What is Bulat Okudzhava primarily known for, and what genre did he help found?

Bulat Okudzhava was a Soviet and Russian poet, writer, musician, novelist, and singer-songwriter. He is widely recognized as one of the founders of the Soviet genre known as "author song," also called *avtorskaya pesnya* or "guitar song." This genre combined Russian poetic and folk song traditions with the French *chansonnier* style, exemplified by artists like Georges Brassens.

What were the ethnic backgrounds of Bulat Okudzhava's parents, and what language did he primarily use?

Bulat Okudzhava's father was Georgian, and his mother was Armenian. Despite his parents' diverse heritage, Bulat Okudzhava exclusively spoke and wrote in Russian throughout his life.

How did the political climate of the Great Purge affect Bulat Okudzhava's family?

During the Great Purge, Bulat Okudzhava's father, Shalva Okudzhava, was arrested in February 1937, accused of Trotskyism and wrecking, and was executed on August 4th along with his two brothers. His mother, Ashkhen Nalbandyan, was arrested in 1939 for anti-Soviet deeds and sent to the Gulag. She was released in 1946 but arrested again in 1949, spending another five years in labor camps before her final release in 1954 and rehabilitation in 1956.

What was Bulat Okudzhava's involvement in World War II?

At the age of 17 in 1942, Bulat Okudzhava volunteered for the Red Army infantry and participated in the war against Nazi Germany on the Eastern Front. He was discharged in 1944.

Describe Okudzhava's early career path after the war.

After his military discharge in 1944, Okudzhava returned to Tbilisi, completed his high school exams, and graduated from Tbilisi State University in 1950. He then worked as a teacher in a rural school in the village of Shamordino in the Kaluga Region, and later in the city of Kaluga itself.

What significant changes occurred for Okudzhava after Stalin's death and the 20th Party Congress?

Following Stalin's death and the 20th Party Congress in 1956, where Khrushchev denounced Stalin, Okudzhava returned to Moscow. This period of de-Stalinization allowed him to join the Communist Party, of which he remained a member until 1990. He also began his career in publishing and literary circles, working as an editor at Molodaya Gvardiya and later as head of the poetry division at Literaturnaya Gazeta.

How did Okudzhava begin his career as a singer-songwriter?

In the mid-1950s, while working in Moscow, Okudzhava started composing songs and performing them, accompanying himself on a Russian guitar. Despite using only a few chords and lacking formal musical training, he possessed a strong melodic gift, and his intelligent lyrics blended well with his music and voice.

How did Okudzhava's songs gain widespread popularity, especially in the early days?

Initially, Okudzhava's songs spread through unofficial amateur recordings known as *magnitizdat*. These recordings were widely copied and circulated across the USSR and Poland, inspiring other young people to pick up guitars and perform his music.

What recognition did Okudzhava's work receive in the film industry?

In 1970, Okudzhava's lyrics were featured in the classic Soviet film *White Sun of the Desert*. He also contributed lyrics and music to numerous other films throughout his career, as detailed in the filmography section.

How did Okudzhava view his own artistic identity?

Despite the immense popularity of his songs and recordings, Bulat Okudzhava primarily regarded himself as a poet and considered his musical recordings to be less significant than his written poetry.

What literary achievements did Okudzhava accomplish later in his career?

During the 1980s, Okudzhava published a significant amount of prose. His novel *The Show is Over* earned him the Russian Booker Prize in 1994. By the 1980s, official releases of his music and volumes of his poetry also began to be published.

What major awards and honors did Bulat Okudzhava receive during his lifetime?

Bulat Okudzhava received the USSR State Prize in 1991. He was also awarded the Golden Wreath at the Struga Poetry Evenings in 1967 and won the Russian Booker Prize in 1994 for his novel *The Show is Over*.

What was Okudzhava's stance on political reforms in the USSR?

Okudzhava supported the reform movement within the USSR. In October 1993, he was among the signatories of the "Letter of Forty-Two," which was a public statement by intellectuals and cultural figures calling for decisive actions from the government during a period of political transition.

