Who nominated Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court, and whom did he replace?

President George H.W. Bush nominated Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court of the United States on July 1, 1991. He was nominated to fill the vacancy left by the retirement of Justice Thurgood Marshall, who was the first African American justice on the Court and a significant figure in the Civil Rights Movement.

What was Clarence Thomas's professional background at the time of his Supreme Court nomination?

At the time of his nomination, Clarence Thomas was serving as a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. President Bush had appointed him to this position in March 1990, following his previous role as chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).

What were the primary issues that made the nomination of Clarence Thomas contentious?

The nomination became contentious primarily due to concerns surrounding abortion and Thomas's conservative political views. Many women's groups and civil rights organizations opposed him, fearing he would shift the Court's ideological balance to the right, similar to their opposition to David Souter's nomination the previous year.

What specific allegations of sexual harassment were made against Clarence Thomas, and by whom?

Anita Hill, a law professor who had previously worked under Thomas at the Department of Education and the EEOC, alleged that Thomas made unwelcome sexual comments to her. She also claimed he discussed pornographic films and made embarrassing references to a porn star named Long Dong Silver, and recounted an incident involving a Coke can.

How did Anita Hill's allegations become public, and what was their immediate impact on the confirmation process?

Anita Hill's allegations surfaced when they were leaked from a confidential FBI report to NPR Supreme Court correspondent Nina Totenberg. This leak triggered a media frenzy and led the Senate Judiciary Committee to reopen its confirmation hearings, significantly delaying the final vote on Thomas's nomination.

What was the outcome of the Judiciary Committee's review of Thomas's nomination?

After extensive debate, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted 13-1 to send Thomas's nomination to the full Senate without a recommendation. An earlier motion to report the nomination favorably had failed with a 7-7 tie, indicating the deep division within the committee.

What was the final vote count in the Senate for Clarence Thomas's confirmation, and what was the party breakdown?

The Senate confirmed Clarence Thomas by a narrow margin of 52 votes in favor to 48 against on October 15, 1991. The vote comprised 41 Republicans and 11 Democrats voting 'Yea,' while 46 Democrats and 2 Republicans voted 'Nay,' highlighting a significant bipartisan split.

What was the cultural impact of the Anita Hill testimony during the Thomas confirmation hearings?

The public attention and debate surrounding Anita Hill's testimony are widely credited with significantly raising national awareness of sexual harassment in the workplace. Some also link the events to the "Year of the Woman" in 1992, when a notable number of liberal women were elected to Congress, with some referring to them as the "Anita Hill Class."

What role did the American Bar Association (ABA) play in evaluating Clarence Thomas's nomination?

The ABA's Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary evaluated Thomas, ultimately rating him as 'qualified.' However, this rating was considered to represent one of the lowest levels of support for Supreme Court nominees, and reports suggest the White House pressured the ABA regarding its assessment.

Who served as Clarence Thomas's "sherpas" during his confirmation process?

Kenneth M. Duberstein, a former White House Chief of Staff, and John C. Danforth, a former Senator, acted as Thomas's advisors, guiding him through the rigorous confirmation process. Duberstein had previously performed a similar role for David Souter's nomination.

What did Clarence Thomas state about the nature of the confirmation hearings?

Thomas described the confirmation hearings as a "circus," a "national disgrace," and a "high-tech lynching." He expressed that the process was orchestrated to destroy him for having independent thoughts and deviating from an established political order.

What was the significance of the vote percentage against Thomas's confirmation in the Senate?

The 48% of senators who voted against Thomas's confirmation was the highest percentage against a successful nominee in over a century, underscoring the deeply divided and contentious nature of the confirmation process.

What specific details did Anita Hill provide regarding Thomas's alleged behavior at the Department of Education?

Hill testified that Thomas spoke graphically about acts seen in pornographic films, including those involving sex with animals and group sex or rape scenes. She also stated he frequently described his own sexual prowess and made embarrassing references to a porn star named Long Dong Silver.

What did Clarence Thomas's supporters testify regarding Anita Hill's allegations?

Several individuals who had worked with Thomas, including Jane Campa Alvarez, Nancy Fitch, Diane Holt, and Phyllis Berry-Myers, testified in his support. They stated that Thomas's alleged behavior was out of character, that they never witnessed such conduct, or that Hill seemed to desire a relationship beyond the professional.

What was the outcome of the Judiciary Committee's vote on the motion to report Thomas's nomination favorably?

The motion to report Thomas's nomination favorably to the full Senate failed, with the Judiciary Committee voting 7-7 on the matter.

When did Clarence Thomas take the oath of office as a Supreme Court Justice?

Clarence Thomas took the oath of office on October 23, 1991, eight days after his confirmation by the full Senate. The swearing-in ceremony was administered by Justice Byron White.

What was the context of Senator Joe Biden's questioning about Richard Epstein's book during the hearings?

During the hearings, Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Joe Biden referenced Richard Epstein's book "Takings: Private Property and the Power of Eminent Domain." Biden questioned Thomas about the book's ideas on property rights and government power, with the Cato Institute characterizing the questioning as probing whether Thomas was a libertarian.

What did Jane Mayer and Jill Abramson conclude in their book "Strange Justice" regarding Thomas's testimony?

In their investigative book "Strange Justice," reporters Jane Mayer and Jill Abramson concluded that "the preponderance of the evidence suggests" Thomas lied under oath when he denied harassing Anita Hill during his confirmation hearings.

How did David Brock's views on Anita Hill's allegations evolve over time?

David Brock initially published an article and book arguing against Anita Hill's veracity. However, in his 2003 book "Blinded by the Right," he recanted, admitting he had "lied in print to protect the reputation of Justice Clarence Thomas" and alleged that Thomas had attempted to pressure a witness to retract her statement.

What did Clarence Thomas state about the leak of the FBI report containing Hill's allegations?

Thomas asserted that the FBI report containing Hill's allegations was searched for by committee staffers, leaked to the media, and then validated by the committee and the Senate. He viewed this as part of a deliberate effort to undermine his nomination.

What was the significance of the 99-day period between Thomas's nomination and the final Senate confirmation vote?

The 99-day duration was the second longest for a Supreme Court nominee receiving a final vote since 1975, surpassed only by Robert Bork's 108 days. This extended period highlighted the intense scrutiny and debate surrounding Thomas's nomination.

What specific detail did Anita Hill provide about an incident involving Thomas and a Coke can?

Anita Hill testified that after she and Thomas had moved to the EEOC, Thomas asked, "Who has put pubic hair on my Coke?" after retrieving a Coke from his desk where they were working.

What was the American Bar Association's final rating for Clarence Thomas's nomination, and what was its significance?

The ABA's Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary rated Thomas as 'qualified,' though this rating was considered to have low support among committee members. The White House reportedly attempted to preemptively discredit the ABA and pressured senators regarding the rating.

What did Clarence Thomas's autobiography say about Anita Hill's character and work?

In his 2007 memoirs, Thomas described Hill as touchy and prone to overreaction, and characterized her work at the EEOC as mediocre. He also contrasted her portrayal in his book with her actual demeanor and political leanings during their time working together.

What did the phrase "high-tech lynching", used by Clarence Thomas, refer to?

Thomas used the phrase "high-tech lynching" to describe the confirmation process, viewing it as a politically motivated attack against him as a Black American who dared to hold independent views and deviate from established norms.

What was the stated reason for postponing the final Senate vote on Thomas's nomination?

The final Senate vote was postponed after NPR correspondent Nina Totenberg reported on Anita Hill's allegations of sexual harassment. This led to pressure from various groups and lawmakers to reopen the confirmation hearings for further investigation.

What did Jane Mayer and Jill Abramson claim about Senator Joe Biden's handling of the confirmation hearings?

Mayer and Abramson reported that Senator Joe Biden, as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee, abdicated control of the Thomas confirmation hearings and did not call Angela Wright to testify, despite her willingness to corroborate Anita Hill's claims.

What did the table detailing the Senate confirmation vote reveal about the party breakdown?

The vote breakdown showed that 41 Republicans and 11 Democrats voted in favor of confirming Thomas, while 46 Democrats and 2 Republicans voted against his nomination, illustrating a significant partisan divide.

Who was Thurgood Marshall, whom Clarence Thomas was nominated to replace?

Thurgood Marshall was a pioneering civil rights lawyer and the first African American justice appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States. His retirement created the vacancy that President George H.W. Bush filled with the nomination of Clarence Thomas.

What was the nature of the opposition from women's and civil rights groups towards Clarence Thomas's nomination?

Groups like the NAACP, Urban League, and National Organization for Women opposed Thomas, believing his conservative views would lead the Court to the right. They were particularly concerned about his criticism of affirmative action and his stance on Roe v. Wade.

What did Clarence Thomas state about his position on Roe v. Wade during the confirmation hearings?

During his testimony, Thomas repeatedly asserted that he had not formulated a position on Roe v. Wade and had not discussed the issue with anyone, a stance that drew scrutiny from senators concerned about the landmark abortion ruling.

What did Ken Foskett, an investigative reporter, conclude about the Anita Hill allegations in his book?

In his 2004 book, Ken Foskett concluded that while it was plausible Thomas made some of the statements Hill alleged, it seemed implausible he said them all as described. He also suggested that bullying a woman was contrary to Thomas's nature and questioned the fairness of turning private conduct into a political weapon.

What was the title of the Showtime film that dramatized the confirmation hearing?

The Showtime film that dramatized the confirmation hearing was titled "Strange Justice," released in 1999, starring Delroy Lindo as Thomas and Regina Taylor as Hill.

What was the title of the HBO film that dramatized the Senate hearing, and who starred in it?

The HBO film that dramatized the Senate hearing was titled "Confirmation," released in 2016. It starred Kerry Washington as Anita Hill and Wendell Pierce as Clarence Thomas.

What did David Brock claim in his 2003 book "Blinded by the Right" regarding his earlier writings about Anita Hill?

In "Blinded by the Right," David Brock admitted that he had "lied in print to protect the reputation of Justice Clarence Thomas" in his earlier work attacking Anita Hill's credibility. He also alleged that Thomas had used an intermediary to pressure a witness to retract her statement.

What did Anita Hill state in her 1997 autobiography, "Speaking Truth to Power," regarding her decision not to file a complaint earlier?

In her autobiography, Anita Hill explained that she assessed the situation and chose not to file a complaint at the time of the alleged harassment. She emphasized that this was her right and that women would continue to make such choices until society validates claims of harassment regardless of the harasser's power.

What did Clarence Thomas say about the media coverage and the Senate Judiciary Committee's validation of Anita Hill's allegations?

Thomas stated that the allegations were "searched for by staffers," leaked to the media, and then "validated and displayed" by the committee and the Senate in prime time, contributing to his characterization of the process as a "high-tech lynching."

What was the significance of the ABA committee's vote on Thomas's qualification?

The ABA committee's vote of 12 'qualified,' 2 'not qualified,' and 1 abstention represented one of the lowest levels of support for Supreme Court nominees, despite the committee ultimately finding him qualified. This outcome was seen as an embarrassment to the Bush administration.

What did Michael Isikoff claim about the influence of the Thomas-Hill case on later media coverage?

Michael Isikoff suggested that the public discourse and media coverage surrounding Anita Hill's testimony influenced how allegations of sexual harassment against Bill Clinton were handled in the 1990s.

What was the nature of the allegations made by Angela Wright against Clarence Thomas?

Angela Wright, a former subordinate of Thomas at the EEOC, told Senate Judiciary Committee staff that Thomas repeatedly made comments to her similar to those alleged by Hill. These included pressuring her for dates, asking about her breast size, and making comments about other women's anatomy.

Why did Angela Wright and Rose Jourdain not testify before the Senate Judiciary Committee?

Angela Wright and Rose Jourdain, who had made statements supporting Hill's allegations, were dismissed by the Judiciary Committee without testifying. Reasons cited include Republican senators' desire to avoid further damaging testimony and Democratic senators' concerns about Wright's credibility, as well as Wright's own reluctance after witnessing the committee's treatment of Hill.

What did Sukari Hardnett tell Senate Judiciary Committee staff regarding working for Clarence Thomas?

Sukari Hardnett stated that if one was young, Black, female, and reasonably attractive while working directly for Clarence Thomas, it was understood that they were being "inspected and auditioned as a female."

What was the official portrait mentioned in the infobox, and who is depicted?

The infobox includes an official portrait of Clarence Thomas, identified as his portrait as chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).

What was the outcome of the vote in the Senate Judiciary Committee on a motion to report Thomas's nomination without recommendation?

The Senate Judiciary Committee voted 13-1 to send the Thomas nomination to the full Senate without recommendation, following the failure of a motion to report it favorably.

What did Thomas's autobiography say about the political leanings of Anita Hill?

In his 2007 memoirs, Thomas described Anita Hill as a "left-winger" who had never expressed religious sentiments during their time working together, contrasting this with her portrayal during the hearings as a conservative Reagan-administration employee.

What was the significance of the 106th member reference in relation to Thomas's appointment?

The text notes that upon taking the oath of office, Clarence Thomas became the 106th member of the Supreme Court, marking his official entry onto the bench.

What did the book "Strange Justice" by Mayer and Abramson conclude about Thomas's testimony under oath?

Jane Mayer and Jill Abramson concluded in their book "Strange Justice" that "the preponderance of the evidence suggests" Thomas lied under oath when he testified to the Senate Judiciary Committee that he had not harassed Anita Hill.

What was the context of the "Chicken Kiev" speech mentioned in the George H.W. Bush navbox?

The "Chicken Kiev" speech refers to President George H.W. Bush's address to the Ukrainian parliament in Kiev in 1991, where he cautioned against Ukrainian independence. This is mentioned in the context of Bush's presidency and foreign policy, not directly related to the Thomas nomination itself.

What was the "Read my lips: no new taxes" phrase associated with in the George H.W. Bush navbox?

The phrase "Read my lips: no new taxes" was a famous campaign promise made by George H.W. Bush during his 1988 presidential campaign. It is mentioned in the context of his presidential tenure and campaigns, not directly related to the Thomas nomination.

What was the "high-tech lynching" comment made by Clarence Thomas referring to?

Thomas used the phrase "high-tech lynching" to describe the confirmation process, viewing it as a politically motivated attack against him as a Black American who dared to hold independent views and deviate from established norms. He felt the process was orchestrated to destroy him.

Clarence Thomas Supreme Court Nomination Wiki: The Thomas Nomination: A Senate Crucible

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The Nominee

Clarence Thomas

Nominated by President George H.W. Bush on July 1, 1991, to succeed Justice Thurgood Marshall, Clarence Thomas was then a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. His nomination was met with significant opposition from civil rights and women's groups due to his conservative judicial philosophy and past criticisms of affirmative action.

Thomas's background included serving as chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and a tenure at the U.S. Department of Education. His limited experience as an appellate judge, coupled with his ideological stance, set the stage for a challenging confirmation process.

President Bush's Choice

President George H.W. Bush sought to appoint a "true conservative" to the Supreme Court. While initially considering other candidates, Bush ultimately selected Thomas, viewing him as a strong conservative voice. The administration anticipated a difficult confirmation battle, particularly given the precedent set by the opposition to Robert Bork's nomination.

Bush's staff, including Chief of Staff John H. Sununu, predicted a "knock-down, drag-out, bloody-knuckles, grass-roots fight" for confirmation, highlighting the high stakes and political maneuvering involved.

The Predecessor

Clarence Thomas was nominated to replace Justice Thurgood Marshall, a towering figure in American civil rights and the first African American justice on the Supreme Court. Marshall's retirement created a vacancy that many saw as symbolic, and the choice of his successor was heavily scrutinized by various political and social groups.

The contrast between Marshall's legacy and Thomas's perceived judicial philosophy became a central theme in the confirmation debate, with opponents arguing that Thomas would represent a significant ideological shift away from Marshall's jurisprudence.

The Confirmation Process

Timeline and Votes

The nomination process spanned 99 days, from July 1, 1991, to October 15, 1991. This duration was the second longest for a Supreme Court nominee receiving a final vote since 1975, surpassed only by Robert Bork.

The Senate Judiciary Committee's initial vote on a favorable recommendation failed with a 7-7 tie. Subsequently, a motion to report the nomination without recommendation passed 13-1, indicating the deep divisions within the committee.

Committee Scrutiny

The American Bar Association (ABA) committee rated Thomas as "qualified" by a narrow margin (12-2), a result considered an embarrassment to the administration and a low level of support for nominees. Despite this, the ABA's assessment had minimal impact on the final outcome.

The committee's review focused intensely on Thomas's legal views, speeches, writings, and judicial decisions, probing his stance on critical issues like abortion and property rights.

Political Dynamics

The nomination was a significant political maneuver by President Bush, aiming to solidify a conservative majority on the Court and appeal to key voter demographics. Democrats, controlling the Senate, faced pressure from various interest groups, including liberal organizations and women's rights advocates.

The nomination was framed by some as a strategic move to counter the opposition faced by previous conservative nominees, while others viewed Thomas's selection as an attempt to appoint an "extreme ideologue."

The Confirmation Hearings

Initial Testimony

Public confirmation hearings commenced on September 10, 1991, lasting ten days. The primary focus was on Thomas's legal philosophy, his past statements, and his judicial record. Thomas maintained a position of ambivalence regarding his views on Roe v. Wade, stating he had not formulated a definitive position or discussed it extensively.

Committee Chairman Joe Biden engaged Thomas in questioning, notably referencing Richard Epstein's book on property rights, framing the inquiry as a test of Thomas's ideological leanings.

Leak and Reopening

The confirmation process took a dramatic turn when allegations of sexual harassment against Thomas by Anita Hill, a former colleague, were leaked to the media from a confidential FBI report. This revelation led to the reopening of the hearings.

The televised hearings became a national spectacle, focusing public attention on sexual harassment and its implications in the workplace and in political appointments.

Sexual Harassment Allegations

Anita Hill's Testimony

Anita Hill, a law professor, testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee on October 11, 1991, detailing allegations of sexual harassment against Thomas during their time together at the Department of Education and the EEOC in the early 1980s. She described specific instances of unwelcome sexual comments and references to pornography.

Hill stated her ambivalence about whether the conduct constituted illegal harassment but felt compelled to testify regarding Thomas's character and fitness for the Supreme Court. Her testimony provided graphic details, including references to "Long Dong Silver" and a "pubic hair in my Coke" incident.

Thomas's Response

Clarence Thomas vehemently denied all allegations made by Anita Hill. He characterized the hearing as a "high-tech lynching" for African Americans who dared to think independently, asserting that the accusations were false and politically motivated.

Thomas stated, "I deny each and every single allegation against me today that suggested in any way that I had conversations of a sexual nature or about pornographic material with Anita Hill, that I ever attempted to date her, that I ever had any personal sexual interest in her, or that I in any way ever harassed her." He accused committee staffers of searching for and leaking damaging information.

Corroboration and Skepticism

Two other women, Angela Wright and Rose Jourdain, reportedly made statements to Senate staff supporting Hill's claims, though they did not testify publicly. The decision not to call Wright to testify remains a point of contention, with theories ranging from Republican opposition to concerns about Wright's credibility and her reluctance to testify after witnessing the treatment of Hill.

Several witnesses testified in support of Thomas, rebutting Hill's account and questioning her credibility. They described Thomas as professional and respectful, suggesting Hill might have had personal motives or misinterpreted his actions.

The Senate Vote

Final Confirmation

On October 15, 1991, the full Senate confirmed Clarence Thomas by a narrow margin of 52 votes in favor to 48 against. This vote reflected a significant partisan divide, with 41 Republicans and 11 Democrats voting to confirm, while 46 Democrats and 2 Republicans voted against.

The confirmation was a major victory for President Bush and the conservative movement, solidifying a conservative shift on the Supreme Court.

Voting Breakdown

The vote tally underscored the deep divisions within the Senate and the nation. The high percentage of senators voting against a confirmed nominee (48%) was the greatest since 1881, highlighting the contentious nature of the proceedings.

Vice President Dan Quayle presided over the vote, prepared to cast a tie-breaking vote if necessary.

The following table details the roll call vote on the confirmation of Clarence Thomas:

Vote to confirm the Thomas nomination
October 15, 1991	Party		Total votes
October 15, 1991	Democratic	Republican	Total votes
Yea	11	41	52
Nay	46	2	48
Result: Confirmed

Sources: ^⁵⁸^⁵⁹

Cultural and Political Impact

Sexual Harassment Awareness

The televised hearings and Anita Hill's testimony are widely credited with bringing the issue of sexual harassment into mainstream public discourse. The event significantly raised national awareness and spurred conversations about workplace conduct and power dynamics.

This heightened awareness is often linked to the subsequent "Year of the Woman" in 1992, when a notable number of women were elected to Congress, many of whom were referred to as the "Anita Hill Class."

Political Realignment

The nomination and confirmation process had lasting effects on American politics and the Supreme Court. It intensified partisan divisions and highlighted the increasing politicization of judicial appointments.

The events influenced subsequent confirmation battles and the way candidates were vetted and questioned, particularly concerning personal conduct and allegations.

Media and Literature

Films and Documentaries

The dramatic events of the confirmation hearings have been depicted in several films and documentaries, bringing the narrative to a wider audience.

Strange Justice (1999): A Showtime television film starring Delroy Lindo as Thomas and Regina Taylor as Hill.
Confirmation (2016): An HBO film starring Kerry Washington as Hill and Wendell Pierce as Thomas, focusing on the Senate hearing.
Created Equal: Clarence Thomas In His Own Words (2020): A documentary featuring Thomas discussing his confirmation hearings and the allegations.

Books and Analysis

Numerous books have been written analyzing the nomination, the allegations, and their aftermath, offering diverse perspectives on the events and the individuals involved.

Mayer and Abramson's Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas (1994) argued that the evidence suggested Thomas lied under oath.
David Brock's The Real Anita Hill (1993) presented a critical view of Hill's testimony. Brock later recanted aspects of his work, stating he had "lied in print to protect the reputation of Justice Clarence Thomas."
Ken Foskett's Judging Thomas (2004) questioned the plausibility of Hill's account.
Scott Douglas Gerber's work expressed uncertainty about whom to believe.

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References

Tushnet, Mark. A Court Divided, p. 335 (Norton & Company 2005).

Toobin, Jeffrey. The Nine. First Anchor Books Edition, September 2008. Page 39.

Toobin, Jeffrey. The Nine. First Anchor Books Edition, September 2008. Pages 38â39.

Gerber, Scott. First principles: the jurisprudence of Clarence Thomas, page 24 (NYU Press, 1999).

A full list of references for this article are available at the Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination Wikipedia page

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The Thomas Nomination: A Senate Crucible

💡 Dive in with Flashcard Learning! 💡

The Nominee 📜

👤 Clarence Thomas

🇺🇸 President Bush's Choice

⚖️ The Predecessor

The Confirmation Process 🏛️

🗓️ Timeline and Votes

📊 Committee Scrutiny

🤝 Political Dynamics

The Confirmation Hearings 🎤

🗣️ Initial Testimony

📰 Leak and Reopening

Sexual Harassment Allegations ⚖️

👩‍⚖️ Anita Hill's Testimony

🚫 Thomas's Response

🗣️ Corroboration and Skepticism

The Senate Vote ✅

🗳️ Final Confirmation

📈 Voting Breakdown

Cultural and Political Impact 🌍

🗣️ Sexual Harassment Awareness

🏛️ Political Realignment

Media and Literature 📚

🎬 Films and Documentaries

📖 Books and Analysis

Teacher's Corner 🧑‍🏫

Edit and Print this course in the Wiki2Web Teacher Studio

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❓ Test Your Knowledge! ❓

Gamer's Corner 🎮

Are you ready for the Wiki2Web Clarity Challenge?

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References

📜 References

Feedback & Support 👍

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Disclaimer ⚠️

📜 Important Notice

Dive in with Flashcard Learning!

The Nominee

Clarence Thomas

President Bush's Choice

The Predecessor

The Confirmation Process

Timeline and Votes

Committee Scrutiny

Political Dynamics

The Confirmation Hearings

Initial Testimony

Leak and Reopening

Sexual Harassment Allegations

Anita Hill's Testimony

Thomas's Response

Corroboration and Skepticism

The Senate Vote

Final Confirmation

Voting Breakdown

Cultural and Political Impact

Sexual Harassment Awareness

Political Realignment

Media and Literature

Films and Documentaries

Books and Analysis

Teacher's Corner

True or False?

Test Your Knowledge!

Gamer's Corner

Discover other topics to study!

References

Feedback & Support

Disclaimer

Important Notice