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Common Core: Charting Educational Pathways

An academic exploration of the standards designed to unify K-12 learning in English Language Arts and Mathematics across the United States.

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Overview

National Initiative

The Common Core State Standards Initiative, commonly known as Common Core, was an American educational movement launched in 2010. Its primary objective was to establish consistent educational standards across states for K-12 students in English language arts and mathematics.

Goals

The initiative aimed to provide a clear, consistent understanding of what students should know and be able to do at each grade level. It also sought to ensure graduating high school students possess the skills necessary for success in credit-bearing college courses or the workforce.

Sponsorship

Common Core was jointly sponsored by the National Governors Association (NGA) and the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO), reflecting a collaborative effort among state leaders in education.

Background

Seeds of Standardization

The movement toward national educational standards gained momentum in the 1990s. The core idea was to establish clear benchmarks for student learning and implement mechanisms to assess progress toward these benchmarks.

Development Process

Drafting the Standards

In late 2008, the NGA initiated the development process. A dedicated team, including educators like David Coleman and William McCallum, along with founders of Student Achievement Partners, drafted the standards for English Language Arts and Mathematics.

Stakeholder Input

The drafting process involved extensive consultation with a wide range of stakeholders, including K-12 educators, administrators, parents, researchers, higher education representatives, and business communities, to ensure broad input and relevance.

Copyright and Licensing

The Common Core State Standards are copyrighted by the NGA Center for Best Practices and the CCSSO. These organizations control the use and licensing of the standards, typically offering public licenses to state departments of education that require adherence to the initiative's goals and proper attribution.

English Language Arts Standards

Core Objective

The ELA standards aim to ensure students achieve college and career readiness in literacy by the end of high school. They are structured around five key components:

  • Reading: Emphasis on increasing complexity of texts and developing comprehension skills progressively through grade levels. Includes foundational skills (print concepts, phonological awareness, phonics, fluency) for K-5.
  • Writing: Focus on logical arguments supported by evidence, opinion writing, and research skills (short-term and long-term projects).
  • Speaking and Listening: Development of skills to evaluate, present complex information, and engage in academic discussions.
  • Language: Vocabulary acquisition through diverse methods, understanding conventions, and applying language appropriately in various contexts.
  • Media and Technology: Skills related to the analysis and production of various media forms, integrated with technology.

The standards specify core texts (e.g., Shakespeare, foundational US documents) but allow states and districts flexibility in curriculum choices.

Mathematics Standards

Structure and Content

The mathematics standards are organized into two main categories: Standards for Mathematical Practice and Standards for Mathematical Content. The goal is to foster deeper understanding and coherence in mathematics education.

The eight Standards for Mathematical Practice, essential for all grade levels, include:

  1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.
  2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
  3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.
  4. Model with mathematics.
  5. Use appropriate tools strategically.
  6. Attend to precision.
  7. Look for and make use of structure.
  8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Grade-Level Domains

Content standards are detailed for Kindergarten through Grade 8, organized by domains such as Counting & Cardinality, Operations & Algebraic Thinking, Number & Operations, Measurement & Data, Geometry, and Ratios & Proportional Relationships. High school content is categorized into Number & Quantity, Algebra, Functions, Modeling, Geometry, and Statistics & Probability.

Mathematics Domains by Grade Level
Domain K12345678
Counting and Cardinality X
Operations and Algebraic Thinking XXXXXX
Number and Operations in Base 10 XXXXXX
Measurement and Data XXXXXX
Geometry XXXXXXXXX
Number and Operations—Fractions XXX
Ratios and Proportional Relationships XX
The Number System XXX
Expressions and Equations XXX
Statistics and Probability XXX
Functions X

Key Shifts in Mathematics

Core Principles

The Common Core State Standards for Mathematics introduced three fundamental shifts to improve math education:

  • Greater Focus: Emphasizing fewer topics per grade level to allow for deeper conceptual understanding, rather than a broad but shallow curriculum ("mile wide, inch deep").
  • Coherence: Linking mathematical topics and concepts across grade levels, building a logical progression of learning.
  • Rigor: Pursuing conceptual understanding, procedural skills and fluency, and application with equal intensity.

For example, the focus in grades K-2 is on addition and subtraction concepts, skills, and problem-solving.

Assessment Development

Consortia and Tests

To align with federal mandates (like the No Child Left Behind Act), two major consortia developed multi-state assessments based on Common Core standards:

  • PARCC (Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers): Comprised 19 jurisdictions, focusing on computer-based "through-course assessments" and streamlined end-of-year tests.
  • Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium: Included 31 states and territories, developing "adaptive online exams" across four domains (reading, writing, speaking, listening).

Many states later withdrew from or modified their participation in these consortia.

Adoption and Implementation

State Participation

Initially, 41 states and the District of Columbia joined the Common Core State Standards Initiative. However, adoption and implementation varied significantly, with many states later repealing, replacing, or modifying their standards due to political pressure, public feedback, and concerns about implementation.

Common Core State Standards Adoption Status (as of March 21, 2019)
State Adoption Stance Notes
Alabama Repealed State school board voted to drop the program.
Alaska Non-member
Arizona Repealed State Board of Education voted to reject Common Core.
Arkansas Adopted
California Adopted
Colorado Adopted
Connecticut Adopted
Delaware Adopted
District of Columbia Adopted
Florida Repealed Replaced with Florida B.E.S.T. standards.
Georgia Adopted
Hawaii Adopted
Idaho Adopted
Illinois Adopted
Indiana Repealed Withdrew, but retained many standards.
Iowa Adopted
Kansas Adopted Legislation to defund narrowly failed.
Kentucky Adopted First to implement; saw early improvements.
Louisiana Adopted Withdrew from PARCC assessment.
Maine Adopted
Maryland Adopted
Massachusetts Adopted Delayed testing; ballot question ruled against repeal.
Michigan Adopted Paused implementation but approved to continue.
Minnesota Partially adopted English standards only; math standards rejected.
Mississippi Adopted Withdrew from PARCC testing.
Missouri Withdrew Replaced with Missouri Learning Standards.
Montana Adopted
Nebraska Non-member
Nevada Adopted
New Hampshire Adopted
New Jersey Repealed Adopted NJ Student Learning Standards.
New Mexico Adopted
New York Adopted Full assessment implementation delayed.
North Carolina Adopted
North Dakota Adopted
Ohio Adopted
Oklahoma Repealed Restored state standards.
Oregon Adopted
Pennsylvania Adopted Paused implementation.
Rhode Island Adopted
South Carolina Repealed Repealed standards.
South Dakota Adopted
Tennessee Repealed Phased out Common Core; implemented new standards.
Texas Non-member
Utah Adopted
Vermont Adopted
Virginia Non-member
Washington Adopted
West Virginia Adopted
Wisconsin Adopted
Wyoming Adopted

Reception and Debate

Support and Criticism

The Common Core standards have been a subject of significant debate, drawing both strong support and considerable criticism from various educational experts, policymakers, and the public. Supporters often cite the need for higher, more consistent standards to prepare students for a global economy.

Arguments for Common Core:

  • Elevates standards to be more rigorous and internationally benchmarked.
  • Promotes coherence and consistency across states.
  • Aims to better prepare students for college and careers.
  • Supported by a majority of teachers according to some surveys (e.g., NEA).
  • Mathematicians like Edward Frenkel and Hung-Hsi Wu view it as a necessary reform to address a "deep crisis" in math education.

Criticisms of Common Core:

  • Concerns about federal overreach and a potential move towards a national curriculum (e.g., Cato Institute).
  • Criticism of implementation methods, curriculum materials, and pedagogical approaches (e.g., Pioneer Institute, Diane Ravitch).
  • Arguments that standards emphasize rote learning and uniformity over creativity (Nicholas Tampio).
  • Concerns about the cost of implementation, including technology and new materials, potentially diverting funds from other educational needs (Diane Ravitch).
  • Some critics argue that the standards have not been adequately field-tested or proven effective, and may negatively impact student achievement or exclude humanities subjects (Diane Ravitch, Jonathan Kozol).
  • Discrepancies noted between Common Core emphasis and college readiness expectations by ACT, Inc.

Impact and Research

Early Results and Studies

Early implementation in states like Kentucky showed some positive trends, such as increased graduation rates and college readiness scores. However, research findings on the overall impact have been mixed.

Reported Improvements (e.g., Kentucky):

  • Increased high school graduation rate.
  • Improved test scores in math and ELA.
  • Higher percentage of students deemed college or career-ready.

Mixed Research Findings:

  • Some studies suggest a small but significant negative effect on 4th-grade reading and 8th-grade mathematics achievement (NAEP scores).
  • Uneven results attributed to implementation challenges, including inadequate professional development, instructional materials, and aligned assessments.
  • Concerns raised about the disconnect between Common Core emphasis and actual college expectations.

As of 2023, a significant number of states continue to use Common Core or standards derived from it.

References

Source Citations

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References

References

  1.  Hess, Frederick (February 28, 2013). Straight Up Conversation: Common Core Guru Jason Zimba. Education Next.
  2.  Common Core State Standards Initiative | Terms of Use. Common Core State Standards Initiative. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  3.  Common Core State Standards Initiative | Public License. Common Core State Standards Initiative. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  4.  AL.com: "Common Core: Alabama Votes to Distance Itself from Controversial Standards". November 16, 2013.
A full list of references for this article are available at the Common Core Wikipedia page

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