How is Bulat Okudzhava memorialized after his death?

Bulat Okudzhava died in Clamart, France, on June 12, 1997, and is buried in Moscow's Vagankovo Cemetery. A monument marks the building where he lived on Arbat Street, and his dacha in Peredelkino has been converted into a museum. Additionally, a minor planet, 3149 Okudzhava, discovered in 1981, is named in his honor.

Describe the specific tuning and playing style Okudzhava used on his Russian guitar.

Okudzhava tuned his Russian guitar to the "Russian tuning" of D'-G'-C-D-g-b-d' (from thickest to thinnest string). He often lowered the tuning by one or two tones to better suit his voice. He played in a classical manner, typically using fingerpicking techniques like ascending/descending arpeggios or waltz patterns, often with an alternating bass line played by his thumb.

What were the typical chord progressions found in Okudzhava's songs?

Many of Okudzhava's songs were in C minor, often centering on the C minor chord (X00X011), progressing to a G7 (00X0433), and then either an E-flat minor (X55X566) or C major (55X5555). When in a major key, like C major, he frequently used the E-flat major chord (X55X567).

How did Okudzhava adapt his musical approach later in his career?

By the 1990s, Okudzhava began using the increasingly popular six-string guitar but maintained his signature Russian tuning by omitting the fourth string, which suited his established playing style.

What is the title of Okudzhava's novel that was translated into English and features Count Leo Tolstoy?

The novel by Bulat Okudzhava translated into English that features Count Leo Tolstoy is titled *The Extraordinary Adventures of Secret Agent Shipov in Pursuit of Count Leo Tolstoy, in the year 1862*.

Name two of Bulat Okudzhava's novels that have been translated into English.

Two of Bulat Okudzhava's novels translated into English are *The Extraordinary Adventures of Secret Agent Shipov in Pursuit of Count Leo Tolstoy, in the year 1862* and *Nocturne: From the Notes of Lt. Amiran Amilakhvari, Retired*. Another translated work is *A Taste of Liberty*.

Which of Okudzhava's works received the Russian Booker Prize in 1994?

Bulat Okudzhava's novel *The Show is Over* won him the Russian Booker Prize in 1994.

What song did Bulat Okudzhava provide lyrics for in the iconic Soviet film *White Sun of the Desert*?

In the 1970 film *White Sun of the Desert*, Bulat Okudzhava provided the lyrics for the song "Your Honor, Lady Luck."

For which film did Okudzhava compose the music for the song "We Need Only One Victory"?

Bulat Okudzhava composed the music for the song "We Need Only One Victory" for the 1970 film *Belorussian Station*.

What was Okudzhava's contribution to the 1967 film *Zhenya, Zhenechka and Katyusha*?

For the 1967 film *Zhenya, Zhenechka and Katyusha*, Bulat Okudzhava provided the lyrics for "Danish King's Elixir," contributed to the screenplay, performed vocals, and made a cameo appearance as a soldier.

Which film featured Okudzhava's lyrics for "Sentries of Love," "Painters," and "Ditty About Arbat"?

The 1982 film *The Pokrovsky Gate* featured lyrics by Bulat Okudzhava for the songs "Sentries of Love," "Painters," and "Ditty About Arbat." He also performed vocals in the film.

What specific award did Bulat Okudzhava receive in 1967?

In 1967, Bulat Okudzhava was awarded the Golden Wreath at the Struga Poetry Evenings.

What was the primary genre of music Okudzhava performed?

Okudzhava performed in the genre known as "author song" (or *avtorskaya pesnya*), which is also referred to as "guitar song." This genre blends Russian poetic and folk traditions with influences from French *chansonnier* styles.

How did Okudzhava's songs challenge Soviet authorities?

Although Okudzhava's songs were not overtly political, their artistic freshness and independence subtly challenged Soviet cultural norms and authorities, leading to a cautious approach from official recognition bodies for many years.

What was the significance of the "Letter of Forty-Two" that Okudzhava signed?

In October 1993, Bulat Okudzhava signed the "Letter of Forty-Two," which was a public statement by intellectuals and cultural figures calling for decisive actions from the government during a period of political reform in the USSR.

What is the name of the minor planet named in honor of Bulat Okudzhava?

The minor planet 3149 Okudzhava, discovered in 1981 by Czech astronomer Zdeňka Vávrová, is named in honor of Bulat Okudzhava.

Besides songwriting, what other literary forms did Okudzhava engage with?

Besides his poetry and songs, Bulat Okudzhava was also a novelist and short story writer. He published a significant amount of prose, including the novel *The Show is Over*, which won the Russian Booker Prize.

What was the context of Okudzhava's parents' move to Moscow?

Bulat Okudzhava's parents moved to Moscow from Tbilisi, Georgia, to study and work for the Communist Party.

What was the role of Grigol Ordzhonikidze in relation to Okudzhava's father?

Bulat Okudzhava's father, Shalva Okudzhava, worked under the protection of Grigol Ordzhonikidze, a high-ranking member of the Communist Party.

What literary work by Okudzhava is mentioned in Vladimir Nabokov's novel *Ada or Ardor*?

Vladimir Nabokov cited Bulat Okudzhava's song "Sentimental March" in his novel *Ada or Ardor: A Family Chronicle*.

What is the significance of the image caption showing Okudzhava performing in East Berlin?

The image caption indicates that Bulat Okudzhava was performing at the Palace of the Republic in East Berlin, East Germany, in 1976.

What specific chord is mentioned as central to songs in C minor by Okudzhava?

The C minor chord, represented as X00X011 from thickest to thinnest string, is mentioned as central to many of Okudzhava's songs in that key.

What was the approximate number of songs Okudzhava authored?

Bulat Okudzhava was the author of approximately 200 songs, all set to his own poetry.

What is the meaning of the term *chansonnier* in the context of Okudzhava's music?

*Chansonnier* refers to a style of French singer-songwriter, exemplified by artists like Georges Brassens, which influenced Okudzhava's approach to author song by blending poetic lyrics with musical performance.

What was Okudzhava's connection to the city of Tbilisi?

Bulat Okudzhava's parents originated from Tbilisi, Georgia. After his father's arrest and his mother's initial imprisonment, Bulat returned to Tbilisi to live with his relatives and later graduated from Tbilisi State University.

What was the "sealed train" mentioned in relation to Vladimir Okudzhava?

The "sealed train" refers to the infamous train that transported key revolutionary leaders, including Vladimir Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev, from Switzerland back to Russia in 1917. Vladimir Okudzhava, Bulat's uncle, was listed among its passengers.

What was the nature of Okudzhava's early teaching career?

After graduating from university, Okudzhava worked as a teacher in a rural school in the village of Shamordino, located in the Kaluga Region, before moving to teach in the city of Kaluga itself.

What is the significance of the monument on Arbat Street related to Bulat Okudzhava?

A monument stands on Arbat Street in Moscow to commemorate Bulat Okudzhava, marking the building at number 43 where he lived.

What is the name of Okudzhava's dacha that is now a museum?

Bulat Okudzhava's dacha located in Peredelkino has been transformed into a museum that is open to the public.

What specific chord progressions are mentioned in relation to Okudzhava's music?

The text notes that many of Okudzhava's songs were in C minor, often using chords like C minor (X00X011), G7 (00X0433), and E-flat minor (X55X566) or C major (55X5555). When in a major key, like C major, he frequently used the E-flat major chord (X55X567).

What is the title of Okudzhava's novel that won the Russian Booker Prize?

Bulat Okudzhava's novel *The Show is Over* won him the Russian Booker Prize in 1994.

What specific type of guitar did Okudzhava primarily use for his performances?

Bulat Okudzhava primarily used a Russian guitar for his performances, often tuning it to a specific "Russian tuning" and playing with fingerpicking techniques.

What was the meaning of *avtorskaya pesnya*?

*Avtorskaya pesnya* is the Russian term for "author song," a genre that Bulat Okudzhava helped found. It signifies songs where the performer is also the composer and lyricist, often characterized by poetic lyrics and acoustic guitar accompaniment.

Bulat Okudzhava Wiki: The Melodious Voice of the Arbat: Bulat Okudzhava's Enduring Legacy

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Introduction

The Bard of the Arbat

Bulat Shalvovich Okudzhava (1924–1997) was a towering figure in Soviet and Russian culture, celebrated as a poet, writer, musician, novelist, and singer-songwriter. He is widely recognized as one of the principal founders of the "author song" genre, known in Russian as avtorskaya pesnya or "guitar song." His work masterfully blended the rich traditions of Russian poetic and folk song with the intimate style of the French chansonnier, exemplified by contemporaries like Georges Brassens.

A Voice of Subtle Defiance

Okudzhava's artistic voice, characterized by its freshness and independence, presented a nuanced challenge to the prevailing Soviet cultural authorities. While his songs were seldom overtly political, their sincerity and artistic integrity led to years of hesitant official recognition. Despite this, his poetry and music resonated deeply with audiences across the Soviet Union and beyond, cementing his status as a beloved cultural icon.

Global Reach and Influence

Okudzhava's influence extended far beyond the borders of the Soviet Union. His songs, often characterized by their philosophical depth and poignant lyricism, were widely disseminated through unofficial recordings (magnitizdat) and performances. His literary works, including novels and short stories, also garnered significant acclaim, earning him prestigious awards and international recognition.

Formative Years: From Moscow to the Frontlines

Family and Political Upheaval

Born in Moscow on May 9, 1924, Bulat Okudzhava hailed from a family deeply involved in the Communist Party. His parents, Shalva Okudzhava (of Georgian descent) and Ashkhen Nalbandyan (of Armenian descent), had relocated from Tbilisi to Moscow to pursue political careers. Okudzhava himself spoke and wrote exclusively in Russian. His family's life was profoundly impacted by the political purges of the era; his father was arrested and executed in 1937, and his mother endured imprisonment in the Gulag from 1939 to 1946, followed by a second arrest and subsequent release and rehabilitation.

Wartime Service

In 1942, at the age of 17, Okudzhava voluntarily enlisted in the Red Army infantry. He served on the Eastern Front during World War II, gaining firsthand experience of the conflict's realities. Following his discharge in 1944, he returned to Tbilisi, completed his high school education, and subsequently graduated from Tbilisi State University in 1950.

Early Career as an Educator

After his university studies, Okudzhava embarked on a career in education. He began by teaching in a rural school in Shamordino, Kaluga Region, before moving to the city of Kaluga itself. This period provided him with valuable life experience that would later inform his artistic endeavors.

Return to Moscow: A Cultural Emergence

Political Climate and Party Membership

Okudzhava returned to Moscow in 1956, following the death of Joseph Stalin and the subsequent political thaw initiated by Nikita Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalin's excesses. This period of relative liberalization allowed Okudzhava to join the Communist Party, a membership he maintained until 1990. His return marked a significant turning point, placing him at the heart of the Soviet cultural scene.

Literary and Editorial Work

In Moscow, Okudzhava initially served as an editor at the publishing house Molodaya Gvardiya (Young Guard). He later became the head of the poetry division at Literaturnaya Gazeta ("Literary Newspaper"), a prominent national literary weekly. This role provided him with a platform and insight into the literary landscape of the USSR.

The Genesis of the Author Song

It was during the mid-1950s that Okudzhava began composing songs, accompanying himself on the Russian guitar. Though he possessed no formal musical training and utilized only a few basic chords, his exceptional melodic gift and the intellectual depth of his lyrics created a unique and compelling artistic synthesis. These early songs, often shared among friends, laid the foundation for the author song movement.

The Artistry of Author Song

Melodic Innovation and Lyrical Depth

Okudzhava's musical approach was characterized by its simplicity and profound emotional resonance. He typically employed a limited set of chords, often utilizing a downtuned Russian guitar tuned to "Russian tuning" (D'-G'-C-D-g-b-d'). His playing style involved intricate finger-picking, arpeggios, and a distinctive alternating bass line, creating a rich soundscape for his poetic narratives. The thematic core of his songs often explored themes of love, war, friendship, and the human condition with remarkable sincerity.

The Power of Magnitizdat

Before gaining official recognition, Okudzhava's songs circulated widely through unofficial, self-produced recordings known as magnitizdat. These tapes were copied and shared extensively, allowing his music to reach a vast audience across the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. This grassroots dissemination underscored the powerful connection his art forged with listeners, particularly among the intelligentsia.

Cinematic Contributions

Okudzhava's lyrical talent found expression beyond his song performances. His poignant lyrics were featured in several notable Soviet films, most famously in the iconic 1970 film White Sun of the Desert. This integration into cinema further amplified the reach and impact of his artistic voice.

Literary Contributions: Prose and Poetry

A Poet First and Foremost

While widely celebrated for his songs, Okudzhava considered himself primarily a poet. His extensive body of poetry explored profound themes with lyrical grace and intellectual rigor. His work often reflected on historical events, personal experiences, and universal human emotions, earning him critical acclaim within literary circles.

Narrative Fiction

Beyond poetry, Okudzhava was also a distinguished prose writer. His novels and short stories delved into complex narratives, often blending historical settings with philosophical inquiry. His novel The Show is Over achieved significant recognition, winning the prestigious Russian Booker Prize in 1994, further solidifying his literary stature.

Published Works in Translation

Okudzhava's literary output transcended linguistic barriers, with many of his stories and novels translated into English and other languages. These translations allowed international audiences to engage with his unique perspective on life, history, and the human spirit.

"The Art of Needles and Sins", (story), from The New Soviet Fiction, Abbeville Press, NY, 1989.
"Good-bye, Schoolboy!" and "Promoxys", (stories), from Fifty Years of Russian Prose, Volume 2, M.I.T Press, MA, 1971.
The Extraordinary Adventures of Secret Agent Shipov in Pursuit of Count Leo Tolstoy, in the year 1862, (novel), Abelard-Schuman, UK, 1973.
Nocturne: From the Notes of Lt. Amiran Amilakhvari, Retired, (novel), Harper and Row, NY, 1978.
A Taste of Liberty, (novel), Ardis Publishers, 1986.
"Girl of My Dreams", (story), from 50 Writers: An Anthology of 20th Century Russian Short Stories, Academic Studies Press, 2011.

Recognition and Honors

Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath

In recognition of his significant contributions to poetry, Okudzhava was awarded the prestigious Golden Wreath at the Struga Poetry Evenings festival in 1967. This international honor celebrated his lyrical prowess and his impact on the global poetic landscape.

USSR State Prize

In 1991, Okudzhava received the USSR State Prize, a high governmental honor acknowledging his lifetime achievements in literature and music. This award marked a significant moment of official recognition for an artist whose work had often navigated complex cultural and political currents.

Russian Booker Prize

His novel The Show is Over earned him the Russian Booker Prize in 1994. This award highlighted his considerable talent as a novelist and underscored his versatility as a literary figure.

Celestial Tribute

Further testament to his enduring legacy, the minor planet 3149 Okudzhava, discovered in 1981, was named in his honor, symbolizing his lasting impact that reaches even into the cosmos.

Selected Filmography

Contributions to Cinema

Bulat Okudzhava's artistic talents extended to the realm of film, where his lyrics and music graced numerous productions, and he occasionally appeared as an actor or contributed to screenplays. His involvement enriched Soviet cinema with his distinctive voice and lyrical sensibility.

Year	Title	Original Title	Contributions
Year	Title	Original Title	Lyrics	Other
1961	My Friend, Kolka!	Друг мой, Колька!	Merry Drummer; Over Sea, Over Land
1962	Chain reaction	Цепная реакция	Last Trolleybus; Old Pier	actor (bus passenger)
1964	I Am Twenty	Мне двадцать лет	Sentimental March	cameo (as himself)
1965	Faithfulness	Верность		screenplay
1966	July Rain	Июльский дождь	A Song About Infantry	music
1967	Zhenya, Zhenechka and Katyusha	Женя, Женeчка и «катюша»	Danish King's Elixir	screenplay, vocal, cameo (soldier)
1970	White Sun of the Desert	Белое солнце пустыни	Your Honor, Lady Luck
1970	Belorussian Station	Белорусский вокзал	We Need Only One Victory	music
1974	The Straw Hat	Соломенная шляпка	all songs
1975	The Captivating Star of Happiness	Звезда пленительного счастья	romances	cameo (bandmaster)
1975	The Adventures of Buratino	Приключения Буратино	Lamplighters; Papa Carlo; Karabas Barabas (two songs); About Greed-Guts; The Field of Wonders; Pierrot's Serenade
1976	The Key That Should Not Be Handed On	Ключ без права передачи	Let's Exclaim	cameo (as himself)
1976	The Strogovs	Строговы		actor (officer)
1977	One-Two, Soldiers Were Going...	Аты-баты, шли солдаты...	Take the Greatcoat, Let's Go Home
1979	The Wife Has Left	Жена ушла	One More Romance	vocal
1982	The Pokrovsky Gate	Покровские ворота	Sentries of Love; Painters; Ditty About Arbat	vocal
1984	Dear, Dearest, Beloved, Unique...	Милый, дорогой, любимый, единственный...	One Wishes to Get Rich	vocal
1985	Legal Marriage	Законный брак	This Woman in the Window; The Skies are Freer After the Rain	actor (train passenger)
1986	Guard Me, My Talisman	Храни меня, мой талисман	One Can't Return the Past; Family Photo Against Pushkin	cameo (as himself)
2000	Still Waters	Тихие омуты	Youth Ends Quickly	music
2005	The Turkish Gambit	Турецкий гамбит	Autumn Rain

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References

Dictionary of Minor Planet Names â p.260

Songs of Bulat Okudzhava by Galina Khomchik

Songs of Bulat Okudzhava by Zhanna Bichevskaya

Blue balloon, song and music by Bulat Okudzhava, performed by Elena Frolova

A full list of references for this article are available at the Bulat Okudzhava Wikipedia page

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Bulat Okudzhava

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

Introduction ℹ️

🎤 The Bard of the Arbat

📜 A Voice of Subtle Defiance

🌍 Global Reach and Influence

Formative Years: From Moscow to the Frontlines ⏳

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Family and Political Upheaval

⚔️ Wartime Service

🏫 Early Career as an Educator

Return to Moscow: A Cultural Emergence 🏙️

đảng Political Climate and Party Membership

📰 Literary and Editorial Work

🎸 The Genesis of the Author Song

The Artistry of Author Song 🎶

🎼 Melodic Innovation and Lyrical Depth

🗣️ The Power of Magnitizdat

🎬 Cinematic Contributions

Literary Contributions: Prose and Poetry ✍️

📖 A Poet First and Foremost

📚 Narrative Fiction

🌐 Published Works in Translation

Recognition and Honors 🏆

🌟 Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath

🏅 USSR State Prize

💰 Russian Booker Prize

🪐 Celestial Tribute

Selected Filmography 🎬

🎞️ Contributions to Cinema

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

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References

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📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

Introduction

The Bard of the Arbat

A Voice of Subtle Defiance

Global Reach and Influence

Formative Years: From Moscow to the Frontlines

Family and Political Upheaval

Wartime Service

Early Career as an Educator

Return to Moscow: A Cultural Emergence

Political Climate and Party Membership

Literary and Editorial Work

The Genesis of the Author Song

The Artistry of Author Song

Melodic Innovation and Lyrical Depth

The Power of Magnitizdat

Cinematic Contributions

Literary Contributions: Prose and Poetry

A Poet First and Foremost

Narrative Fiction

Published Works in Translation

Recognition and Honors

Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath

USSR State Prize

Russian Booker Prize

Celestial Tribute

Selected Filmography

Contributions to Cinema

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice