is the most common and stable under ambient conditions, and most of these phases are based on B₁₂ icosahedra structures.

What is the atomic structure characteristic of boron?

Boron is unique as the lightest element that has an electron occupying a p-orbital in its ground state electron configuration. Its ionization energies are higher than those of heavier Group III elements, reflecting its electropositive nature.

Why is the preparation of pure elemental boron challenging?

Preparing pure elemental boron is difficult because the material is extremely resistant to purification. Most samples are contaminated with small amounts of carbon or other elements, and removing these contaminants requires complex processes.

What are some methods used to prepare elemental boron?

Early methods involved reducing boric oxide with reactive metals like magnesium or aluminum, but this often resulted in contamination with metal borides. More refined methods include reducing volatile boron halides with hydrogen at high temperatures, and for semiconductor-grade boron, the decomposition of diborane followed by purification techniques like zone melting is used.

How does crystalline boron react with acids?

Crystalline boron is chemically inert under normal conditions and resists attack from boiling hydrofluoric or hydrochloric acids. However, when finely divided, it can be slowly attacked by hot concentrated hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, or a mixture of sulfuric and chromic acids.

What is the typical oxidation state of boron in its most common compounds?

In the majority of its familiar compounds, boron exhibits a formal oxidation state of +3. This is observed in common oxides, sulfides, nitrides, halides, and organic derivatives.

How do boron compounds often deviate from the octet rule?

Many boron compounds do not adhere to the octet rule, meaning the boron atom does not achieve a stable configuration of eight valence electrons. This characteristic contributes to their Lewis acidic nature and unique chemical behaviors.

What are the structures and properties of boron trihalides?

Boron forms a complete series of trihalides (BX₃). These compounds adopt a planar trigonal structure, unlike aluminum trihalides. They violate the octet rule and are typically Lewis acidic, readily reacting with fluoride sources to form anions like BF₄⁻. Boron trifluoride is notably used as a catalyst in the petrochemical industry.

How are borate minerals classified, and what is a characteristic structural motif?

Borate minerals are primarily classified into anhydrous and hydrated forms. A common structural feature, exemplified by the tetraborate anions in borax, involves boron atoms in both tetrahedral and trigonal planar coordination with oxygen. The negative charge of these anions is balanced by cations like sodium.

What are boranes, and what is notable about their structure and reactivity?

Boranes are neutral compounds of boron and hydrogen. Diborane (B₂H₆), for instance, has an unusual structure with bridging hydrogen atoms, which was a significant discovery in understanding boron chemistry. Many boranes are highly reactive and can be pyrophoric, igniting spontaneously in air.

What is organoboron chemistry, and what is a key reaction associated with it?

Organoboron chemistry deals with compounds containing boron-carbon bonds. A fundamental reaction in this field is hydroboration, the addition of B-H bonds to carbon-carbon double or triple bonds. This process, pioneered by H. C. Brown, earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1979 for its utility in organic synthesis.

How do boron nitrides relate to allotropes of carbon?

Boron nitrides exhibit structures analogous to various allotropes of carbon, such as graphite and diamond. This similarity arises because boron and nitrogen together have the same number of valence electrons as a pair of carbon atoms, leading to compounds like cubic boron nitride (c-BN), which is isoelectronic with diamond.

What are the applications of cubic boron nitride (c-BN)?

Cubic boron nitride, also known by the trade name Borazon, is a superhard material. Its hardness is comparable to diamond, but it offers superior chemical stability. Consequently, it is widely used as an abrasive in industrial applications.

Describe the structure and properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN).

Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is the graphite analogue in the boron nitride family. It consists of stacked sheets of alternating boron and nitrogen atoms. While graphite is a good electrical and thermal conductor, h-BN is a relatively poor conductor in planar directions but is used as a high-temperature lubricant.

What is boron carbide, and how is it produced?

Boron carbide (B₄C) is a ceramic material known for its extreme hardness and high strength-to-weight ratio. It is typically produced through the carbothermal reduction of boron trioxide (B₂O₃) in an electric furnace.

What makes boron carbide useful in nuclear power plants?

Boron carbide is valuable in nuclear power plants because it can absorb neutrons without producing long-lived radioactive isotopes, especially when enriched with boron-10. This property makes it suitable for use in control rods and shielding to manage nuclear reactions.

What are metal borides, and what are some of their properties?

Metal borides are binary compounds formed between a metal and boron. They are characterized by their metallic appearance, exceptional hardness, and very high melting points, with some, like TiB₂, ZrB₂, and HfB₂, melting above 3000 °C. These properties make them useful in specialized applications like cutting tools.

How is boron rare in the universe but concentrated on Earth?

Boron is rare in the universe because it is not produced through standard stellar nucleosynthesis and is destroyed in stellar interiors. On Earth, however, its concentration is increased by the water solubility of borate minerals, which allows them to form deposits through evaporation.

What are the primary economically important boron minerals?

The most significant sources of boron for economic extraction are the minerals colemanite, rasorite (kernite), ulexite, and tincal (borax). These minerals collectively account for about 90% of mined boron ore.

What is the significance of the Rio Tinto Borax Mine?

The Rio Tinto Borax Mine, located near Boron, California, is a major global producer of boron products, contributing approximately 23% of the world's total boron production. It is one of the largest single sources of borate minerals.

What is the average cost of crystalline elemental boron compared to boron compounds?

Crystalline elemental boron is considerably more expensive, with an average cost of US$5 per gram. In contrast, boron compounds like borax and kernite are much cheaper, costing around US$377 per tonne in 2019.

Which industries are driving the demand for boron compounds?

The demand for boron compounds is significantly driven by the production of glass fiber and borosilicate glass. Growth in these sectors, particularly in Asia, along with uses in ceramics, agriculture, and detergents, contributes to the increasing global demand for boron.

What are E-glass and C-glass, and what role does boron play in them?

E-glass, used for electrical applications, and C-glass, used for staple fibers and insulation, are types of fiberglass that contain boron compounds. Boron is added to these glasses, typically as borax or boron oxide, to enhance their strength and fluxing qualities.

What makes borosilicate glass resistant to thermal shock?

Borosilicate glass, which typically contains 12-15% B₂O₃, has a low coefficient of thermal expansion. This property allows it to withstand significant temperature changes without cracking, making it ideal for laboratory glassware and cookware.

In what advanced applications are elemental boron fibers used?

Elemental boron fibers, also known as boron filaments, are high-strength, lightweight materials utilized in advanced aerospace structures as part of composite materials. They are also found in some high-performance consumer goods like golf clubs and fishing rods.

What is the function of boron-10 in nuclear reactors?

Boron-10 has a high neutron cross-section, meaning it readily absorbs neutrons. This property is utilized in nuclear reactors for reactivity control and in emergency shutdown systems, either as part of borosilicate control rods or dissolved as boric acid in the reactor coolant.

How is boron used in semiconductor manufacturing?

Boron serves as a crucial dopant in semiconductors like silicon and germanium to create p-type conductivity. It is introduced into the semiconductor material through processes like atomic diffusion or ion implantation, often using boron trifluoride (BF₃) as the source.

What role does boron play in neodymium magnets?

Boron is a key component in neodymium magnets (Nd₂Fe₁₄B), which are the strongest type of permanent magnets. These magnets are essential for various devices, including MRI machines, compact motors, actuators, computer hard drives, and audio equipment like speakers in mobile phones.

What are the pharmaceutical applications of boron?

Boron is found in certain naturally occurring antibiotics and is being studied for its potential in medicinal applications. Notably, boron compounds are investigated for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for brain tumors, and some boron-containing molecules show promise in treating arthritis.

What is bortezomib, and how does boron contribute to its function?

Bortezomib is a pharmaceutical drug classified as a proteasome inhibitor, used to treat multiple myeloma and certain lymphomas. The boron atom within its molecular structure is crucial for binding to the catalytic site of the 26S proteasome, thereby inhibiting its function.

What is tavaborole, and what is its medical use?

Tavaborole is a boron-containing pharmaceutical that acts as an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase inhibitor. It has received FDA approval for the treatment of toenail fungus.

How is boron utilized in medical imaging techniques like PET scans?

Dioxaborolane chemistry enables the use of radioactive fluorine-18 (¹⁸F) in labeling molecules like antibodies or red blood cells. This allows for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, which is used to detect cancers and hemorrhages.

What is magnesium diboride (MgB₂), and why is it significant in research?

Magnesium diboride (MgB₂) is a superconductor with a transition temperature of 39 K. Its significance lies in its potential applications in superconducting magnets and high-current distribution systems, with research ongoing for its use in projects like the Large Hadron Collider.

What is the purpose of using depleted boron in radiation-hardened semiconductors?

Depleted boron, which is enriched in the ¹¹B isotope and contains very little ¹⁰B, is used in radiation-hardened semiconductors. This is because ¹¹B is largely resistant to radiation damage, preventing secondary neutrons from interacting with it and causing data errors (single event upsets) in spacecraft electronics.

What is proton-boron fusion, and why is it considered a potential aneutronic fusion fuel?

Proton-boron fusion involves the reaction of a proton with the ¹¹B isotope. This reaction produces alpha particles and releases energy without generating penetrating neutron radiation, unlike most hydrogen and helium fusion reactions. This characteristic makes it attractive for aneutronic fusion, which avoids the structural weakening and long-term radioactivity issues associated with neutron production.

What is neutron capture therapy (BNCT), and how does boron play a role?

Neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a targeted radiation therapy for cancer, particularly brain tumors. It involves delivering boron-10 (¹⁰B) compounds selectively to tumor cells. When irradiated with low-energy neutrons, the ¹⁰B captures them, releasing high-energy alpha particles and lithium ions that kill the cancer cells locally, minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue.

What are the essential roles of boron in plant nutrition?

Boron is essential for plant growth, primarily by maintaining the integrity of cell walls. It is involved in cell division, membrane function, and hormone metabolism, all of which are critical for healthy plant development.

What are the potential health benefits of boron in humans, despite not being classified as an essential nutrient?

While not officially classified as essential, studies suggest boron may positively influence reproduction, bone health, brain function, metabolism, immunity, and hormone regulation. It has been linked to reduced calcium excretion, improved cognitive function, and potential benefits for conditions like arthritis.

Boron Wiki: Boron: The Elemental Architect of Matter

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

When you are ready...
🎮 Play the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge Game🎮

Overview

A Unique Metalloid

Boron (symbol B, atomic number 5) is a chemical element characterized by its unique position as the lightest member of the boron group (Group 13). In its crystalline form, it presents as a brittle, dark, lustrous metalloid. In its amorphous state, it appears as a brown powder. Boron's ability to form extensive covalent bonds leads to a diverse array of compounds, including the well-known boric acid, the mineral borax, and exceptionally hard materials like boron carbide and boron nitride.

Cosmic Origins and Earthly Abundance

Boron is not synthesized through standard stellar nucleosynthesis; instead, it is primarily formed via cosmic ray spallation and in supernovae. Consequently, it is a low-abundance element within our Solar System and the Earth's crust, constituting approximately 0.001% by weight. Its concentration on Earth is significantly influenced by the water-solubility of its naturally occurring compounds, the borate minerals, which are often found as evaporites.

Fundamental Bonding

Boron's electronic configuration (2s²2p¹) dictates its chemical behavior. It possesses three valence electrons, readily forming covalent bonds. This characteristic often leads to compounds that violate the octet rule, contributing to boron's complex and fascinating chemistry. Its compounds frequently exhibit unique structural motifs, such as the B₁₂ icosahedra, which underpin the properties of many advanced materials.

Historical Context

Ancient Uses of Boron Compounds

While elemental boron was isolated much later, compounds like borax (sodium tetraborate) have been utilized for millennia. Borax was employed in China around 300 AD for glazes and traveled westward, mentioned by alchemists as early as the 8th century. By the 16th century, Georgius Agricola noted its use as a flux in metallurgy. Boric acid, recognized in Italian hot springs, was initially known as 'sal sedativum' for its purported calming effects.

Element Isolation

The recognition of boron as a distinct element occurred in the early 19th century. Humphry Davy, along with Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard, independently isolated boron in 1808 through chemical reduction processes. Davy produced a brown precipitate, initially naming the element 'boracium'. Jöns Jacob Berzelius later confirmed its elemental status in 1824. The production of highly pure boron was achieved much later, notably by Ezekiel Weintraub in 1909.

Industrialization and Modern Significance

The late 19th century saw the commercialization of boron compounds, particularly by the Pacific Coast Borax Company, making them more accessible and affordable. This paved the way for widespread industrial applications, especially in glass manufacturing. Today, boron compounds are integral to numerous high-tech industries, reflecting the element's transition from an ancient curiosity to a critical component of modern materials science and technology.

Key Properties

Atomic Characteristics

Boron's atomic number is 5, and its symbol is B. It has two stable isotopes: ¹¹B (approximately 80.1% natural abundance) and ¹⁰B (approximately 19.9%). The significant mass difference between these isotopes leads to notable isotopic fractionation effects observed in natural systems. Boron possesses nuclear spin, making both isotopes useful in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

Physical Attributes

Elemental boron exists in several allotropic forms, including amorphous brown powder and crystalline forms (β-rhombohedral, γ-orthorhombic, β-tetragonal). Crystalline boron is exceptionally hard (Mohs hardness ~9.5), possesses a high melting point (2349 K / 2076 °C), and exhibits poor electrical conductivity at room temperature. Its thermal conductivity is moderate, and it is diamagnetic.

Selected Physical Properties of Boron
Property	Value
Appearance	Black-brown (amorphous), lustrous gray (crystalline)
Phase at STP	Solid
Melting Point	2076 °C (2349 K)
Boiling Point	3927 °C (4200 K)
Density (liquid at m.p.)	2.08 g/cm³
Hardness (Mohs)	~9.5
Thermal Conductivity	27.4 W/(m·K)
Electrical Resistivity	~10⁶ Ω·cm (at 20 °C)
Magnetic Susceptibility	-6.7 × 10⁻⁶ cm³/mol (diamagnetic)

Chemical Reactivity

Crystalline boron is relatively inert under normal conditions, resisting attack by most acids. However, finely divided boron can be oxidized by hot concentrated oxidizing acids. At high temperatures, it burns in air to form boron trioxide (B₂O₃). Boron compounds often exhibit unusual bonding, frequently violating the octet rule, and act as Lewis acids due to their electron deficiency.

The Chemistry of Boron

Preparation and Compounds

Pure elemental boron is challenging to prepare and is typically not used as a precursor for compounds. Instead, boron compounds are synthesized from abundant borate minerals. Key compound classes include halides (BX₃), which are Lewis acidic; oxide derivatives forming diverse borate minerals and glasses; and hydrides (boranes), known for their complex structures and reactivity.

Bonding and Structure

Boron's tendency to form electron-deficient compounds leads to unique bonding arrangements, notably the B₁₂ icosahedral units found in many allotropes and compounds like boron carbide (B₄C). Boron nitride (BN) exhibits structures analogous to carbon allotropes (diamond, graphite), conferring properties like extreme hardness (cubic BN) or lubrication (hexagonal BN).

Organoboron Chemistry

Organoboron compounds, featuring B-C bonds, are crucial in organic synthesis. Hydroboration reactions, utilizing boranes like diborane (B₂H₆), enable the stereoselective synthesis of complex organic molecules. This field, pioneered by H.C. Brown, earned him the 1979 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The Suzuki reaction, involving organoboron compounds, also received Nobel recognition in 2010.

Occurrence and Distribution

Cosmic Rarity

Boron is exceptionally rare in the universe and the solar system. It is not produced during standard stellar nucleosynthesis and is consumed in stellar interiors. Its formation is primarily attributed to cosmic ray spallation and supernovae events.

Earth's Crust

On Earth, boron is found exclusively in oxidized forms (borates) due to the planet's oxygen-rich surface environment. It does not occur naturally in its elemental state. While scarce in the Earth's crust (0.001% by mass), boron concentrates significantly through water action, forming soluble borate minerals like borax and kernite, often found in evaporite deposits.

Major Deposits

Economically significant sources of boron are minerals such as colemanite, kernite, ulexite, and tincal (borax). Turkey holds the largest known deposits, estimated at over one billion metric tonnes, making it a primary global producer. The United States, particularly California, is another major source, with the Rio Tinto Borax Mine being a significant operation.

Global Production

Market Dynamics

The global boron market is dominated by the production of boron compounds, primarily boric acid and sodium tetraborate pentahydrate, derived from mined borate ores. Turkey and the United States are the leading producers. Demand is driven by industries such as glass fiber, borosilicate glass, ceramics, agriculture, and detergents.

Economic Value

The cost of crystalline elemental boron is relatively high (approx. US$5/g), reflecting the difficulty in its purification. However, boron compounds like borax are significantly more affordable (approx. US$377/tonne in 2019). Global demand continues to grow, particularly in Asia, fueled by the expansion of fiberglass and advanced material manufacturing.

Diverse Applications

Glass and Ceramics

The largest industrial use of boron compounds is in the production of glass fiber (insulation and structural) and borosilicate glass. Boron enhances strength, thermal shock resistance, and fluxing properties. Boron carbide and boron nitride are used in high-strength, heat-resistant ceramics and as superabrasives due to their extreme hardness.

Advanced Materials

Elemental boron fibers, produced via chemical vapor deposition, offer high strength-to-weight ratios, finding use in aerospace composites, golf clubs, and fishing rods. Boron's role in metallurgy includes enhancing hardenability in steels and surface hardening via boriding treatments.

Electronics and Energy

Boron is a critical dopant in semiconductors (silicon, germanium) for creating p-type conductivity. Its isotope ¹⁰B is vital in nuclear reactors for neutron absorption, used in control rods and coolant regulation. Boron compounds are also components of powerful neodymium magnets and are researched for aneutronic fusion fuels.

Health and Safety

Borates serve as wood preservatives and insecticides due to their low toxicity to mammals but higher toxicity to arthropods. Boric acid has antiseptic properties. Boron-containing pharmaceuticals, like bortezomib, are used in cancer therapy (multiple myeloma, lymphoma). Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is an experimental cancer treatment utilizing the ¹⁰B isotope.

Biological Significance

Essential Plant Nutrient

Boron is an essential micronutrient for plants, critical for cell wall integrity and various metabolic processes. However, both deficiency and excess can be detrimental. Optimal soil concentrations are typically below 1.0 ppm, with levels above 1.8 ppm potentially causing toxicity symptoms like leaf necrosis.

Antibiotics and Metabolism

Certain naturally occurring antibiotics, such as boromycin and tartrolons, contain boron, produced by bacteria like *Streptomyces*. Research suggests boron may play roles in cellular communication and potentially in the catalytic mechanisms of early life, possibly acting as catalysts in prebiotic environments on early Mars.

Cutting-Edge Research

Superconductivity and Fusion

Magnesium diboride (MgB₂) is a notable superconductor operating at relatively high temperatures (39 K), with applications in superconducting magnets and high-current distribution systems. Boron coatings are used in fusion reactors to condition reactor walls and manage plasma energy.

Nuclear Applications

The ¹⁰B isotope's high neutron capture cross-section makes it crucial for nuclear reactor control and shielding. Research into Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) explores using boron compounds to selectively target cancer cells for destruction via neutron irradiation. Depleted boron (enriched in ¹¹B) is used in radiation-hardened semiconductors for space applications.

Medical Advancements

Ongoing research focuses on developing novel boron-containing compounds for pharmaceutical applications, including improved boron delivery agents for BNCT, treatments for arthritis, and antifungal agents like tavaborole. The unique properties of boron continue to inspire innovation in medicine and materials science.

Teacher's Corner

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

Edit and Print Materials from this study in the wiki2web studio

Click here to open the "Boron" Wiki2Web Studio curriculum kit

Use the free Wiki2web Studio to generate printable flashcards, worksheets, exams, and export your materials as a web page or an interactive game.

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Learn about boron while playing the wiki2web Clarity Challenge game.

Unlock the mystery image and prove your knowledge by earning trophies. This simple game is addictively fun and is a great way to learn!

Play now

Explore More Topics

Discover other topics to study!

rhys lewis novel

god in judaism

trade association

cordon sanitaire politics

oak grove school district san jose california

References

Mokhov, A.V., Kartashov, P.M., Gornostaeva, T.A., Asadulin, A.A., Bogatikov, O.A., 2013: Complex nanospherulites of zinc oxide and native amorphous boron in the Lunar regolith from Mare Crisium. Doklady Earth Sciences 448(1) 61â63

Webmineral.Com, Strunz group V/G - V/L

A full list of references for this article are available at the Boron Wikipedia page

Feedback & Support

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer

Important Notice

This page was generated by an Artificial Intelligence and is intended for informational and educational purposes only. The content is based on a snapshot of publicly available data from Wikipedia and may not be entirely accurate, complete, or up-to-date.

This is not professional advice. The information provided on this website is not a substitute for professional chemical, materials science, or engineering consultation. Always refer to official documentation and consult with qualified professionals for specific applications or requirements.

The creators of this page are not responsible for any errors or omissions, or for any actions taken based on the information provided herein.

Boron: The Elemental Architect of Matter

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Overview ℹ️

💎 A Unique Metalloid

🌌 Cosmic Origins and Earthly Abundance

⚙️ Fundamental Bonding

Historical Context 📜

🏺 Ancient Uses of Boron Compounds

🔬 Element Isolation

🏭 Industrialization and Modern Significance

Key Properties 📊

⚛️ Atomic Characteristics

🌡️ Physical Attributes

⚡ Chemical Reactivity

The Chemistry of Boron 🧪

🛠️ Preparation and Compounds

🔗 Bonding and Structure

🌱 Organoboron Chemistry

Occurrence and Distribution 🌍

🌌 Cosmic Rarity

🌍 Earth's Crust

📍 Major Deposits

Global Production 🏭

📈 Market Dynamics

💰 Economic Value

Diverse Applications 💡

🏠 Glass and Ceramics

🚀 Advanced Materials

⚛️ Electronics and Energy

💊 Health and Safety

Biological Significance 🌱

🌿 Essential Plant Nutrient

🦠 Antibiotics and Metabolism

Cutting-Edge Research 🔬

💡 Superconductivity and Fusion

☢️ Nuclear Applications

💊 Medical Advancements

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

True or False? 🤔

❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

Explore More Topics

📜 Discover other topics to study!

References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

To report an issue with this page, or to find out ways to support the mission, please click here.

Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Overview

A Unique Metalloid

Cosmic Origins and Earthly Abundance

Fundamental Bonding

Historical Context

Ancient Uses of Boron Compounds

Element Isolation

Industrialization and Modern Significance

Key Properties

Atomic Characteristics

Physical Attributes

Chemical Reactivity

The Chemistry of Boron

Preparation and Compounds

Bonding and Structure

Organoboron Chemistry

Occurrence and Distribution

Cosmic Rarity

Earth's Crust

Major Deposits

Global Production

Market Dynamics

Economic Value

Diverse Applications

Glass and Ceramics

Advanced Materials

Electronics and Energy

Health and Safety

Biological Significance

Essential Plant Nutrient

Antibiotics and Metabolism

Cutting-Edge Research

Superconductivity and Fusion

Nuclear Applications

Medical Advancements

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice